## Zilliqa (ZIL) คืออะไร?
 
 Zilliqa เป็น [บล็อคเชน](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) สาธารณะแบบ permissionless ที่ถูกออกแบบมาเพื่อให้การส่งผ่านที่สูงซึ่งความสามารถในการทำให้ธุรกรรมสำเร็จในจำนวนหลายพันรายการต่อวินาที พยายามแก้ปัญหาความสามารถในการปรับขนาดและความเร็วของบล็อคเชนโดยใช้ sharding เป็นโซลูชันการปรับขนาดเลเยอร์ที่สอง แพลตฟอร์มดังกล่าวมี [แอปพลิเคชันแบบกระจายอำนาจ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps) จำนวนมาก และในเดือนตุลาคม 2020 แพลตฟอร์มนี้อนุญาตให้มีการ [staking](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/staking) และ [ใyield farming](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/yield-farming)
 
 งานพัฒนาเริ่มต้นอย่างเป็นทางการบน Zilliqa ในเดือนมิถุนายน 2017 และ testnet ของมัน [เริ่มทำงาน](https://blog.zilliqa.com/zilliqa-testnet-v1-0-release-codename-red-prawn-27974ca46ecb) ในเดือนมีนาคม 2018 อีกหนึ่งปีต่อมาในเดือนมิถุนายน 2019 แพลตฟอร์มได้ [เปิดตัว](https://blog.zilliqa.com/zilliqa-mainnet-the-launch-and-beyond-4cd7e113369f) เครือข่ายหลัก
 
 โทเค็นยูทิลิตี้ดั้งเดิมของ Zilliqa หรือ ZIL ใช้ในการประมวลผลธุรกรรมบนเครือข่ายและการดำเนินการของ smart contract
 
 ### ใครคือผู้ก่อตั้ง Zilliqa?
 
 Zilliqa ก่อตั้งโดย Prateek Saxena ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์ที่ National University of Singapore School of Computing Saxena และนักเรียนหลายคนใน School of Computing ได้ตีพิมพ์บทความในปี 2016 ซึ่งสรุปว่าบล็อคเชนที่เน้น sharding สามารถปรับปรุงประสิทธิภาพและความเร็วของเครือข่ายได้อย่างไร
 
 ในช่วงเวลาเดียวกัน Saxena ได้ร่วมก่อตั้ง Anquan Capital ร่วมกับ Max Kantelia ผู้ประกอบการด้านการเงินและเทคโนโลยี และ Juzar Motiwalla อดีตประธานของ Singapore Computer Society บริษัทได้ร่วมกับ Zilliqa Research ในเดือนมิถุนายน 2017 เพื่อพัฒนาเครือข่าย Zilliqa โดยให้ Dong Xinshu เป็น CEO ของบริษัท Yaoqi Jia มาเป็นหัวหน้าเจ้าหน้าที่ฝ่ายเทคโนโลยี และ Amrit Kumar เป็นหัวหน้าเจ้าหน้าที่ด้านวิทยาศาสตร์ของบริษัท ทั้ง 3 คนเคยทำงานเป็นนักวิจัยที่ NUS School of Computing
 
 ### อะไรที่ทำให้ Zilliqa ไม่เหมือนใคร?
 
 Zilliqa [อ้างว่า](https://www.zilliqa.com/platform) มันเป็นบล็อคเชนสาธารณะแห่งแรกของโลกที่พึ่งพาเครือข่าย sharded ทั้งหมด ซึ่งช่วยให้สามารถบรรลุปริมาณงานสูงสุดและมีอัตราการทำธุรกรรมสูงต่อวินาที ซึ่งจะช่วยแก้ปัญหาเรื่องความสามารถในการปรับขนาดได้ เนื่องจาก shard แต่ละรายการประมวลผลธุรกรรมแยกกัน เมื่อเครือข่ายเติบโตขึ้นและจำนวน shard เพิ่มขึ้น จำนวนธุรกรรมที่สามารถประมวลผลต่อวินาทีก็จะเพิ่มขึ้นเช่นกัน เช่นกัน บันทึกจะถูกเพิ่มในบล็อคเชนของ Zilliqa ทันทีหลังจากประมวลผล ซึ่งหมายความว่าไม่จำเป็นต้องมีเวลาในการยืนยันเพิ่มเติม
 
