## Avalanche (AVAX) คืออะไร?

[Avalanche](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/avalanche/) เป็น [บล็อคเชนเลเยอร์ 1](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/layer-1-blockchain) ที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นแพลตฟอร์มสำหรับแอปพลิเคชันแบบ decentralized และเครือข่ายบล็อคเชนที่กำหนดค่าได้เอง เป็นหนึ่งในคู่แข่งของ Ethereum มีเป้าหมายเพื่อแย่งชิงตำแหน่งของ [Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/currencies/ethereum/) ให้ตัวมันเองกลายเป็นบล็อคเชนที่ได้รับความนิยมมากที่สุดสำหรับ [Smart contracts](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/de/glossary/smart-contract) มันมีเป้าหมายที่จะทำสร้างจำนวนการธุรกรรมที่สูงขึ้นถึง 6,500 ธุรกรรมต่อวินาที โดยที่ไม่กระทบต่อความสามารถในการขยายขนาด

สิ่งนี้เกิดขึ้นได้ด้วยการออกแบบที่เป็นเอกลักษณ์ของ Avalanche เครือข่าย Avalanche ประกอบด้วยบล็อคเชนถึงสามบล็อกได้แก่ X-Chain C-Chain และ P-Chain แต่ละเชนมีจุดประสงค์ที่แตกต่างกัน ซึ่งแตกต่างจากแนวทางที่ Bitcoin และ Ethereum ใช้ นั่นก็คือ การมีโหนดในการตรวจสอบธุรกรรมทั้งหมด บล็อคเชนของ Avalanche ยังใช้กลไกฉันทามติที่แตกต่างกันตามกรณีการใช้งาน

หลังจากเปิดตัว mainnet ในปี 2663 Avalanche ได้ทำงานเพื่อพัฒนาระบบของตนเองสำหรับส่วนของ [DApps](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/de/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps) และ [DeFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/de/glossary/defi) โครงการต่าง ๆ ที่ใช้ Ethereum เช่น SushiSwap และ TrueUSD ได้รวมเข้ากับ Avalanche นอกจากนี้ แพลตฟอร์มยังทำงานอย่างต่อเนื่องในการปรับปรุงการทำงานร่วมกันระหว่างระบบของตนกับ Ethereum เช่น การพัฒนา [bridges](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/bridges)

### ใครคือผู้ก่อตั้ง Avalanche?

Avalanche เปิดตัวโดย Ava Labs ซึ่งก่อตั้งโดยศาสตราจารย์ Emin Gün Sirer จาก Cornell University โดยเขาจบการศึกษาระดับปริญญาเอกสาขาวิทยาการคอมพิวเตอร์จากมหาวิทยาลัย Cornell Kevin Sekniqi และ Maofan “Ted“ Yin Gün Sirer เป็นผู้เชี่ยวชาญในการวิจัยการเข้ารหัส โดยได้ออกแบบแนวคิดเกี่ยวกับสกุลเงินเสมือนจริงแบบเพียร์ทูเพียร์เมื่อหกปีก่อนการเปิดตัวเอกสารทางเทคนิคของบิทคอยน์ เขายังทำงานเกี่ยวกับโซลูชันการปรับขนาดของบิทคอยน์และทำการวิจัยเกี่ยวกับ Ethereum ก่อนจะเกิดการแฮ็ค DAO ในปี 2559

จากการวิจัยดังกล่าว นำมาสู่เอกสารไวท์เปเปอร์ที่นำไปสู่การก่อตั้ง Ava Labs ในปี 2561 โครงการปิดรอบ seed ในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ 2562 โดยได้รวมนักลงทุนเช่น Polychain Andreessen Horowitz และ Balaji Srinivasan Avalanche ปิดการเสนอขายเหรียญเริ่มต้นในปี 2563 ในเวลาไม่ถึง 24 ชั่วโมง โดยระดมทุนได้ถึง 42 ล้านดอลลาร์จากการขายในครั้งนี้

### อะไรทำให้ Avalanche ไม่เหมือนใคร?

Avalanche พยายามแก้ไข [trilemma](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/de/glossary/blockchain-trilemma) ของบล็อคเชน ซึ่งทำให้บล็อคเชนไม่สามารถบรรลุระดับ decentralization ได้เพียงพอ ผลที่ตามมาคือค่าธรรมเนียม Gas ที่สูง ซึ่งมักจะเกิดขึ้นบน Ethereum

