## Dash (DASH) คืออะไร?

Dash เป็น [บล็อคเชน](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) แบบโอเพนซอร์ซและ [คริปโตเคอร์เรนซี](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-cryptocurrencies) ที่เน้นไปที่การนำเสนอเครือข่ายการชำระเงินทั่วโลกที่รวดเร็วและราคาถูก ซึ่งมีการกระจายอำนาจตามธรรมชาติ ตาม [ไวท์เปเปอร์](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/whitepaper) ของโครงการ, Dash [พยายาม](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/wiki/Whitepaper) ที่จะปรับปรุง [บิทคอยน์](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/bitcoin) (BTC) โดยให้ความ[เป็นส่วนตัว](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/th/article/what-are-privacy-coins)ที่มากขึ้นและการทำธุรกรรมที่รวดเร็วขึ้น

Dash ซึ่งย่อมาจาก "digital cash" [เปิดตัว](https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=421615.0) ในเดือนมกราคม 2014 จากการ fork ของ [Litecoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/litecoin/) (LTC) นับตั้งแต่เปิดตัว Dash ได้เติบโตขึ้นด้วยการรวมคุณสมบัติต่าง ๆ เช่น เครือข่ายแบบสองชั้นที่มีโหนดที่จูงใจ ซึ่งรวมถึง "masternodes" และการกำกับดูแลโครงการที่เป็นแบบกระจายอำนาจ, InstantSend ซึ่งช่วยให้การชำระเงินทำได้ทันที, ChainLocks ซึ่งทำให้บล็อคเชน Dash ไม่เปลี่ยนรูปในทันที และ PrivateSend ซึ่งให้ความเป็นส่วนตัวเพิ่มขึ้นสำหรับการทำธุรกรรม

### ใครคือผู้ก่อตั้ง Dash?

Dash ก่อตั้งโดยนักพัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์อย่าง Evan Duffield และ Kyle Hagan เดิมโครงการนี้ถูกเรียกว่า XCoin โดยเปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น Darkcoin ในอีกสองสัปดาห์ต่อมาก่อนที่จะ [รีแบรนด์](https://www.dash.org/forum/threads/official-statement-on-rebranding-to-dash.4297/) อีกครั้งเป็น Dash ในเดือนมีนาคม 2015 ด้วยความพยายามที่จะเปลี่ยนภาพลักษณ์ในเชิงบวก

ก่อนที่เปิดตัว Dash ผู้ก่อตั้งอย่าง Duffield ทำงานเป็นนักพัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์ที่มีประสบการณ์ด้านการเงิน โดยทำงานที่ Hawk Financial Group รวมถึงทำงานด้านการประชาสัมพันธ์ และเขายังได้พัฒนาอัลกอริธึมการเรียนรู้ของเครื่องยนต์และเสิร์ชเอ็นจิ้นอีกด้วย ครั้งแรกที่เขา [นึกถึง](https://www.dash.org/forum/threads/the-birth-of-darkcoin.162/) Dash ในปี 2012 ที่จะช่วยเพิ่มความเป็นส่วนตัวให้กับบิทคอยน์ — ดังนั้นจึงเรียกมันว่า Darkcoin Duffield [อ้าง](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Q0MiDNe6Wc) ว่าเขาเริ่มต้นมันจากการทำเป็นงานอดิเรก โดยเขาเขียนโค้ดภายในเวลาเพียงหนึ่งสัปดาห์ Duffield ดำรงตำแหน่ง CEO ของ Dash Core Group ซึ่งเป็นบริษัทที่สนับสนุนการพัฒนาอย่างต่อเนื่อง, การบูรณาการ และกิจกรรมอื่น ๆ ของ Dash จนถึงเดือนธันวาคม 2017 ที่เขา [ก้าวลงจากตำแหน่ง](https://www.dash.org/forum/threads/dash-core-team-organization-announcement.14434/) เพื่อมุ่งเน้นไปที่การริเริ่มเชิงกลยุทธ์อื่น ๆ แทน

Hagan [ร่วมเขียน](https://github.com/dashpay/docs/raw/master/binary/Dash%20Whitepaper%20-%20Darkcoin.pdf) ไวท์เปเปอร์ต้นฉบับของ Darkcoin ไปกับ Duffield อย่างไรก็ตาม เขา [ออก](https://www.dash.org/forum/threads/kyle-hagan-is-no-longer-part-of-the-development-team.3225/) จากโครงการในช่วงต้นเดือนธันวาคม 2014

