## Hedera Hashgraph (HBAR) คืออะไร?

Hedera Hashgraph ถูกเรียกว่าเป็น "ความน่าเชื่อถือของอินเทอร์เน็ต" เป็นเครือข่ายสาธารณะที่ช่วยให้บุคคลและธุรกิจสามารถสร้างแอปพลิเคชันการกระจายอำนาจที่มีประสิทธิภาพ ([DApps](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps)) ได้

ได้รับการออกแบบมาให้เป็นระบบที่มีความเป็นกลางและมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น เพื่อขจัดข้อจำกัดบางอย่างที่แพลตฟอร์มบล็อกเชนรุ่นเก่าต้องเผชิญ เช่น ประสิทธิภาพที่ช้าและความไม่เสถียร

ได้รับเงินทุนผ่าน initial coin offering (ICO) ในเดือนสิงหาคม 2018 และเปิดตัวการเข้าถึงแบบเปิดสำหรับเมนเน็ตเป็นครั้งแรกในเดือนกันยายน 2019 ในฐานะที่เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของ ICO นักลงทุนสามารถซื้อโทเค็นยูทิลิตี้ดั้งเดิม (HBAR) ของแพลตฟอร์มได้ในราคาที่ถูกที่สุด

โทเค็น HBAR มีบทบาทสองประการในเครือข่ายสาธารณะของ Hedera

ก่อนอื่น HBAR เป็นเชื้อเพลิงที่ขับเคลื่อนบริการของ Hedera เช่น [smart contracts](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract), การจัดเก็บไฟล์ และธุรกรรมแบบปกติ ประการที่สอง ใช้เพื่อช่วยรักษาความปลอดภัยของเครือข่าย เนื่องจากผู้ใช้ HBAR สามารถ [stake](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/staking) โทเค็นของตนเพื่อช่วยกันรักษาความสมบูรณ์ของแพลตฟอร์มได้ด้วย

### ใครคือผู้ก่อตั้ง Hedera Hashgraph?

Hedera Hashgraph เกิดจากการร่วมกันก่อตั้งโดย Dr. Leemon Baird และ Mance Harmon

โดย Dr. Leemon Baird ได้รับเครดิตในฐานะนักลงทุนของอัลกอริธึมฉันทามติที่ทำการแจกจ่าย hashgraph และปัจจุบันทำงานเป็นหัวหน้านักวิทยาศาสตร์ของ Hedera

ก่อนที่จะก่อตั้ง Hedera Hashgraph นั้น Baird ได้สั่งสมประสบการณ์มามากกว่าทศวรรษในด้านวิทยาการคอมพิวเตอร์และมีบทบาทด้านความปลอดภัยต่าง ๆ โดยเคยทำงานเป็นนักวิทยาศาสตร์การวิจัยอาวุโสที่ Academy Center ของ Cyberspace Research นอกจากนี้ เขายังดำรงตำแหน่งผู้ร่วมก่อตั้งและ CTO ที่ Swirlds Inc. ซึ่งเป็นแพลตฟอร์มสำหรับการสร้าง DApps

ในทางกลับกัน Mance Harmon เป็น CEO ของ Hedera และเป็นผู้บริหารด้านเทคโนโลยีที่มีประสบการณ์และเป็นผู้ประกอบการมีความเชี่ยวชาญสูง Harmon มีประสบการณ์มานานกว่าสองทศวรรษในตำแหน่งผู้บริหารในบริษัทที่มีชื่อเสียง ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่อยู่ในอุตสาหกรรมการรักษาความปลอดภัยด้านไอที เช่นเดียวกับ Dr. Leemon Baird นาย Mance Harmon ยังดำรงตำแหน่งที่สองที่ทั้งใน Swirlds Inc. ในตำแหน่งผู้ร่วมก่อตั้งและซีอีโอ

นอกจากผู้ก่อตั้งแล้ว ทีมผู้นำของ Hedera ยังประกอบด้วยบุคคลมากกว่า 12 คน ซึ่งหลายคนก็มีอาชีพที่โดดเด่น

### อะไรที่ทำให้ Hedera Hashgraph ไม่เหมือนใคร?

สิ่งที่ทำให้มันแตกต่างจากแพลตฟอร์มคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีอื่น ๆ เป็นอย่างมาก นั้นก็คือ Hedera Hashgraph ไม่ได้สร้างขึ้นที่ด้านบนของ [บล็อคเชน](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) ทั่วไป นอกจากนี้ ยังมีการนำเอาเทคโนโลยีบัญชีแยกประเภทแบบใหม่ที่รู้จักกันในชื่อ Hashgraph มาให้บริการด้วย