เพื่อแก้ปัญหานี้ Avalanche ได้ออกแบบบล็อคเชนที่สามารถทำงานร่วมกันได้สามตัว

* Exchange Chain (X-Chain) ถูกใช้เพื่อสร้างและแลกเปลี่ยนโทเค็น AVAX ดั้งเดิมและสินทรัพย์อื่น ๆ คล้ายกับมาตรฐาน ERC-20 บน Ethereum โทเค็นเหล่านี้เป็นไปตามชุดของกฎมาตรฐาน มันใช้กลไกฉันทามติของ Avalanche
* Contract Chain (C-Chain) มีหน้าที่โฮสต์ smart contracts และแอปพลิเคชัน decentralized มันมี Avalanche Virtual Machine ของตัวเอง ซึ่งคล้ายกับ Ethereum Virtual Machine ทำให้นักพัฒนาสามารถแยก DApps ที่เข้ากันได้กับ EVM มันใช้กลไกฉันทามติของ Snowman
* Platform Chain (P-Chain) จะประสานตัวตรวจสอบเครือข่าย ติดตามซับเน็ตที่ใช้งานอยู่ และเปิดใช้งานการสร้างซับเน็ตใหม่ ซับเน็ตคือชุดของเครื่องมือตรวจสอบ ที่คล้ายกับกลุ่มตัวตรวจสอบนั่นเอง แต่ละซับเน็ตสามารถตรวจสอบบล็อคเชนได้หลายอัน แต่บล็อคเชนสามารถตรวจสอบซับเน็ตได้ตัวเดียวเท่านั้น นอกจากนี้มันยังใช้กลไกฉันทามติของ Snowman

การแบ่งส่วนการคำนวณนี้ช่วยให้มี [ปริมาณ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/de/glossary/throughput) งานที่สูงขึ้นโดยไม่กระทบต่อ decentralization ตัวอย่างเช่น บล็อคเชนส่วนตัวบนเครือข่ายอาจกำหนดให้ตัวตรวจสอบความถูกต้องของซับเน็ตทำงานแบบ decentralization ตามสภาพภูมิศาสตร์หรือปฏิบัติตามระเบียบข้อบังคับบางประการก็ได้ จากโครงสร้างแบบแยกส่วนนี้ Avalanche ได้ปรับปรุงความสามารถในการทำงานร่วมกันกับบล็อคเชนอื่น ๆ ที่ต้องการผสานรวมกับระบบของ Avalanche นอกจากนี้ ยังมีกลไกฉันทามติที่แตกต่างกันสองแบบที่ได้รับการออกแบบโดยคำนึงถึงความต้องการของบล็อคเชนแต่ละแบบ เพื่อปรับปรุงประสิทธิภาพให้ดียิ่งขึ้น

#### หน้าที่เกี่ยวข้อง:

ลองดู [Cardano (ADA)](https://coinmarketcap.com/de/currencies/cardano/) — บล็อคเชนเลเยอร์ 1 ยอดนิยม

ตรวจสอบ [Solana](https://coinmarketcap.com/de/currencies/solana/) (SOL) — บล็อคเชน เลเยอร์ 1 ที่มีความเร็วสูงอีกตัวหนึ่ง

อ่านข้อมูล [เจาะลึกเกี่ยวกับ Avalanche](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/a-dive-into-avalanche) จากเรา

อ่าน [บทสัมภาษณ์ Emin Gün Sirer ซึ่งเป็นซีอีโอของ Avalanche](https://blog.coinmarketcap.com/2020/02/28/professor-emin-gun-sirer-the-crypto-revolution-is-here-to-stay/) จากเรา

รับข่าวสารล่าสุดเกี่ยวกับคริปโตและข้อมูลเชิงลึกด้านการซื้อขายล่าสุดด้วย [CoinMarketCap blog](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/categories/blog)

### มีเหรียญ Avalanche (AVAX) หมุนเวียนอยู่กี่เหรียญ

อุปทานรวมของ AVAX คือ 720 ล้านเหรียญ การกระจายโทเค็นมีรายละเอียดดังนี้:

* 2.5% ในการขายรอบ seed โดยจะปล่อยออก 10% เมื่อมีการเปิดตัว mainnet และส่วนที่เหลือจะถูกปล่อยออกทุก ๆ สามเดือน
* 3.5% ในรอบการขายส่วนตัว โดยจะปล่อยออก 10% สำหรับการเปิดตัว mainnet และส่วนที่เหลือจะถูกปล่อยออกทุก ๆ 3 เดือน
* 10% ในรอบการขายต่อสาธารณะ โดยจะปล่อยออก 10% สำหรับการเปิดตัว mainnet และ 15% จะถูกปล่อยออกทุก ๆ 3 เดือนเป็นระยะเวลาทั้งหมด 18 เดือน
* 9.26% จะถูกจัดสรรให้กับมูลนิธิ ซึ่งจะถูกปล่อยเป็นระยะเวลามากกว่าสิบปี
* 7% เพื่อชุมชน ปล่อยถูกออกมาในช่วงระยะเวลาสิบสองเดือน
* 0.27% เพื่อสร้างสิ่งจูงใจของ testnet ซึ่งจะมีการปล่อยออกมาในระยะหนึ่งปี
* 5% เพื่อพันธมิตรเชิงกลยุทธ์ ซึ่งจะมีการปล่อยออกมาในช่วงสี่ปี
* 2.5% เพื่อ airdrops ซึ่งจะมีการปล่อยออกมาในระยะสี่ปี
* 10% เพื่อทีม ซึ่งจะมีการปล่อยออกมาในระยะสี่ปี
* 50% เป็นเงินรางวัลสำหรับ Staking

ปัจจุบัน Staking ของ AVAX ให้รางวัลประจำปีอยู่ที่ 11.57% โดยมีเวลาขั้นต่ำสำหรับ Staking อยู่ที่สองสัปดาห์และต้องมี AVAX ขั้นต่ำ 2,000 เหรียญ