 Zilliqa พยายามที่จะกลายเป็นบล็อคเชนทางเลือกสำหรับการใช้งานในองค์กรขนาดใหญ่ รวมถึงในอุตสาหกรรมโฆษณา, เกมส์, ความบันเทิงและบริการทางการเงินและการชำระเงิน ในเอกสารแสดงการตำแหน่งในปี 2018 ทีมงาน [ระบุ](https://docs.zilliqa.com/positionpaper.pdf) ว่าแพลตฟอร์ม "มีเป้าหมายที่จะแข่งขันกับวิธีการชำระเงินแบบรวมศูนย์ในแบบเดิม เช่น VISA และ MasterCard"
 
 ทั้ง Anquan Capital และ Zilliqa Research ซึ่งเป็นบริษัทที่รับผิดชอบในการพัฒนา Zilliqa ต่างก็ถือหุ้นสำรอง ZIL เป็นจำนวนมาก
 
 #### หน้าที่เกี่ยวข้อง:
 
 เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับบล็อคเชนที่ใหญ่ที่สุดเพื่อพิจารณาการรวม sharding,[Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/ethereum/)
 
 เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับ [Harmony](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/harmony/) ซึ่งเป็นโครงการบล็อคเชนที่มีปริมาณงานสูงอีกโครงการหนึ่ง
 
 ต้องการทำความเข้าใจในตลาดคริปโตให้มากขึ้นหรือไม่? อ่านคำแนะนำเชิงลึกของ CoinMarketCap เกี่ยวกับ [tokenomics](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-tokenomics)
 
 ติดตามข่าวสารล่าสุดเกี่ยวกับโตด้วย [CoinMarketCap Blog](https://blog.coinmarketcap.com/)
 
 ### มีเหรียญ Zilliqa (ZIL) หมุนเวียนอยู่กี่เหรียญ?
 
 Zilliqa มีอุปทานสูงสุดคงที่ที่ 21 พันล้านโทเค็น ZIL [เปิดให้](https://blog.zilliqa.com/more-details-on-zilliqas-token-generation-event-4e1b78e0cf5a) ขายเป็นครั้งแรกในรูปแบบ [โทเค็น ERC-20](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20) โดยเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการสร้างโทเค็นที่สิ้นสุดในเดือนมกราคม 2018 ต่อมา โทเค็นถูกโอนไปยังเครือข่ายหลักของ Zilliqa ในงานแลกเปลี่ยนโทเค็นที่ [สิ้นสุดลง](https://blog.zilliqa.com/zilliqa-successfully-wraps-up-token-swap-f8942e1ce743) ในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ 2020
 
 ก่อนเปิดตัว Zilliqa ได้สร้าง ZIL ไป 60% ของโทเค็นทั้งหมด (12.6 พันล้าน) เพื่อแจกจ่ายในงานสร้างโทเค็น และส่วนที่เหลืออีก 40% (8.4 พันล้าน) จะถูกสร้างขึ้นผ่านกระบวนการขุด โดย ZIL จำนวน 10 % ของโทเค็นทั้งหมด (2.1 พันล้าน) จะถูกสงวนไว้สำหรับ Anquan Capital, 12% (2.52 พันล้าน) สำหรับการวิจัย Zilliqa และ 5% สำหรับสมาชิกในทีม Zilliqa ในปัจจุบันและในอนาคต ซึ่งทั้งหมดจะได้รับการแจกจ่ายเป็นรายไตรมาสในช่วง 3 ปี
 
 Zilliqa ได้รับการออกแบบเพื่อให้โทเค็นทั้งหมดถูกสร้างขึ้นภายใน 10 ปี โดยรางวัลการขุดบล็อกจะลดลงอย่างช้า ๆ ตามรายงานจาก [ไวท์เปเปอร์](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/whitepaper) โปรเจ็กต์ [มีเป้าหมาย](https://docs.zilliqa.com/whitepaper.pdf) ที่จะขุดให้ได้ 80% (16.8 พันล้าน) ภายใน 4 ปีแรก และ 20% (4.2 พันล้าน) ในอีก 6 ปีที่เหลือ
 