### อะไรที่ทำให้ Zcash ไม่เหมือนใคร?

ตามที่เว็บไซต์ระบุ [เป้าหมาย](https://docs.dash.org/en/stable/introduction/about.html) ของ Dash คือ "การเป็นคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีที่เน้นไปที่การชำระเงินที่เป็นมิตรกับผู้ใช้และปรับขนาดได้มากที่สุดในโลก" เพื่อให้บรรลุสิ่งนี้ โปรเจ็กต์ต้องอาศัยเครือข่ายของ masternodes ซึ่งเป็นเซิร์ฟเวอร์ที่ได้รับการสนับสนุนจากหลักประกันใน Dash ซึ่งออกแบบมาเพื่อให้สามารถให้บริการขั้นสูงได้อย่างปลอดภัยและกำกับดูแลระบบด้วยข้อเสนอของ Dash เพื่อแลกกับรางวัลบล็อคส่วนหนึ่ง masternodes จะให้บริการชั้นที่สองแก่เครือข่าย พวกเขาอำนวยความสะดวกให้กับฟังก์ชันต่าง ๆ เช่น InstantSend, PrivateSend และ ChainLocks

Dash ทำการตลาดทั้งในผู้ใช้รายบุคคลและสถาบัน รวมถึงผู้ค้า, ผู้ให้บริการทางการเงิน, เทรดเดอร์ และผู้ที่ต้องการโอนระหว่างประเทศ ในเดือนตุลาคม 2020 Dash Core Group [รายงาน](https://www.dash.org/forum/threads/dash-core-group-q3-quarterly-call-29-10-2020.50832/) ว่าวัตถุประสงค์เชิงกลยุทธ์ในการก้าวไปข้างหน้า ได้แก่ การสร้างระบบนิเวศและแบรนด์เพื่อให้มั่นใจว่าผู้ใช้จะพึงพอใจ และส่งเสริมเทคโนโลยีเบื้องหลังของเครือข่ายให้ก้าวหน้ายิ่งขึ้น

ระบบการกำกับดูแลของ Dash หรือคลัง จะแจกจ่าย 10% ของรางวัลบล็อกสำหรับการพัฒนาโครงการในลักษณะที่แข่งขันได้และเป็นไปแบบกระจายอำนาจ สิ่งนี้ช่วยสร้างองค์กรได้รับทุนเป็นจำนวนมาก รวมถึง Dash Core Group นอกจากนี้ Dash Foundation ยังสนับสนุนการใช้คริปโตเคอร์เรนซี, การรับเงินบริจาคและเสนอการเป็นสมาชิกแบบรายบุคคลและแบบสถาบันแบบที่มีการชำระเงินแล้ว

#### หน้าที่เกี่ยวข้อง:

เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับ [Litecoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/litecoin/) คริปโตเคอร์เรนซีที่ถูก fork จาก Dash

เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับ [XRP](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/xrp/) อีกหนึ่งคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีที่ให้บริการการชำระเงินในทันที

ต้องการคำแนะนำในการรักษา Dash ของคุณให้ปลอดภัยหรือไม่? อ่าน [คู่มือความปลอดภัยของคริปโต](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/how-to-keep-your-crypto-safe) เชิงลึก บน Alexandria แหล่งข้อมูลการศึกษาออนไลน์ของ CoinMarketCap

ติดตามข่าวสารล่าสุดเกี่ยวกับคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีใหม่ ๆ ด้วย [CoinMarketCap Blog](https://blog.coinmarketcap.com/)

### มีเหรียญ Dash (DASH) หมุนเวียนอยู่กี่เหรียญ?

จำนวนสูงสุดของโทเค็น Dash ที่สามารถปล่อยออกได้คือ 18,921,005 เหรียญ อย่างไรก็ตาม ตัวเลขนี้ขึ้นอยู่กับวิธีการในการกำกับดูแลจะตัดสินใจจัดสรร 10% ของรางวัลบล็อกไว้สำหรับข้อเสนอด้านงบประมาณ หากไม่มีการจัดสรรเลย จะมี DASH เพียง 17,742,696 เหรียญเท่านั้นที่จะถูกปล่อยออกมา โทเค็น Dash ใหม่จะถูก [สร้างขึ้น](https://docs.dash.org/en/stable/introduction/features.html#emission-rate) โดยใช้อัลกอริธึมการขุดแบบ [proof-of-work](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake) ซึ่งอัตราการปล่อยโทเค็นจะลดลงหนึ่งในสิบสี่หรือประมาณ 7% ทุก 210,240 บล็อก หรือประมาณทุก 383 วัน

