These Tokens Went Berserk and It Didn’t End Well

# What is CENNZnet?
CENNZnet is a New Zealand built public blockchain network which powers decentralised applications (DApps) and the crypto currency CENNZ and CPAY. It's a user-first dapp platform which makes blockchain based services accessible for first time builders and end users so that everyone can enjoy the increased network transparency, data privacy and reliability that decentralisation offers.

# How does CENNZnet work?
# 
## The dual token economy

CENNZnet uses a unique dual token system in order to help developers, users and token holders get the best from the network. 

CENNZnet has 2 tokens: 

**CENNZ** - the staking token which works separately to block rewards. This means it can increase in value without impacting the cost of using the network. This is important so the price of CENNZ can continue to increase without impacting the amount developers and users pay to use DApps. 

**CPAY** is the gas in the network and is used to pay transaction fees. It is also a block reward payment in staking. It’s designed to be algorithmically stable, so it will retain a steady value. This means developers creating DApps on the network can easily predict the cost of their application, and stakers can easily predict the value of their stake.

## Consensus mechanism: Proof of Stake

CENNZnet uses a Proof of Stake consensus mechanism. This is where node operators hold, or stake, their tokens in a particular wallet as collateral against their promise to perform their duties correctly. If they do perform their duties correctly they receive a reward in our CPAY token. If they do not then the staked tokens are slashed, or fined. Other token holders can also stake their tokens against node operators (validators) of their choosing in order to receive a portion of the CPAY reward. 

This system helps to secure the network by incentivising the community to follow protocol and prevent attacks. 

## Governance

CENNZnet functions 100% on-chain using blockchain’s built in voting mechanisms. In CENNZnet governance, validators and node operators are required to vote on proposals using a direct voting mechanism (similar to direct democracy) to achieve consensus. Voting results are governed algorithmically and their automatic execution is built directly into the protocol. The winning decisions then automatically integrated into the chain. 

# CENNZnet pre-built runtime modules
# 
DApp builders have access to core CENNZnet modules which provide the building blocks to common functions required for DApp users.

## NFT

Using the CENNZnet NFT module users can mint and sell NFTs on CENNZnet without ever needing to touch a smart contract. Instead, they can create custom NFTs using just a Javascript API or point and click with a UI.

## CENNZX

CENNZX is a spot exchange module which enables a seamless fee payment experience on CENNZnet and makes token exchange instant and easy. The CENNZX Spot eliminates rent extraction and centralised services while prioritising decentralisation, usability and security.

## Generic Asset

Generic Asset protocol enables CENNZnet’s multicurrency economy. The module allows transaction fees to be paid in any asset, provided there’s liquidity in the CENNZX in-chain GAS exchange. CENNZX will then seamlessly convert the asset into the official gas token, CPAY. This streamlines onboarding and in-app experience by eliminating the need for new users to learn about different token types and simply opting for their favoured currency. 

## Doughnut

The Doughnut module is the secret sauce of the CENNZnet blockchain. Doughnuts are proofs of delegation between two or more cryptographic keypairs. They allow us to prove that one address delegates something to another address and allows permissions and rules to be carried between different networks without the need for a centralised server. This supports user data privacy whilst maintaining a good user experience. 

## Attestation

CENNZnet Attestations protocol provides on-chain claim registry for digital identity use cases. This allows personal data to be protected to reduce security risks. 

CENNZnet

BytomDAO

Function X is mirroring traditional financial products on the Function X network and creating decentralized financial products and a decentralized trading system. It is a highly customizable and expandable multi-chain architecture blockchain network (subnets) that can meet different business needs.

Function X

BitKan

ABBC is a blockchain platform that enables secure payment transactions, helping to facilitate retail adoption of cryptocurrencies and make shopping online with digital assets a safer, more enjoyable experience for end-users.

The platform offers three main products: a multi-platform wallet capable of supporting Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH), in addition to a variety of other native cryptocurrencies and ERC-20 tokens; an online shopping application that can be used to shop at over 50 online retailers with cryptocurrencies; and a cryptocurrency exchange platform that offers secure trading and low transaction fees.

The ABBC Coin was created to give holders the ability to govern the development of the ABBC platform by delegating voting power to chosen block producers (BPs) — who are then able to vote on governance proposals. These governance proposals can be on a range of topics but might include launching strategic partnerships, implementing new features or expanding ABBC's services to new regions. Beyond this, ABBC Coins were created as a reward system for online shoppers and can be staked for regular rewards.

ABBC is currently based on the EOSIO blockchain, which enables it to achieve up to 5,000 transactions per second (TPS) while remaining environmentally friendly due to its energy-efficient delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism.