 ### เครือข่าย Zilliqa มีความปลอดภัยอย่างไร?
 
 เครือข่าย Zilliqa ได้รับการรักษาความปลอดภัยโดยใช้ [Byzantine Fault Tolerance](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft) หรือ pBFT ซึ่งป็นโปรโตคอลแบบ [ฉันทามติ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus) ซึ่งหมายความว่าอย่างน้อยสองในสามของโหนดทั้งหมดต้องยอมรับว่าบันทึกนั้นถูกต้องเพื่อที่จะเพิ่มมันไปยังบล็อคเชน ส่วนแบ่งข้อมูลบล็อคเชนของ Zilliqa แต่ละรายการจะใช้กลุ่มของโหนดเพื่อยืนยันส่วนย่อยของธุรกรรมทั้งหมด และเมื่อแต่ละส่วนแบ่งข้อมูลได้รับฉันทามติ กลุ่มโหนดที่สองจะยืนยันผลลัพธ์โดยรวมของ shards และเพิ่มบล็อกใหม่ให้กับบล็อคเชน
 
 เครือข่ายใช้การเข้ารหัสแบบ elliptic-curve เพื่อรักษาความปลอดภัยของโปรโตคอลฉันทามติและอนุญาตให้ใช้ multisignature นอกจากโปรโตคอลฉันทามติอย่าง pBFT ที่ใช้รักษาความปลอดภัยในการบันทึกธุรกรรมแล้ว Zilliqa ยังใช้อัลกอริธึม [proof-of-work](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake) เพื่อกำหนดเอกลักษณ์ของโหนดและสร้าง shards
 
 Zilliqa ได้ [พัฒนา](https://www.zilliqa.com/language) ภาษาใหม่ที่ชื่อ Scilla สำหรับ [smart contract](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract) ย่อมาจาก Smart Contract Intermediate-Level Language Scilla เป็นภาษาที่เน้นเรื่องความปลอดภัยซึ่งมีจุดประสงค์เพื่อระบุและขจัดช่องโหว่ด้านความปลอดภัยโดยอัตโนมัติในระดับภาษา และทำให้ง่ายต่อการตรวจสอบความปลอดภัยของ smart contract อย่างเป็นทางการผ่านการพิสูจน์ทางคณิตศาสตร์
 
 ### คุณสามารถซื้อ Zilliqa (ZIL) ได้จากที่ไหน?
 
 โทเค็นดั้งเดิมของ Zilliqa อย่าง ZIL, มีให้บริการในตัวกลางงการแลกเปลี่ยน [คริปโตเคอร์เรนซี](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-cryptocurrencies) ที่สำคัญหลายแห่ง - รวมทั้ง [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/binance/), [Huobi](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/huobi-global/), [Bitfinex](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/bitfinex/) และ Bithumb — ซึ่งสามารถเทรดได้กับสกุลเงิน fiat, [stablecoins](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-stablecoin) และคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีอื่น ๆ
 
 คุณสนใจที่จะซื้อ ZIL หรือคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีอื่น ๆ เช่น [Bitcoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/bitcoin/) (BTC) หรือไม่? CoinMarketCap มี [คำแนะนำทีละขั้นตอน](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/) แบบง่าย ๆ ที่จะสอนคุณเกี่ยวกับคริปโตและวิธีการซื้อเหรียญแรกของคุณ
 
 นี่คือบทความอื่น ๆ ที่คุณอาจสนใจ:
 
 * [คริปโตฟอเซ็ต (Crypto Faucet) คืออะไร?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-crypto-faucet)
 * [บัตรเดบิตคริปโตคืออะไร?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-crypto-debit-cards)
 * [Web 3.0 คืออะไร?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-web-3-0)
 * [การฟาร์มผลตอบแทนคืออะไร?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-yield-farming)
 * [การให้ยืมคริปโต (Crypto Lending) คืออะไร?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-crypto-lending)

Zilliqa

A Deep Dive Into Zilliqa And Metapolis

Newbie Catchup: The A-Z of NFTs

Binance

Ledger

Trezor

Trust Wallet

Math Wallet

MetaMask

Binance Chain Wallet

Atomic wallet

VeChainThor (VET) is a versatile enterprise-grade L1 smart contract platform whose origins began in 2015. VeChain is known as a pioneer of real-world enterprise applications, and built a distributed platform powered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, NFC chips and blockchain to help various industries solve data-related challenges.