ประมาณ 45% ของ DASH ใหม่จะมอบให้กับนักขุด, 45% สำหรับ masternodes และ 10% สำหรับข้อเสนอในอนาคต ในเดือนสิงหาคม 2020 เมื่อข้อเสนอได้ [รับการอนุมัติ](https://www.dashcentral.org/p/decision-proposal-block-reward-reallocat) หลังจากมีผลแล้ว จะเปลี่ยนอัตราส่วนของเหรียญที่มอบให้กับนักขุดและมาสเตอร์โหนดจาก 50/50 เป็น 40/60 ตามลำดับ

ภายใน 48 ชั่วโมงแรกของการเปิดตัว Dash มีการขุดเหรียญประมาณ 2 ล้านเหรียญ ซึ่งเกินกว่าแผนการ emission ที่วางไว้เป็นอย่างมาก เดิม Dash ถูก forke จาก Litecoin ซึ่งประสบปัญหาที่คล้ายกันในการเปิดตัวเนื่องจากมีข้อบกพร่องในอัลกอริธึมที่ยากในการปรับแต่ง แม้ว่า Dash จะได้รับการบันทึกไว้เป็นอย่างดีว่าได้รับข้อผิดพลาดจาก Litecoin แต่ก็มีการพูดถึงกันอย่างกว้างขวางว่า Fastmine ที่ได้นั้นตั้งใจที่จะให้ประโยชน์แก่นักขุดในยุคแรก ๆ หรือไม่

### เครือข่าย Dash มีความปลอดภัยอย่างไร?

Dash ใช้เครือข่ายแบบ two-tier เพื่อรักษาความปลอดภัยในการทำธุรกรรม ในชั้นแรกประกอบด้วยโหนดที่ดำเนินการขุดภายใต้โปรโตคอล [ฉันทามติ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus) แบบ proof-of-work ซึ่งหมายความว่าพวกเขาจะแข่งขันกันเพื่อแก้ปัญหาการเข้ารหัสที่ซับซ้อนและธุรกรรมต้องได้รับการอนุมัติจากโหนดอย่างน้อย 51% เพื่อที่จะเพิ่มไปยังบล็อกเชน

อัลกอริธึม PoW ที่ Dash ใช้เรียกว่า "X11" — เป็นอัลกอริธึมการแฮชแบบกำหนดเองที่พัฒนาโดย Duffield ผู้ก่อตั้ง Dash ซึ่งใช้ลำดับอัลกอริธึมการแฮชถึง 11 ลำดับ ตาม [เอกสาร](https://docs.dash.org/en/stable/introduction/features.html#x11-hash-algorithm) ของ Dash X11 ระบุว่า "มันเป็นหนึ่งในแฮชการเข้ารหัสที่ปลอดภัยที่สุดและซับซ้อนกว่าที่ใช้โดยคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีสมัยใหม่"

ชั้นที่สองประกอบด้วย masternodes ที่ทำงานภายใต้อัลกอริธึมฉันทามติแบบ proof-of-service ซึ่ง masternodes ได้รับการจัดอันดับตามประวัติการให้บริการที่ดีแก่เครือข่าย Masternodes ดูแลเครือข่ายและมีอำนาจในการปฏิเสธบล็อกใหม่ที่ถูกเพิ่มโดยโหนดหากได้รับการอนุมัติอย่างไม่เหมาะสม พวกเขายังเปิดใช้งานคุณสมบัติ ChainLocks ของ Dash ซึ่งช่วยเพิ่มความปลอดภัยเพราะทุก ๆ 12 ชั่วโมง กลุ่ม masternodes ที่หมุนเวียนจะสังเกตและยืนยันบล็อคใหม่ทั้งหมดที่เพิ่มเข้าไปในบล็อคเชน นักพัฒนาของ Dash [ระบุ](https://blog.dash.org/mitigating-51-attacks-with-llmq-based-chainlocks-7266aa648ec9) ว่าสิ่งนี้ปกป้องเครือข่ายจาก [51% attacks](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/51-attack) ได้