เทคโนโลยีนี้ช่วยให้สามารถปรับปรุงทางเลือกอื่น ๆ ของการบล็อคเชนได้ในหลาย ๆ ด้านที่สำคัญ รวมถึงความเร็ว, ต้นทุน และความสามารถในการปรับขนาด ธุรกรรมของ Hedera มีค่าธรรมเนียมในการทำธุรกรรมเฉลี่ยเพียง 0.0001 USD และโดยทั่วไปจะเสร็จสิ้นภายในเวลาเพียง 5 วินาที ในภาพรวม Hedera Hashgraph อ้างว่ามันสามารถรองรับธุรกรรมได้มากกว่า 10,000 รายการต่อวินาที (TPS) เมื่อเทียบกับบล็อคเชนที่ใช้วิธี proof-of-work (PoW) ที่ได้รับความนิยมมากที่สุด ที่ทำได้เพียง 5-20 รายการเท่านั้น

แพลตฟอร์มนี้มีบริการเครือข่ายที่สำคัญหลายอย่าง ซึ่งรวมถึง:

* บริการโทเค็นที่ช่วยให้ผู้ใช้สามารถกำหนดค่าและสร้างโทเค็นทั้งแบบทรัพย์สินที่ไม่มีคุณสมบัติเฉพาะตัวและทรัพย์สินที่มีลักษณะเฉพาะตัว([NFTs](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/non-fungible-token)) บน Hedera ได้อย่างง่ายดายด้วยโค้ดเพียงไม่กี่บรรทัด
* บริการ [ฉันทามติ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus) ที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นระดับของความไว้วางใจสำหรับแอปพลิเคชันหรือเครือข่ายใด ๆ ที่ต้องการบริการที่ปลอดภัยและตรวจสอบได้
* เครื่องมือ Smart contract ช่วยให้นักพัฒนาสร้างแอปพลิเคชั่นการกระจายอำนาจที่ทรงพลังและมีประสิทธิภาพ
* บริการจัดเก็บไฟล์แบบกระจายศูนย์มาพร้อมคุณสมบัติต่าง ๆ ได้แก่ ระบบหลักฐานการลบ, การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่ควบคุมได้ และการหมดอายุของไฟล์ตามระยะเวลา

#### หน้าที่เกี่ยวข้อง:

ตรวจสอบ [Ethereum (ETH)](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/ethereum/) — บล็อคเชนที่ได้รับความนิยมสูงสุดสำหรับแอปพลิเคชันแบบกระจายอำนาจ

ลองดู [Polkadot (DOT)](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/polkadot-new/) — บล็อคเชนอีกตัวที่สามารถปรับขนาดได้อย่างหลากหลาย

เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับแอปพลิเคชันการกระจายอำนาจ (DApps) ด้วย [CoinMarketCap Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps)

คุณเคยเห็น [CoinMarketCap blog](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/categories/blog) หรือไม่?

### มีเหรียญ Hedera Hashgraph (HBAR) จำนวนเท่าใดในการหมุนเวียน?

โทเค็น Hedera Hashgraph หรือ HBAR มีอุปทานรวมสูงสุด 50 พันล้านหน่วย โดยมีเกือบ 7,000 ล้านหมุนเวียนในเดือนมกราคม 2021 ซึ่งเทียบเท่ากับ 14% ของอุปทานทั้งหมด

Hedera เผยแพร่รายงานประจำที่มีรายละเอียดเกี่ยวกับช่วงเวลาที่โทเค็น HBAR ในรอบถัดไปจะถูกปลดล็อก สามารถดูรายงานเหล่านี้ได้ [ที่นี่](https://help.hedera.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002789198-When-are-the-next-distributions-of-hbars-scheduled-)

ตาม [แหล่งข้อมูลของ Hedera](https://help.hedera.com/hc/en-us/articles/360007177217-How-is-Hedera-management-compensated-#breadcrumb) ผู้ก่อตั้งโครงการทั้งสอง แต่ละคนได้รับเหรียญมูลค่า 2 พันล้าน HBARs ซึ่งเทียบเท่ากับ 4% ของอุปทานทั้งหมด โทเค็นเหล่านี้จะถูกเก็บไว้เป็นระยะเวลา 6 ปี