VeChain solves major blockchain adoption hurdles. The platform uses an intelligent two token model, VET and VTHO, separating the protocol's Store of Value and gas fee payment mechanisms, ensuring costs can be kept low and stable. Fee delegation allows smart contracts to pay gas fees on behalf of business users, and an advanced transaction model allows data to be packaged more efficiently while ensuring finality of data.

VeChain is focused on delivering a wave of incentive-based sustainability dApps through its new platform, VeBetterDAO, working closely with Boston Consulting Group to achieve adoption across enterprise and individual users, and helping  onboard the next billion users to Web3 over the coming decade.

From supply chains to sustainability, VeChain has continuously demonstrated its leading role as a driver of blockchain in business, and is dedicated to its role as a pioneer of driving real world adoption of blockchain technology.

VeChain

Harmony is a blockchain platform designed to facilitate the creation and use of decentralized applications (DApps). The network aims to innovate the way decentralized applications work by focusing on random state sharding, which allows creating blocks in seconds.

According to the project’s website, Harmony is expected to introduce cross-shard contracts and a cross-chain infrastructure by the end of 2021.

Harmony

Algorand is a self-sustaining, decentralized, blockchain-based network that supports a wide range of applications. These systems are secure, scalable and efficient, all critical properties for effective applications in the real world. Algorand will support computations that require reliable performance guarantees to create new forms of trust.

The Algorand mainnet became live in June 2019, and was able to handle almost 1 million transactions per day as of December 2020. Algorand transaction metrics can be viewed here. Algorand initial coin offering (ICO) was held in June 2019, with the Algorand price of $0.24 per token.

Algorand

Enjin Coin is a project of Enjin, a company that provides an ecosystem of interconnected, blockchain-based gaming products. Enjin's flagship offering is the Enjin Network, a social gaming platform through which users can create websites and clans, chat, and host virtual item stores.

Enjin allows game developers to tokenize in-game items on the Ethereum blockchain. It uses Enjin Coin, an ERC-20 token, to back the digital assets issued using its platform, meaning that items can be bought, sold and traded with real-world value.

Enjin Coin was first announced in July 2017, and it launched on the Ethereum mainnet in June 2018.

Enjin Coin (ENJ) is a digital store of value used to back the value of blockchain assets like non-fungible tokens (NFTs).
Every asset minted with the Enjin Platform contains ENJ, a minting resource which is locked inside NFTs and removed from circulation. Minting blockchain assets with ENJ provides a variety of benefits to creators and users:

Infuses them with a reserve value

Ensures their transparency and scarcity

Gives them instant liquidity

Provides utility in games and apps

Anti-inflationary

Enjin's "melting" functionality allows users to destroy their blockchain assets at any time to retrieve the ENJ value from within.

The Enjin blockchain ecosystem aims to offer software products that make it easy for everyone to develop, trade, monetize, and market with blockchain.

Founded in 2009, Enjin has roots in the gaming industry, with the company’s first product, a gaming community platform called the Enjin Network, growing to 20 million users over the course of a decade.

In 2017 following an ICO, Enjin established itself as a leading blockchain ecosystem developer, building a suite of software products that enable anyone to easily mint, manage, trade, distribute, and integrate blockchain assets.

Enjin’s co-founder Witek Radomski wrote the code for one of the first ever non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and is also the co-author of the ERC-1155 Ethereum token standard.

Built on top of an on-chain infrastructure, the Enjin ecosystem enables game developers and businesses of all sizes to use tokenized digital assets as part of their acquisition, retention, engagement, and monetization strategies. The Enjin ecosystem is fueled by Enjin Coin (ENJ), a cryptocurrency used to back the value of blockchain assets.

Enjin Coin

Chiliz is the leading digital currency for sports and entertainment by the eponymous Malta-based FinTech provider. It operates the blockchain-based sports entertainment platform Socios, which enables users to participate in the governance of their favorite sports brands. Multiple fan tokens by Socios.com are an example of that. For sports clubs and associations, fan tokens offer a way of connecting with their fans and unlocking new revenue streams.

For instance, fans can participate and influence club-related decisions through surveys and polls, such as messages the captain should wear on his armband. The company aims to bridge the gap between being an active and a passive fan. Chiliz has developed partnerships with some of the biggest sporting institutions in the world: FC Barcelona, Manchester City, Juventus Turin, and Paris Saint-Germain. It also boasts partnerships with the UFC and gaming organizations. By purchasing CHZ, fans get access to various fan tokens and literally have a stake in their club.