### คุณสามารถซื้อ Dash (DASH) ได้จากที่ไหน?

ในฐานะที่เป็นหนึ่งใน altcoins ที่ได้รับความนิยมมาก จึงสามารถซื้อ Dash ได้จากตัวกลางการแลกเปลี่ยนคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีหลัก ๆ ได้ ซึ่่งรวมถึง [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/binance/), [Coinbase Pro](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/coinbase-pro/), [Huobi Global](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/huobi-global/), [Kraken](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/kraken/) และ [OKEx](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/okex/) สามารถซื้อขายกับสกุลเงิน fiat, คริปโตเคอร์เรนซี เช่น [บิทคอยน์](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/bitcoin) และ [Ether](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/ethereum/) (ETH) และ [stablecoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-stablecoin) เช่น [Tether](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/tether/) (USDT) และ [USD Coin](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/usd-coin/) (USDC) ได้ด้วย โดยสามารถซื้อและขายได้ทั้งในตลาดสปอตและตลาดตราสารอนุพันธ์

คุณสนใจที่จะซื้อ Dash หรือคริปโตเคอร์เรนซีอื่น ๆ เช่น [บิทคอยน์](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/bitcoin) หรือไม่? CoinMarketCap มี [คำแนะนำทีละขั้นตอน](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/) แบบง่าย ๆ เพื่อสอนคุณเกี่ยวกับคริปโตและวิธีซื้อเหรียญแรกของคุณ

We're building the new world from scratch on decentralized rails.

It can feel like colonizing a new planet! 🪐

But bit by bit, we can build on the decentralized data structure that will keep us free.

Decentralization is humanity's best hope for the future. 

We welcome you to come build on Dash. Fill out this very quick form to see if your app would be best built on the Evolution platform!

We're building the new world from scratch on decentralized rails.

It can feel like colonizing a new planet! 🪐

But bit by bit, we can build on the decentralized data structure that will keep us free.

Decentralization is humanity's best hope for the future. 
We welcome you to come build on Dash. Fill out this very quick form to see if your app would be best built on the Evolution platform!
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfHpll6FR4S39BPW1M0phGde9R6acI9Zbe4ja8EhU3LqgusvQ/viewform

We're building a first-of-its-kind decentralized data platform. Really, the main motivation behind building it was to let us more easily do two things:

Usernames and contact lists. Social payments, easy to use, but fully-decentralized in a satisfactory way.

What we built ended up being so much more than that. We have:

🧬A new chain, inspired by Cosmos Tendermint practical Byzantine fault tolerance (pBFT) consensus, with a new Tenderdash scalable Byzantine fault tolerance (sBFT) system

🧬Unique data contracts, which can be written by anyone without needing to know a smart contract programming language, which efficiently write to decentralized data storage

🧬An innovative multi-layer data storage solution which is indexed and able to be proved and queried in a flash

🧬Decentralized identities which can form connections with each other and pass over encrypted, confidential data

In addition to usernames we'll be able to do invoices, accounting software, tokens (like stablecoins), NFTs, merchant maps, decentralized peer-to-peer commerce apps. Social media (hit us up Elon!). And on and on.

We need innovators, builders, dreamers. We need great minds who can see what we've built, and see the most perfect applications that could be built on top of it.

We need people who can envision the decentralized future, powered by Dash.

The canvas is blank at Genesis. Come paint on it.

Evolution is a blank canvas. 

We're building a first-of-its-kind decentralized data platform. Really, the main motivation behind building it was to let us more easily do two things:

Usernames and contact lists. Social payments, easy to use, but fully-decentralized in a satisfactory way.

What we built ended up being so much more than that. We have:

🧬A new chain, inspired by Cosmos Tendermint practical Byzantine fault tolerance (pBFT) consensus, with a new Tenderdash scalable Byzantine fault tolerance (sBFT) system

🧬Unique data contracts, which can be written by anyone without needing to know a smart contract programming language, which efficiently write to decentralized data storage

🧬An innovative multi-layer data storage solution which is indexed and able to be proved and queried in a flash

🧬Decentralized identities which can form connections with each other and pass over encrypted, confidential data

🧬And much more!

In addition to usernames we'll be able to do invoices, accounting software, tokens (like stablecoins), NFTs, merchant maps, decentralized peer-to-peer commerce apps. Social media (hit us up Elon!). And on and on.

The possibilities are endless.

But we need your help.

We need innovators, builders, dreamers. We need great minds who can see what we've built, and see the most perfect applications that could be built on top of it.

We need people who can envision the decentralized future, powered by Dash.

The canvas is blank at Genesis. Come paint on it.

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Zcash is a decentralized cryptocurrency focused on privacy and anonymity. It uses the zk-SNARK zero-knowledge proof technology that allows nodes on the network to verify transactions without revealing any sensitive information about those transactions.