ABBC Coin was initially known as Alibabacoin but changed its name in March 2019 following a dispute with Chinese multinational e-commerce giant Alibaba.

ABBC Coin

Orbs is a publicblockchain infrastructure that combines scalability, low fees, performance, security, and ease of use.

The platform is designed for mass-use applications and supports a complete blockchain stack. The Orbs platform is a decentralized, open and transparent network that offers practical blockchain solutions for enterprises and other large-scale consumer applications.

The Orbs protocol uses the ORBS token, which calculates commissions for executed applications and provides an incentive system that is used to select validators, thereby ensuring the integrity of the network. The ORBS token serves as the only means of payment on the Orbs platform.

Orbs was established in 2017 and was developed by experienced engineers, businessmen and scientists who have managed to create an infrastructure that uses blockchain virtualization and randomized proof-of-stake (RPoS) to ensure blockchainscalability.

Orbs

Bifrost is a multichain middleware platform that enables developers to create Decentralized Applications (DApps) on top of multiple protocols. Not restrained to a single blockchain, Bifrost creates a new environment where developers can combine the best protocols to develop substantially more scalable and flexible DApps.

With Bifrost, developers can write smart contracts for multiple blockchain protocols in an unified environment. They simply select the target blockchain for each part of the code, then Bifrost will transpile, compile, and deploy the code into the target blockchains at once. Developers can also easily operate their DApps and even switch the target blockchain as new and better protocols become available.

Bifrost has multiple components that allow for a seamless connection among all blockchains:

Recipe: A language application that defines the programming language of Bifrost and generates smart contract codes with guaranteed code-level flexibility.

Linker: A system that connects the user and Bifrost components, ensuring the seamless operation on top of multiple blockchains.

Builder: An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that offers a customized environment to use the comprehensive suite of features of Bifrost.

Gourmet: An automated testing environment for Bifrost service and smart contract development, updating with the latest technologies for blockchain.

Scan: A dashboard that provides you with a full view of the internal process of Bifrost and shows your blockchain interconnectivity in diagram.

Bifrost

MiL.k

Kleros (PNK) is a decentralized dispute resolution project that launched in July 2018. It is an open-source online dispute resolution protocol that uses blockchain and crowdsourcing to adjudicate disputes fairly.

Kleros offers a middleman service for decentralized applications (DApps) and their users. If the service provided by the application does not create a dispute, Kleros acts as a trustless third-party service for payment.

When a dispute does occur, however, each party can apply for arbitration through the Kleros arbitrators that are selected from the owners of PNK tokens. PNK is an Ethereum-based ERC-20 utility token with a fixed supply.

At this point, the jurors can make a decision that will favor either party. The arbitration fees are distributed to all arbitrators in the form of ETH; jurors who have issued a minority decision lose part of their PNK tokens for the benefit of the majority of jurors. This decision can be appealed, at a cost. The stated mission of Kleros is to offer easier access to justice and improve individual freedom.

Kleros charges a cost that is payable in ETH and is provided by the parties to the dispute or drawn from the funds previously locked in escrow.

Kleros

Validity

CyberVein's big-data solution is based on the PISR (private, interlink, secure, robust) distributed database, database operations are stored on CyberVein blockchain network which runs on a Proof-of-Contribution (PoC) consensus mechanism. The solution is focusing on enterprise-level "blockchain + big-data" customized services.

CVT is the native utility token that is used for:

Storage payment: The data owner pays the corresponding storage fee based on the file size and bandwidth consumed in such a process.

Computing power payment: Payments from user to owner for usage, and remuneration for software developers is going to be exclusively conducted in CVT.

Data exchange: On CyberVein's federated learning platform, the data acquirer trades the data at a price contracted between the two parties for distributed modeling applications.

CROSS NFT issuance payment: Dapp businesses are obligated to pay for Storage and Data Exchange in light of network resources occupied, and may set up CyberVein token as a means of payment to issue NFT or conduct business in accordance to their desired business model.

CyberVein tools include:

PISR Consortium database, creates better data management: through safe and reliable virtual machine operation and maintenance of user data, data is efficiently aggregated for upstream data, and data traceability and tracking are realized to ensure the reliability of data sources and outputs, and achieve cross-level, cross-departmental data sharing to improve the timeliness, diversity, stock and density of data to realize the commercial value of data, and truly solve the problems in data flow.

DAG storage chain, creates safer data storage, with better efficiency, no block confirmation, low transaction fees, and also eliminates miner, supports asynchronous verification and parallel processing of each node, the more nodes, the faster the speed, the stronger the scalability, which leads to better scalability. The database backup on DAG storage chain provides an extra layer of security for businesses.