Chiliz

Holo is a peer-to-peer distributed platform for hosting decentralized applications built using Holochain, a framework for developing DApps that does not require the use of blockchain technology. The goal of Holo is to serve as a bridge between the broader internet and apps built using Holochain, offering an ecosystem and marketplace in which DApps are easily accessible, as they are hosted on the internet by Holo network participants.

The Holo network will be facilitated using a token called HoloFuel, which is actively being tested and will act as an accounting system to pay hosts for their services. In 2018, the project minted an ERC-20 token, HOT — also known as HoloToken — as an "IOU" that will be redeemable for HoloFuel upon launch.

Holo is still in development and is expected to launch for open alpha and beta testing by 2021.

Holo

Theta Network

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

Stellar (XLM) is a peer-to-peer (P2P) decentralized network created in 2014 by The Stellar Development Foundation or Stellar.org. The network officially launched in 2015 with the purpose of connecting the world's financial systems and ensuring a protocol for payment providers and financial institutions. The platform is designed to move financial resources swiftly and reliably at minimal cost. Stellar links people, banks, payment processors and allows users to create, send and trade multiple types of crypto.

The basis of the network is its native digital currency - XLM or Lumens. XLM acts as an intermediate currency for operations and is also used to pay transaction fees. How it works: the protocol converts money in a few seconds, first into XLM, and then into the requested currency.

The Stellar payment protocol is based on distributed ledger technology -- an open-source development, community-owned and distributed by community. The crypto asset of the Stellar platform helps with cross-border transactions, overcoming the problems of high fees and slow procedures. XLM is more focused on assisting individuals transfer money than they are with institutions. Thus, Stellar offers access to financial systems, and people can send money at low cost and promptly around the world.

Moreover, Stellar serves as a decentralized exchange and marketplace, with a built-in order book that tracks ownership of Stellar assets. Platform users can manage buy/sell orders, as well as select and set their preferred assets in settlements. XLM is a built-in coin that helps reduce transaction fees.

The network maintains a high level of security.  XLM holders must have at least one token in order to remain active on the network. This nuance performs a global goal - the execution of network transactions efficiently and with minimal time costs. Plus, Lumens offers protection against flood attacks by making microtransactions too expensive for hackers with no chance of profit, which keeps Stellar Network safe from serious threats.

The target audience of Stellar is the inhabitants of developing countries, ordinary users who are provided access to the global economy through fast, simple and inexpensive transactions. Stellar Network makes extensive use of Lumens to produce live convection as well as to send cash in multiple currencies; currency is sent from one peer, and the recipient can receive the amount in another currency. This feature is beneficial when a transaction is made between currencies without widely traded pairs.

Support for multi-currency transactions is another competitive advantage of Stellar, and the ability for cross-currency transactions has only enhanced processes with foreign operations. Moreover, stable speed and low transaction costs are a privilege that users receive.

This functionality is powered by a development called Anchors (a bridge between different currencies and the network), which simplifies the exchange within the network and helps speed up the whole process.

In summary, the benefits of Stellar (XLM) include:

Stellar

Tezos is a high-performing blockchain and open-source platform for assets and applications, with a strong focus on code security, on-chain governance, and decentralization. Tezos 2.0, the upcoming step in the evolution of Tezos, aims to improve scalability (via layer 2s), composability, and to implement support to mainstream programming languages (like Javascript, Typescript, Python, and many others).

Initially built with formal verification in mind, the Tezos protocol enables builders to avoid bugs when developing smart contracts, making it particularly suited to applications that require a high degree of security and certainty.

Tezos’ LPoS (Liquid Proof-of-Stake) consensus mechanism enables any stakeholder to take part, directly or by delegation, in the consensus process, and to be rewarded for securing the network. Rather uniquely, Tezos’ on-chain governance system also enables stakeholders to create and vote on protocol upgrade proposals. This pioneering system allows the protocol to self-amend and upgrade itself without leading to a split (or fork) in the blockchain, empowering the community without slowing down innovation.

First proposed in 2014 and launched in 2018, the Tezos Mainnet has a proven track record of running uninterrupted ever since, having earned a strong reputation for technical excellence and a supportive community.