Contrary to a common misunderstanding, the majority of cryptocurrencies on the market, including Bitcoin (BTC), are not anonymous, but rather pseudonymous; while they do not explicitly reveal the identities of their users, each user has their own public address or addresses which can be traced back to them via the methods of data science and blockchain forensics.

Zcash transactions, on the other hand, still have to be relayed via a public blockchain, but unlike pseudonymous cryptocurrencies, ZEC transactions by default do not reveal the sending and receiving addresses or the amount being sent. There is an option, however, to reveal this data for the purposes of auditing or regulatory compliance.

Zcash was first released on October 28, 2016, and it was originally based on Bitcoin’s codebase.

Zcash

The EOS Network is an open-source blockchain platform that prioritizes high performance, flexibility, security, and developer experience. As a third-generation blockchain platform powered by the EOS virtual machine, EOS has an extensible WebAssembly engine for deterministic execution of near fee-less transactions.

EOS is the market's most scalable, divisible, and programmable digital currency. EOS is a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) network where stakeholders have the authority to select node operators. EOS is fully decentralized power doesn't reside in the hands of block miners, but rather all parties involved in the EOS Network.

The EOS Network is attractive because of its technology and community. It allows developers to build projects that other blockchains cannot support. The network is straightforward and has multiple tools and educational resources to help users acclimate to the blockchain.

Litecoin (LTC) is a cryptocurrency that was designed to provide fast, secure and low-cost payments by leveraging the unique properties of blockchain technology.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Litecoin.

The cryptocurrency was created based on the Bitcoin (BTC) protocol, but it differs in terms of the hashing algorithm used, hard cap, block transaction times and a few other factors. Litecoin has a block time of just 2.5 minutes and extremely low transaction fees, making it suitable for micro-transactions and point-of-sale payments.

Litecoin was released via an open-source client on GitHub on Oct. 7, 2011, and the Litecoin Network went live five days later on Oct. 13, 2011. Since then, it has exploded in both usage and acceptance among merchants and has counted among the top ten cryptocurrencies by market capitalization for most of its existence.

The cryptocurrency was created by Charlie Lee, a former Google employee, who intended Litecoin to be a "lite version of Bitcoin," in that it features many of the same properties as Bitcoin—albeit lighter in weight.

Litecoin

Monero was launched in 2014, and its goal is simple: to allow transactions to take place privately and with anonymity. Even though it’s commonly thought that BTC can conceal a person’s identity, it’s often easy to trace payments back to their original source because blockchains are transparent. On the other hand, XMR is designed to obscure senders and recipients alike through the use of advanced cryptography.

The team behind Monero say privacy and security are their biggest priorities, with ease of use and efficiency coming second. It aims to provide protection to all users — irrespective of how technologically competent they are.

Overall, XMR aims to allow payments to be made quickly and inexpensively without fear of censorship.

Monero

Ethereum Classic (ETC) is the original Ethereum (ETH) blockchain that launched in July 2015. Its main function is as a smart contract network, with the ability to host and support decentralized applications (DApps). Its native token is ETC.

Since its launch, Ethereum Classic has sought to differentiate itself from Ethereum, with the two networks’ technical roadmap diverging further and further from each other with time.

Ethereum Classic first set out to preserve the integrity of the existing Ethereum blockchain after a major hacking event led to the theft of 3.6 million ETH.

Ethereum Classic

Compound is a DeFi lending protocol that allows users to earn interest on their cryptocurrencies by depositing them into one of several pools supported by the platform.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Compound.

When a user deposits tokens to a Compound pool, they receive cTokens in return. These cTokens represent the individual’s stake in the pool and can be used to redeem the underlying cryptocurrency initially deposited into the pool at any time. For example, by depositing ETH into a pool, you will receive cETH in return. Over time, the exchange rate of these cTokens to the underlying asset increases, which means you can redeem them for more of the underlying asset than you initially put in — this is how the interest is distributed.

On the flip side, borrowers can take a secured loan from any Compound pool by depositing collateral. The maximum loan-to-value (LTV) ratio varies based on the collateral asset, but currently ranges from 50 to 75%. The interest rate paid varies by borrowed asset and borrowers can face automatic liquidation if their collateral falls below a specific maintenance threshold.

Since the launch of the Compound mainnet in September 2018, the platform has skyrocketed in popularity, and recently passed more than $800 million in total locked value.