ผู้บริหารระดับสูงคนอื่น ๆ ที่ Hedera (ที่เข้าร่วมก่อนปี 2018) ได้รับเหรียญอยู่ที่ระหว่าง 250 ล้านถึง 300 ล้านเหรียญ โทเค็นเหล่านี้จะตกเป็นกรรมสิทธิ์หลังจากสิ้นสุดเดือนธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2021

ตามรายงาน [Economics Whitepaper](https://hedera.com/blog/new-v3-of-the-hbar-economics-whitepaper) ของ Hedera (เผยแพร่ในเดือนมิถุนายน 2020) HBAR ประมาณ 17.03 พันล้านเหรียญจะอยู่ในการหมุนเวียนภายในปี 2025 หรือคิดเป็น 34% ของอุปทานทั้งหมด

### เครือข่าย Hedera Hashgraph มีความปลอดภัยอย่างไร?

Hedera Hashgraph ใช้ระบบฉันทามติแบบใหม่ที่เรียกว่าฉันทามติของ Hashgraph เพื่อรักษาความปลอดภัยให้กับเครือข่าย

การดำเนินการนี้ใช้ระบบสภาการดูแลแบบหมุนเวียนซึ่งประกอบด้วยองค์กรที่มีความหลากหลายสูง ซึ่งมีจำนวนมากถึง 39 องค์กร ซึ่งครอบคลุมถึง 11 อุตสาหกรรมที่แตกต่างกัน สิ่งเหล่านี้เกี่ยวข้องกับการกำกับโค้ดเบสของ Hedera, การลงคะแนนในการตัดสินใจของแพลตฟอร์ม และการใช้งานเริ่มต้นบนเครือข่ายสาธารณะของ Hedera

Hedera ใช้งาน [proof-of-stake](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake) (PoS) รูปแบบใหม่ซึ่งอนุญาตให้ผู้ใช้ HBAR สามารถ stake ทรัพยากรเพื่อช่วยปกป้องเครือข่ายได้ ตอนนี้โหนดของ Hedera ทั้งหมดได้รับการจัดการโดย Hedera เองหรือโดยสมาชิกสภา แต่มีแผนจะเปลี่ยนไปใช้ระบบแบบที่ไม่ต้องได้รับอนุญาตในอนาคต

โดยรวมแล้ว การตั้งค่าความปลอดภัยของ Hedera จะช่วยให้มั่นใจว่าจะได้รับ "อะซิงโครนัส" แบบ [Byzantine Fault Tolerance](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft) (ABFT)— ซึ่งหมายความว่าสามารถรับประกันได้ทั้งเวลาและลำดับของชุดธุรกรรม แม้ว่าข้อมูลบางส่วนจะล่าช้าหรือสูญหาย

### คุณสามารถซื้อ Hedera Hashgraph (HBAR) ได้จากที่ไหน

HBAR เป็นสินทรัพย์ดิจิทัลยอดนิยมที่สามารถซื้อขายได้บนแพลตฟอร์มการแลกเปลี่ยนที่โดดเด่นหลายแห่ง รวมถึง [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/binance/), Bittrex และ [Huobi Global](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/huobi-global/)

คู่การซื้อขาย HBAR ที่เป็นที่นิยมเพิ่มขึ้น ได้แก่ HBAR/USDT, HBAR/BTC และ HBAR/ETH และยังมีตัวเลือกการซื้อขายด้วยเงินสกุล fiat หลายตัวสำหรับคริปโตเคอร์เรนซี เช่น HBAR/USD, HBAR/KRW และ HBAR/INR

สำหรับข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับการซื้อสกุลเงินดิจิทัลด้วย fiat โปรดดู[คำแนะนำที่ครอบคลุม](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/)ของเรา

นี่คือบทความอื่น ๆ ที่คุณอาจสนใจ:

* [คริปโตฟอเซ็ต (Crypto Faucet) คืออะไร?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-crypto-faucet)
* [บัตรเดบิตคริปโตคืออะไร?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-crypto-debit-cards)
* [Web 3.0 คืออะไร?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-web-3-0)
* [การฟาร์มผลตอบแทนคืออะไร?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-yield-farming)
* [การให้ยืมคริปโต (Crypto Lending) คืออะไร?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-crypto-lending)

What Is Google Doing with Blockchain?