Tezos

The Graph is an indexing protocol for querying data for networks like Ethereum and IPFS, powering many applications in both DeFi and the broader Web3 ecosystem. Anyone can build and publish open APIs, called subgraphs, that applications can query using GraphQL to retrieve blockchain data. There is a hosted service in production that makes it easy for developers to get started building on The Graph and the decentralized network will be launching later this year. The Graph currently supports indexing data from Ethereum, IPFS and POA, with more networks coming soon.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of The Graph.

To date, over3,000 subgraphs have been deployed by thousands of developers, for DApps like Uniswap, Synthetix, Aragon, AAVE, Gnosis, Balancer, Livepeer, DAOstack, Decentraland and many others. The Graph usage has been growing at over 50% MoM and hit over 7 billion queries during the month of September 2020.

The Graph has a global community, including over 200 Indexer Nodes in the testnet and more than 2,000 Curators in the Curator Program as of October 2020. To fund network development, The Graph raised funds from community members, strategic VCs and influential individuals in the blockchain community including Coinbase Ventures, DCG, Framework, ParaFi Capital, CoinFund, DTC, Multicoin, Reciprocal Ventures, SPC, Tally Capital and others. The Graph Foundation also successfully completed a public GRT Sale with participation from 99 countries (not including the U.S.). To date as of November 2020, The Graph has raised ~$25M.

The Graph

IOTA is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) that features unique architecture and an open-source product suite for individuals, businesses, and institutions to use in Web3. It is built on a directed acyclic graph (DAG) called the Tangle, which can be pictured as a multi-dimensional blockchain. It enables the exchange of data and value on a decentralized platform through direct and secure transfers, executed on and immutably recorded on the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive into IOTA.

Together with its staging network Shimmer, IOTA aims to offer solutions to establish a secure and permissionless infrastructure that can drive the economy of the future. It enables the development of decentralized applications through automated trust in the form of Ethereum-compatible smart contracts, an advanced consensus algorithm, and thoughtfully balanced incentives.

IOTA delivers tools for creating and managing custom Layer 2 (EVM) chains, deploying smart contracts, minting native tokens and NFTs with distinctive features, and introducing digital identities to users.

Launching in 2024, IOTA 2.0 will be a protocol upgrade that rebuilds IOTA’s architecture to deliver full decentralization. You can find more about it here.

IOTA

Hedera is the most used, sustainable, enterprise-grade public network for the decentralized economy that allows individuals and businesses to create powerful decentralized applications (DApps).

It is designed to be a fairer, more efficient system that eliminates some of the limitations that older blockchain-based platforms face — such as slow performance and instability.

It was funded through an initial coin offering (ICO) in August 2018 and first launched open access to its mainnet just over a year later in September 2019. As part of the ICO, investors were able to purchase the platform’s native utility token (HBAR) at the lowest possible pricing.

The HBAR token has a dual role within the Hedera public network.

First and foremost, HBAR the fuel that powers Hedera services, such as smart contracts, file storage and regular transactions. Second, it's used to help secure the network, since HBAR users can stake their tokens to assist with maintaining the integrity of the platform.

Hedera (HBAR) is the native cryptocurrency of Hedera Hashgraph, a platform that is positioned as an alternative to traditional blockchain technology and aims to excel in speed, efficiency and security.

Older blockchains tend to use a consensus mechanism like proof-of-work (PoW) to validate transactions, while younger blockchains opted for proof-of-stake (PoS). The Hedera Hashgraph system has a structure that was created from scratch particularly for the project. Hedera is based on a PoS model that is believed to increase the efficiency of transaction verification in the network, provide a high level of security, and protect the network from hacker attacks. Its ecosystem has the underlying hashgraph consensus algorithm and the global enterprise governing body.

Hedera Hashgraph is a distributed ledger technology (DLT). According to the project website, Hedera differs from other blockchains because it uses a new consensus algorithm called hashgraph. It intends to process and execute transactions faster, eliminate delays, and smooth out the TPS (transactions per second) indicator. Hashgraph is claimed to be an upgrade in transaction speed, cost, and scalability.

Core network services by Hedera:

Consensus Service (HCS). With HCS, clients send messages to the network to negotiate consensus timestamping and order. In this case, the state is stored offline, and users can define privacy and access control.

Hedera Token Service (HTS). Thanks to HTS, token creation and management are available to customers. It supports built-in tokenization.