Compound

Tezos is a high-performing blockchain and open-source platform for assets and applications, with a strong focus on code security, on-chain governance, and decentralization. Tezos 2.0, the upcoming step in the evolution of Tezos, aims to improve scalability (via layer 2s), composability, and to implement support to mainstream programming languages (like Javascript, Typescript, Python, and many others).

Initially built with formal verification in mind, the Tezos protocol enables builders to avoid bugs when developing smart contracts, making it particularly suited to applications that require a high degree of security and certainty.

Tezos’ LPoS (Liquid Proof-of-Stake) consensus mechanism enables any stakeholder to take part, directly or by delegation, in the consensus process, and to be rewarded for securing the network. Rather uniquely, Tezos’ on-chain governance system also enables stakeholders to create and vote on protocol upgrade proposals. This pioneering system allows the protocol to self-amend and upgrade itself without leading to a split (or fork) in the blockchain, empowering the community without slowing down innovation.

First proposed in 2014 and launched in 2018, the Tezos Mainnet has a proven track record of running uninterrupted ever since, having earned a strong reputation for technical excellence and a supportive community.

Tezos

Bitcoin Cash (BCH) is a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that aims to become sound global money with fast payments, micro fees, privacy and larger block size. As a permissionless, decentralized cryptocurrency, Bitcoin Cash requires no trusted third parties.

Bitcoin Cash was created as an alternative to the first and most valuable cryptocurrency — Bitcoin (BTC). In 2017, BCH developers modified the BTC code, releasing their software version and a full-fledged competitive product, which split Bitcoin into two blockchains: Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash. Bitcoin Cash is a result of a hard fork in the blockchain due to differences in the community over Bitcoin scaling and the SegWit upgrade. Moreover, another hard fork, which divided Bitcoin Cash into two parts, Bitcoin ABC and Bitcoin SV, took place in the fall of 2018.

The scaling debate involved two sides: small block supporters opposed increasing block size as it could lead to blockchain centralization and vulnerability by making it harder to host full nodes. Large block supporters, however, advocated for a faster solution, concerned that rising transaction fees could hinder growth.

Bitcoin Cash

NEM is a blockchain platform that was launched in March of 2015. It was one of the pioneers of the cryptocurrency industry, and sought to improve on the imperfections found on other chains at the time. It was one of the first non-turing complete chains to feature user-defined tokens (called mosaics), namespaces, multisignature accounts, and a P2P reputation system based on EigenTrust++. Its most notable contribution to the space is the proof-of-importance consensus mechanism, which sought to reward on-chain activity and deter the concentration of wealth commonly associated with proof-of-stake. Its client, NIS, is written in Java.

NEM has a global community. It sees the most utility as an alternative form of payment for businesses and vendors, and has a variety of social media apps built on top of it in Japan, such as nemgraph, a community-driven owned and operated alternative to Instagram.

In December 2021, NEM was hard forked by a pseudonymous team of cryptocurrency experts and enthusiasts alike. Titled Harlock, this hard fork signaled the community’s intent to take NEM from a shadow of its former self into the world’s leading payments platform for on-chain and off-chain media content.

Qtum (pronounced ‘“quantum”)  is a proof-of-stake (PoS) smart contract open-source blockchain platform and value transfer protocol. It aims to bring together the strengths of Bitcoinand Ethereumin one chain. Qtum is built on Bitcoin's UTXO transaction model, with the added functionality of smart contract execution and DApps. Recently, the platform added support for DeFi applications. As of March 2021, there are more than 20 tokens created on the Qtum blockchain.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Qtum.

The project was announced in March 2016 and held an ICO a year after, in March 2017, which brought its founders $15 million USD. The Qtum main chain was released on Sept.13, 2017. Initially, the Qtum coin was issued as a ETH-20 token, but with the launch of the mainnet, it was converted to native blockchain.

Qtum

IOTA is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) that features unique architecture and an open-source product suite for individuals, businesses, and institutions to use in Web3. It is built on a directed acyclic graph (DAG) called the Tangle, which can be pictured as a multi-dimensional blockchain. It enables the exchange of data and value on a decentralized platform through direct and secure transfers, executed on and immutably recorded on the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive into IOTA.

Together with its staging network Shimmer, IOTA aims to offer solutions to establish a secure and permissionless infrastructure that can drive the economy of the future. It enables the development of decentralized applications through automated trust in the form of Ethereum-compatible smart contracts, an advanced consensus algorithm, and thoughtfully balanced incentives.