Hedera

Ledger

Trezor

Trust Wallet

Math Wallet

Atomic wallet

Hedera is the most used, sustainable, enterprise-grade public network for the decentralized economy.

Hedera Hashgraph

Wrapped HBAR

Tune.FM

NADA Protocol Token

SaucerSwap

Algorand is a self-sustaining, decentralized, blockchain-based network that supports a wide range of applications. These systems are secure, scalable and efficient, all critical properties for effective applications in the real world. Algorand will support computations that require reliable performance guarantees to create new forms of trust.

The Algorand mainnet became live in June 2019, and was able to handle almost 1 million transactions per day as of December 2020. Algorand transaction metrics can be viewed here. Algorand initial coin offering (ICO) was held in June 2019, with the Algorand price of $0.24 per token.

Algorand

Quant launched in June 2018 with the goal of connecting blockchains and networks on a global scale, without reducing the efficiency and interoperability of the network. It is the first project to solve the interoperability problem through the creation of the first blockchain operating system.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Quant.

The project is built as an operating system distributed ledger technology— and Overledger Network — for connecting different blockchain networks. The project is billed as the first OS to be built for blockchains.

The main aim of Quant — using Overledger — is to bridge the gap that exists between different blockchains. The backbone of the project is the Overledger network, which Quant bills as the ecosystem on which the future digital economy ecosystem will be built.

Overledger allows developers to build decentralized multi-chain applications (known as MApps) for their customers. For developers to build a Mapp on the network, they must hold a certain amount of Quant tokens (QNT).

Quant

Stellar (XLM) is a peer-to-peer (P2P) decentralized network created in 2014 by The Stellar Development Foundation or Stellar.org. The network officially launched in 2015 with the purpose of connecting the world's financial systems and ensuring a protocol for payment providers and financial institutions. The platform is designed to move financial resources swiftly and reliably at minimal cost. Stellar links people, banks, payment processors and allows users to create, send and trade multiple types of crypto.

The basis of the network is its native digital currency - XLM or Lumens. XLM acts as an intermediate currency for operations and is also used to pay transaction fees. How it works: the protocol converts money in a few seconds, first into XLM, and then into the requested currency.

The Stellar payment protocol is based on distributed ledger technology -- an open-source development, community-owned and distributed by community. The crypto asset of the Stellar platform helps with cross-border transactions, overcoming the problems of high fees and slow procedures. XLM is more focused on assisting individuals transfer money than they are with institutions. Thus, Stellar offers access to financial systems, and people can send money at low cost and promptly around the world.

Moreover, Stellar serves as a decentralized exchange and marketplace, with a built-in order book that tracks ownership of Stellar assets. Platform users can manage buy/sell orders, as well as select and set their preferred assets in settlements. XLM is a built-in coin that helps reduce transaction fees.

The network maintains a high level of security.  XLM holders must have at least one token in order to remain active on the network. This nuance performs a global goal - the execution of network transactions efficiently and with minimal time costs. Plus, Lumens offers protection against flood attacks by making microtransactions too expensive for hackers with no chance of profit, which keeps Stellar Network safe from serious threats.

The target audience of Stellar is the inhabitants of developing countries, ordinary users who are provided access to the global economy through fast, simple and inexpensive transactions. Stellar Network makes extensive use of Lumens to produce live convection as well as to send cash in multiple currencies; currency is sent from one peer, and the recipient can receive the amount in another currency. This feature is beneficial when a transaction is made between currencies without widely traded pairs.

Support for multi-currency transactions is another competitive advantage of Stellar, and the ability for cross-currency transactions has only enhanced processes with foreign operations. Moreover, stable speed and low transaction costs are a privilege that users receive.

This functionality is powered by a development called Anchors (a bridge between different currencies and the network), which simplifies the exchange within the network and helps speed up the whole process.

In summary, the benefits of Stellar (XLM) include:

Stellar

VeChainThor (VET) is a versatile enterprise-grade L1 smart contract platform whose origins began in 2015. VeChain is known as a pioneer of real-world enterprise applications, and built a distributed platform powered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, NFC chips and blockchain to help various industries solve data-related challenges.