The goal of Hedera’s hashgraph is to increase the speed of transactions. Moreover, the network is also focused on high-volume operations: micropayments, data integrity and tokenization.

Like the EVM, the Hedera network maintains a virtual machine that writes smart contracts in the Solidity programming language. On top of that, Hedera offers a set of built-in KYC and AML checks.

From a technical point of view, Hedera is a form of distributed ledger technology. It is a hashgraph, or consensus algorithm, where users agree on the order in which transactions should be performed. However, Hedera is not exactly a blockchain. It has its own distinctiveness and works differently. With hashgraph, all transaction branches are merged, no block equivalent is thrown away, and each is used to reach consensus.

One of the most noticeable features of the network is the Gossip-about-Gossip protocol. According to Dr. Leemon Baird, Hedera's inventor, within the system nodes randomly transmit data about themselves to other nodes via hashgraph using the Gossip protocol. Soon, all nodes in a cluster become familiar with each other. Then a certain data structure is formed. It consists of a payload of transactions, a timestamp, a digital signature, and hashes to the previous structures.

HBAR is Hedera's native token that powers applications on the Hedera network. HBAR is utilized to pay for network services, transaction fees, in-app payments and micropayments. Developers can pay network fees with HBAR tokens, namely: work with smart contracts, file storage and currency exchange. HBAR is used to incentivize and pay network nodes.

Hedera Hashgraph has a decentralized governance system that is set apart. All critical decisions about pricing policy, software updates, and wealth management are made by the Governing Council.

Hedera

Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform that says its goal is to allow “changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about positive global change.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Cardano.

The open-source project also aims to “redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins to individuals” — helping to create a society that is more secure, transparent and fair.

Cardano was founded back in 2017, and named after the 16th century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano. The native ADA token takes its name from the 19th century mathematician Ada Lovelace, widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer. The ADA token is designed to ensure that owners can participate in the operation of the network. Because of this, those who hold the cryptocurrency have the right to vote on any proposed changes to the software.

The team behind the layered blockchain say that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow decentralized apps and smart contracts to be developed with modularity.

In August 2021, Charles Hoskinson announced the launch of the Alonzo hard fork, causing Cardano price to surge, gaining 116% in the following month. On Sept. 12, 2021, the Cardano ‘Alonzo’ hard fork officially launched, bringing smart contract functionality to the blockchain. Over 100 smart contracts were deployed in the following 24 hours after the launch.

Cardano is used by agricultural companies to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof way, and retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.

Cardano

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

Launched in 2011 by Pixowl, The Sandbox is a blockchain-based virtual world allowing users to create, build, buy and sell digital assets in the form of a game. By combining the powers of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), the Sandbox creates a decentralized platform for a thriving gaming community.

According to the official whitepaper, the Sandbox platform’s main mission is to introduce blockchain technology in mainstream gaming successfully. The platform focuses on facilitating a creative “play-to-earn” model, which allows users to be both creators and gamers simultaneously. The Sandbox employs the powers of blockchain technology by introducing the SAND utility token, which facilitates transactions on the platform.

The Sandbox

Gala is a web3 ecosystem powered by a layer-1 blockchain (GalaChain) built to power the Gala entertainment ecosystem that originally included Gala Games, Gala Music and Gala Film. More recently however, GalaChain has opened its doors to external developers and projects from any applicable industry, providing open source developer resources to simplify the process.

On a mission to empower users and creators across multiple industries throughout the world, Gala’s goal is to become the first billion user blockchain in the world. Innovators can extend the benefits of web3 to their users and communities more easily than ever before by leveraging open source tools like the GalaChain SDK and Creator Portal.

By elevating their ideas to web3 through GalaChain, developers can create custom tokens, smart contracts, reward opportunities and node networks for their communities and projects. Assets built on GalaChain can also be bridged to other blockchains, such as Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain and more. Developers who wish to learn more about getting involved with GalaChain are welcome to reach out via GalaChain.com.

The core of GalaChain is powered by its DePIN (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network) of Founder’s Nodes, whose operators earn daily $GALA rewards for actively providing resources to the ecosystem and enjoy governance voting rights on certain core Gala decisions. In addition to the Founder’s Node network’s foundational workload, individual projects can also create Node networks on GalaChain with more specific workloads.

Gala.com
News.Gala.com
Games.Gala.com
Music.Gala.com
Film.Gala.com

Gala

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.