IOTA delivers tools for creating and managing custom Layer 2 (EVM) chains, deploying smart contracts, minting native tokens and NFTs with distinctive features, and introducing digital identities to users.

Launching in 2024, IOTA 2.0 will be a protocol upgrade that rebuilds IOTA’s architecture to deliver full decentralization. You can find more about it here.

IOTA

Stellar (XLM) is a peer-to-peer (P2P) decentralized network created in 2014 by The Stellar Development Foundation or Stellar.org. The network officially launched in 2015 with the purpose of connecting the world's financial systems and ensuring a protocol for payment providers and financial institutions. The platform is designed to move financial resources swiftly and reliably at minimal cost. Stellar links people, banks, payment processors and allows users to create, send and trade multiple types of crypto.

The basis of the network is its native digital currency - XLM or Lumens. XLM acts as an intermediate currency for operations and is also used to pay transaction fees. How it works: the protocol converts money in a few seconds, first into XLM, and then into the requested currency.

The Stellar payment protocol is based on distributed ledger technology -- an open-source development, community-owned and distributed by community. The crypto asset of the Stellar platform helps with cross-border transactions, overcoming the problems of high fees and slow procedures. XLM is more focused on assisting individuals transfer money than they are with institutions. Thus, Stellar offers access to financial systems, and people can send money at low cost and promptly around the world.

Moreover, Stellar serves as a decentralized exchange and marketplace, with a built-in order book that tracks ownership of Stellar assets. Platform users can manage buy/sell orders, as well as select and set their preferred assets in settlements. XLM is a built-in coin that helps reduce transaction fees.

The network maintains a high level of security.  XLM holders must have at least one token in order to remain active on the network. This nuance performs a global goal - the execution of network transactions efficiently and with minimal time costs. Plus, Lumens offers protection against flood attacks by making microtransactions too expensive for hackers with no chance of profit, which keeps Stellar Network safe from serious threats.

The target audience of Stellar is the inhabitants of developing countries, ordinary users who are provided access to the global economy through fast, simple and inexpensive transactions. Stellar Network makes extensive use of Lumens to produce live convection as well as to send cash in multiple currencies; currency is sent from one peer, and the recipient can receive the amount in another currency. This feature is beneficial when a transaction is made between currencies without widely traded pairs.

Support for multi-currency transactions is another competitive advantage of Stellar, and the ability for cross-currency transactions has only enhanced processes with foreign operations. Moreover, stable speed and low transaction costs are a privilege that users receive.

This functionality is powered by a development called Anchors (a bridge between different currencies and the network), which simplifies the exchange within the network and helps speed up the whole process.

In summary, the benefits of Stellar (XLM) include:

Stellar

The 1inch Network unites decentralized protocols whose synergy enables the most lucrative, fastest, and protected operations in the DeFi space.

The 1inch Network's first protocol is a decentralized exchange (DEX) aggregator solution that searches deals across multiple liquidity sources, offering users better rates than any individual exchange. The 1inch Aggregation Protocol incorporates the Pathfinder algorithm for finding the best paths across over 400+ liquidity sources on 12 chains: Ethereum, BNB Chain, Polygon, Avalanche, Optimism, Arbitrum, Fantom, Gnosis Chain, Klaytn, Aurora, zkSync and Base.

In just over two years the 1inch DEX aggregator has reached 1M users and surpassed $150B in overall volume on the Ethereum network alone.

The 1inch Limit Order Protocol facilitates the most innovative and flexible limit order swap opportunities in DeFi. The protocol’s features, such as dynamic pricing, conditional orders, and extra RFQ support, power various implementations, including stop-loss and trailing stop orders, as well as auctions.

The 1inch Wallet is a multichain mobile platform that provides an easy-to-navigate interface with secure storing, transaction, and staking capabilities. This versatile wallet was built from the ground up to streamline interacting with 1inch’s features.

The 1INCH token is the governance and utility token of the 1inch Network. 1INCH holders can stake their tokens to participate in the 1inch Network's DAO governance, including the 1inch DAO Treasury management. Also, holders can choose resolvers and earn a part of their fees.

With the 1inch Fusion, users can stake 1INCH tokens to receive Unicorn Power (UP), then subsequently delegate their UP to any 1inch Fusion Resolver to start receiving rewards from them. When staking, there is the option to set a custom or preset lock period. User’s st1INCH tokens cannot be unstaked/withdrawn without penalty until the designated lock period expires.