VeChain solves major blockchain adoption hurdles. The platform uses an intelligent two token model, VET and VTHO, separating the protocol's Store of Value and gas fee payment mechanisms, ensuring costs can be kept low and stable. Fee delegation allows smart contracts to pay gas fees on behalf of business users, and an advanced transaction model allows data to be packaged more efficiently while ensuring finality of data.

VeChain is focused on delivering a wave of incentive-based sustainability dApps through its new platform, VeBetterDAO, working closely with Boston Consulting Group to achieve adoption across enterprise and individual users, and helping  onboard the next billion users to Web3 over the coming decade.

From supply chains to sustainability, VeChain has continuously demonstrated its leading role as a driver of blockchain in business, and is dedicated to its role as a pioneer of driving real world adoption of blockchain technology.

VeChain

Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed  (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Founded in 2017, Chainlink is a blockchain abstraction layer that enables universally connected smart contracts. Through a decentralized oracle network, Chainlink allows blockchains to securely interact with external data feeds, events and payment methods, providing the critical off-chain information needed by complex smart contracts to become the dominant form of digital agreement.

The Chainlink Network is driven by a large open-source community of data providers, node operators, smart contract developers, researchers, security auditors and more. The company focuses on ensuring that decentralized participation is guaranteed for all node operators and users looking to contribute to the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Chainlink.

Chainlink

Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform that says its goal is to allow “changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about positive global change.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Cardano.

The open-source project also aims to “redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins to individuals” — helping to create a society that is more secure, transparent and fair.

Cardano was founded back in 2017, and named after the 16th century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano. The native ADA token takes its name from the 19th century mathematician Ada Lovelace, widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer. The ADA token is designed to ensure that owners can participate in the operation of the network. Because of this, those who hold the cryptocurrency have the right to vote on any proposed changes to the software.

The team behind the layered blockchain say that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow decentralized apps and smart contracts to be developed with modularity.

In August 2021, Charles Hoskinson announced the launch of the Alonzo hard fork, causing Cardano price to surge, gaining 116% in the following month. On Sept. 12, 2021, the Cardano ‘Alonzo’ hard fork officially launched, bringing smart contract functionality to the blockchain. Over 100 smart contracts were deployed in the following 24 hours after the launch.

Cardano is used by agricultural companies to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof way, and retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.

Cardano

Gala is a web3 ecosystem powered by a layer-1 blockchain (GalaChain) built to power the Gala entertainment ecosystem that originally included Gala Games, Gala Music and Gala Film. More recently however, GalaChain has opened its doors to external developers and projects from any applicable industry, providing open source developer resources to simplify the process.

On a mission to empower users and creators across multiple industries throughout the world, Gala’s goal is to become the first billion user blockchain in the world. Innovators can extend the benefits of web3 to their users and communities more easily than ever before by leveraging open source tools like the GalaChain SDK and Creator Portal.

By elevating their ideas to web3 through GalaChain, developers can create custom tokens, smart contracts, reward opportunities and node networks for their communities and projects. Assets built on GalaChain can also be bridged to other blockchains, such as Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain and more. Developers who wish to learn more about getting involved with GalaChain are welcome to reach out via GalaChain.com.

The core of GalaChain is powered by its DePIN (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network) of Founder’s Nodes, whose operators earn daily $GALA rewards for actively providing resources to the ecosystem and enjoy governance voting rights on certain core Gala decisions. In addition to the Founder’s Node network’s foundational workload, individual projects can also create Node networks on GalaChain with more specific workloads.

Gala.com
News.Gala.com
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Film.Gala.com

Gala

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

The Graph is an indexing protocol for querying data for networks like Ethereum and IPFS, powering many applications in both DeFi and the broader Web3 ecosystem. Anyone can build and publish open APIs, called subgraphs, that applications can query using GraphQL to retrieve blockchain data. There is a hosted service in production that makes it easy for developers to get started building on The Graph and the decentralized network will be launching later this year. The Graph currently supports indexing data from Ethereum, IPFS and POA, with more networks coming soon.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of The Graph.

To date, over3,000 subgraphs have been deployed by thousands of developers, for DApps like Uniswap, Synthetix, Aragon, AAVE, Gnosis, Balancer, Livepeer, DAOstack, Decentraland and many others. The Graph usage has been growing at over 50% MoM and hit over 7 billion queries during the month of September 2020.