Cytrix, allows GPU to be shared. Nodes can contribute part of their GPU to the network, in return for compensation through the Proof of Contribution mechanism. The contributed GPU can aid enterprises or individuals in data modeling with federated learning.

Federated Learning Platform, enables data to be monetized. Federated Learning is a distributed machine learning workflow. The datasets are first trained locally, and the data of all parties is kept locally, without revealing privacy or violating regulations.  Individual terminals return trained models to the server to create a shared model. Effectively protect data privacy and security, solve the problem of information silo, and thus realize the value of data. The platform will also provide algorithms to support data modeling operations by enterprises and individuals.

CyberVein

Everscale (EVER) is a fast and secure layer-one blockchain that aims to become a decentralized platform for high-performance applications with real-world relevance, such as Stablecoins, CBDCs, DEXes, Bridges, Gaming Platforms and more.

Everscale

Bora is a decentralized ecosystem for games and entertainment. Bora aims to attract games and applications from the GameFi sector to its Bora Chain to avoid building on blockchains like Ethereum that have high gas fees. For that reason, Bora follows a two-tiered blockchain system: the BORA token is traded on the Klaytn blockchain, a public blockchain that is focused on metaverse and gaming use cases. The Bora chain is a modular blockchain that can be used as an execution layer by decentralized applications.

The Bora team provides development toolkits that support developers with creating decentralized applications for its ecosystem. It also utilizes Bora Points, a currency within the ecosystem as a resource for development and to incentivize contribution to Bora. Bora Points can subsequently be converted to the BORA token.

BORA

MediBloc (MED) is a South Korean-based decentralized blockchain protocol for the healthcare industry through which medical institutions can securely transfer, collect, store and manage data. With MediBloc, physicians can access patient information, medical history, prescribed medication, insurance issues and more. MediBloc makes medical data more accessible by allowing everyone involved to track and record medical conditions, appointments, examinations, treatments and more.

The ecosystem is built on three key elements: MediBloc Core (a layer for storing data and providing additional storage), MediBloc Application (a layer for accessing and managing data through various applications), and MediBloc Service (a layer applying smart contract technology that connects the other layers and allowing input and output of data).

The platform offers three categories of accounts: for general users (patients), healthcare providers (doctors and medical institutions) and data scientists, the latter two require proof of their accreditation. The project is aimed at improving the quality of medical services and infrastructure by optimizing information storage processes and giving users sovereignty over their own data. MediBloc is compliant with the HIPAA Security Rule, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.

MediBloc

Strike is a DeFi lending protocol that allows users to earn interest on their cryptocurrencies by depositing them into one of several markets supported by the platform.

When a user deposits tokens to a Strike market, they receive sTokens in return. These sTokens represent the individual’s stake in the pool and can be used to redeem the underlying cryptocurrency initially deposited into the pool at any time. For example, by depositing ETH into a pool, you will receive sETH in return. Over time, the exchange rate of these sTokens to the underlying asset increases, which means you can redeem them for more of the underlying asset than you initially put in — this is how the interest is distributed.

On the flip side, borrowers can take a secured loan from any Strike pool by depositing collateral. The maximum loan-to-value (LTV) ratio varies based on the collateral asset, but currently ranges from 50 to 80%. The interest rate paid varies by borrowed asset and borrowers can face automatic liquidation if their collateral falls below a specific maintenance threshold.

Strike

Peercoin, also known as PPC or Peer-to-Peer Coin, was created by Sunny King and his team and launched in August 2012. It is the first blockchain to implement Proof-of-Stake consensus.

The primary inspiration behind the creation of Peercoin was to address a number of perceived shortcomings of Bitcoin, including energy efficiency, security and sustainability, decentralization and long-term viability.

Essentially it was designed as an enhanced replacement for Bitcoin. As such, it was originally forked from Bitcoin and uses the same UTXO style blockchain. However, Peercoin's code was modified to introduce Proof-of-Stake as its primary consensus protocol. The next section explains how this makes for a better blockchain.

Given that Peercoin uses most of the same code, it can easily port new features from Bitcoin and utilize any of the supporting infrastructure, including tech advancements like Taproot or Lightning Network. Peercoin is the only Proof-of-Stake blockchain that uses modern Bitcoin code, making it the perfect drop-in replacement.

Peercoin also has a dedicated community, is actively developed, fairly distributed, has low barriers of participation, can do everything that Bitcoin does, minus the 13 TWh of energy usage, and it's not a scam.

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