In December 2020, 1inch raised $12 million in Series A funding, led by Pantera Capital, with others including ParaFi Capital, Blockchain Capital, Nima Capital, and Spartan Group. The funding round was conducted through a SAFT (simple agreement for future tokens) sale.

In December 2021, 1inch has closed a $175 million Series B round, led by Amber Group. Among about 50 investors that participated in the funding event are Jane Street, VanEck, Fenbushi Capital, Alameda Research, Celsius, Nexo, Tribe Capital and Gemini Frontier Fund.

1inch Network

Waves is a multi-purpose blockchain platform which supports various use cases including decentralized applications (DApps) and smart contracts.

Launched in June 2016 following one of the cryptocurrency industry’s earliest initial coin offerings (ICO), Waves initially set out to improve on the first blockchain platforms by increasing speed, utility and user-friendliness.

The platform has undergone various changes and added new spin-off features to build on its original design.

Waves’ native token is WAVES, an uncapped supply token used for standard payments such as block rewards.

Waves

Self-described as "Polkadot's wild cousin," Kusama is an experimental blockchain platform that is designed to provide a massively interoperable and scalable framework for developers.

Kusama is built on Substrate — a blockchain building kit developed by Parity Technologies. Kusama has almost the same codebase as Polkadot — one of the most successful interoperable blockchains.

By deploying on Kusama, fast-paced projects gain access to a highly scalable, interoperable sharded network, with features that are not yet available on Polkadot. To that end, Kusama describes itself as a “canary network.”

The platform is designed to provide a testbed for developers looking to innovate and deploy their own blockchain and can be used as a preparatory network before launching on Polkadot — though many projects opt to stick with Kusama for their final product.

Kusama benefits from a low barrier to entry for deploying parachains, low bond requirements for validators, and is most commonly used by early-stage startups and for experimentation.

Kusama

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

Basic Attention Token, or BAT, is the token that powers a new blockchain-based digital advertising platform designed to fairly reward users for their attention, while providing advertisers with a better return on their ad spend.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Basic Attention Token.

This experience is delivered through the Brave Browser, where users can watch privacy-preserving adverts and receive BAT rewards for doing so. On the other hand, advertisers can deliver targeted ads to maximize engagement and cut down losses due to ad fraud and abuse.

The Basic Attention Token itself is the unit of reward in this advertising ecosystem, and is exchanged between advertisers, publishers and users. Advertisers pay for their advertising campaigns in BAT tokens. Out of this budget, a small portion is distributed to advertisers, while 70% is distributed to users — whereas the intermediaries that typically drive up advertising costs are cut out of the equation to improve cost-efficiency.

Basic Attention Token launched in 2017 following one of the fastest sell-out initial coin offerings (ICOs) of all time, with the platform raising a total of $35 million in under a minute. Since then, it has rolled out its attention-based advertising experience to users in most countries through its Brave Rewards program.

As of November 2020, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada had the most active advertising campaigns.

Basic Attention Token

TRON (TRX) is a decentralized blockchain-based operating system developed by the Tron Foundation and launched in 2017. Originally TRX tokens were ERC-20-based tokens deployed on Ethereum, but a year later they were moved to their own network.

Initially, the project was created with the aim of providing full ownership rights to makers of digital content. The main goal is to help content creators (who receive only a small part of the income) and encourage them with more rewards for their work. How: invite content consumers to reward content makers directly (without intermediaries like YouTube, Facebook or Apple).

The TRON software supports smart contracts, various kinds of blockchain systems, and decentralized applications aka dApps. The cryptocurrency platform uses a transaction model similar to Bitcoin (BTC), namely UTXO. Transactions take place in a public ledger, where users can track the history of operations.

Therefore, the platform was built to create a decentralized Internet and serves as a tool for developers to create dApps, acting as an alternative to Ethereum. Anyone can create dApps on the TRON network, offer content, and in return receive digital assets as compensation for their efforts. The ability to create content and share it openly without hesitation regarding transaction fees is an undeniable advantage of TRON.

TRON

Zilliqa is a public, permissionless blockchain that is designed to offer high throughput with the ability to complete thousands of transactions per second. It seeks to solve the issue of blockchain scalability and speed by employing sharding as a second-layer scaling solution. The platform is home to many decentralized applications, and as of October 2020, it also allows for staking and yield farming.

Development work officially started on Zilliqa in June 2017, and its testnet went live in March 2018. A little over a year later, in June 2019, the platform launched its mainnet.

The native utility token of Zilliqa, ZIL, is used to process transactions on the network and execute smart contracts.