The Graph has a global community, including over 200 Indexer Nodes in the testnet and more than 2,000 Curators in the Curator Program as of October 2020. To fund network development, The Graph raised funds from community members, strategic VCs and influential individuals in the blockchain community including Coinbase Ventures, DCG, Framework, ParaFi Capital, CoinFund, DTC, Multicoin, Reciprocal Ventures, SPC, Tally Capital and others. The Graph Foundation also successfully completed a public GRT Sale with participation from 99 countries (not including the U.S.). To date as of November 2020, The Graph has raised ~$25M.

The Graph

The Internet Computer blockchain incorporates a radical rethink of blockchain design, powered by innovations in cryptography. It provides the first “World Computer” blockchain that can be used to build almost any online system or service, including demanding web social media, without need for traditional IT such as cloud computing services. As such it can enable full end-to-end decentralization.

Internet Computer

The XDC Network is a blockchain developed to support trade finance and the tokenization of RWAs. A highly optimized, EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain, XDC Network reaches consensus through a delegated proof-of-stake (dPoS) mechanism, which allows for a transaction time of mere seconds, near zero gas fees, and a high number of transactions per second (TPS).

Secure, scalable, and highly efficient, the XDC Network powers a wide range of novel blockchain use cases and provides state-of-the-art infrastructure for enterprise-grade blockchain applications. With architecture that enables the creation of sovereign sub-networks, XDC Network is uniquely equipped to support those who require dedicated blockchain environments for enhanced permissions and control, such as government agencies, financial institutions, and businesses.

As of April 25, 2024, there are 312 XDC Network validator masternode candidates, of which 108 actively operate as validator masternodes, and the remainder are standby masternodes. Each masternode operator is required to stake 10M XDC.

A forthcoming upgrade to the consensus mechanism, dubbed XDC 2.0, is currently running on testnet. It and subsequent iterations of the XDC Network protocol will further enhance the security of the consensus mechanism and incorporate a novel "judiciary branch" into the consensus mechanism.

Developed by Princeton University's Pramod Viswanath, Hash Laboratories' Fisher Yu, and their team, XDC 2.0’s cutting-edge compliance technology will ensure unprecedented Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) by holding validators accountable for their actions on an automated yet discretionary basis.

XDC Network

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

NEAR Protocol is a layer-one blockchain that was designed as a community-run cloud computing platform and that eliminates some of the limitations that have been bogging competing blockchains, such as low transaction speeds, low throughput and poor interoperability. This provides the ideal environment for DApps and creates a developer and user-friendly platform. For instance, NEAR uses human-readable account names, unlike the cryptographic wallet addresses common to Ethereum. NEAR also introduces unique solutions to scaling problems and has its own consensus mechanism called “Doomslug.”

NEAR Protocol is being built by the NEAR Collective, its community that is updating the initial code and releasing updates to the ecosystem. Its declared goal is to build a platform that is “secure enough to manage high value assets like money or identity and performant enough to make them useful for everyday people.”

Flux, a protocol that allows developers to create markets based on assets, commodities, real-world events, and Mintbase, an NFT minting platform are examples of projects being built on NEAR Protocol.

NEAR Protocol

Solana is a highly functional open source project that banks on blockchain technology’s permissionless nature to provide decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. While the idea and initial work on the project began in 2017, Solana was officially launched in March 2020 by the Solana Foundation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Solana.

The Solana protocol is designed to facilitate decentralized app (DApp) creation. It aims to improve scalability by introducing a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with the underlying proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus of the blockchain.

Because of the innovative hybrid consensus model, Solana enjoys interest from small-time traders and institutional traders alike. A significant focus for the Solana Foundation is to make decentralized finance accessible on a larger scale.

Solana

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

RenderToken (RNDR) is a distributed GPU rendering network built on top of the Ethereum blockchain, aiming to connect artists and studios in need of GPU compute power with mining partners willing to rent their GPU capabilities out. Conceived in 2009 by OTOY, inc. CEO Jules Urbach and launched in 2017, RNDR held its first public token sale in October of that same year, followed by a private sale period lasting from January 2018 – May 2018, wherein a total of 117,843,239 RNDR were sold at a price of 1 RNDR = $0.25 USD equivalent of token.
During the private sale period, early adopters were onboarded onto the RNDR Beta Testnet, where beta node operators and artists worked collaboratively with the RNDR team in building and testing the network, up until its public launch on April 27th 2020.