### เครือข่าย Avalanche มีความปลอดภัยอย่างไร

AVAX มีการซื้อขายใน Exchange Chain ซึ่งเป็นไปตามกลไกฉันทามติของ Avalanche กลไกฉันทามติของ Avalanche นั้นแตกต่างจากกลไกฉันทามติ Proof-of-work หรือ Proof-of-stake เนื่องจากกลไกของ Avalanche ไม่มีผู้นำในการประมวลผลการทำธุรกรรมที่ได้รับการตรวจสอบโดยผู้อื่น โหนดทั้งหมดจะประมวลผลและตรวจสอบความถูกต้องของธุรกรรมโดยใช้โปรโตคอล Acyclic graph (DAG) ด้วยวิธีนี้ ธุรกรรมจะได้รับการประมวลผลพร้อมกัน และการสุ่มสำรวจของผู้ตรวจสอบความถูกต้องจะช่วยให้มั่นใจว่าธุรกรรมนั้นถูกต้องจากค่าทางสถิติ กลไกฉันทามตินี้ไม่มีบล็อก ทำให้สามารถสรุปผลได้ทันทีและปรับปรุงความเร็วของบล็อคเชนได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

### คุณสามารถซื้อ Avalanche (AVAX) ได้จากที่ไหน

AVAX สามารถหาซื้อได้บน [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/binance/) [Bitfinex](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/bitfinex/) [Gate.io](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/gate-io/) และ [Kucoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/th/exchanges/kucoin/)

Avalanche C-Chain Network Collaborates with Stripe for Seamless Crypto Purchases

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Avalanche

Core

Ledger

Trezor

Trust Wallet

Math Wallet

MetaMask

Binance Chain Wallet

Avalanche Wallet

Avalanche is the future-proof blockchain that's built to scale. Build any thing you want, any way you want on the world's most developer-friendly Layer 1.

Avalanche C-Chain

BENQI Liquid Staked AVAX

Wrapped AVAX

Coq Inu

PLAYA3ULL GAMES

Kalao

Nitro Network

Verso

AVALOX

Bitcoin Avalanche Bridged

MetaMUI

ROCO FINANCE

PointPay

Pangolin

OpenBlox

Platypus Finance

Islander

USD Coin Bridged

Gamer Arena

Solana is a highly functional open source project that banks on blockchain technology’s permissionless nature to provide decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. While the idea and initial work on the project began in 2017, Solana was officially launched in March 2020 by the Solana Foundation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Solana.

The Solana protocol is designed to facilitate decentralized app (DApp) creation. It aims to improve scalability by introducing a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with the underlying proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus of the blockchain.

Because of the innovative hybrid consensus model, Solana enjoys interest from small-time traders and institutional traders alike. A significant focus for the Solana Foundation is to make decentralized finance accessible on a larger scale.

Solana

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

Founded in 2017, Chainlink is a blockchain abstraction layer that enables universally connected smart contracts. Through a decentralized oracle network, Chainlink allows blockchains to securely interact with external data feeds, events and payment methods, providing the critical off-chain information needed by complex smart contracts to become the dominant form of digital agreement.

The Chainlink Network is driven by a large open-source community of data providers, node operators, smart contract developers, researchers, security auditors and more. The company focuses on ensuring that decentralized participation is guaranteed for all node operators and users looking to contribute to the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Chainlink.

Chainlink

Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform that says its goal is to allow “changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about positive global change.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Cardano.

The open-source project also aims to “redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins to individuals” — helping to create a society that is more secure, transparent and fair.

Cardano was founded back in 2017, and named after the 16th century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano. The native ADA token takes its name from the 19th century mathematician Ada Lovelace, widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer. The ADA token is designed to ensure that owners can participate in the operation of the network. Because of this, those who hold the cryptocurrency have the right to vote on any proposed changes to the software.

The team behind the layered blockchain say that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow decentralized apps and smart contracts to be developed with modularity.

In August 2021, Charles Hoskinson announced the launch of the Alonzo hard fork, causing Cardano price to surge, gaining 116% in the following month. On Sept. 12, 2021, the Cardano ‘Alonzo’ hard fork officially launched, bringing smart contract functionality to the blockchain. Over 100 smart contracts were deployed in the following 24 hours after the launch.

Cardano is used by agricultural companies to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof way, and retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.

Cardano

Ethereum is a decentralized open-source blockchain system that features its own cryptocurrency, Ether. ETH works as a platform for numerous other cryptocurrencies, as well as for the execution of decentralized smart contracts.

Ethereum was first described in a 2013 whitepaper by Vitalik Buterin. Buterin, along with other co-founders, secured funding for the project in an online public crowd sale in the summer of 2014. The project team managed to raise $18.3 million in Bitcoin, and Ethereum’s price in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) was $0.311, with over 60 million Ether sold. Taking Ethereum’s price now, this puts the return on investment (ROI) at an annualized rate of over 270%, essentially almost quadrupling your investment every year since the summer of 2014.

The Ethereum Foundation officially launched the blockchain on July 30, 2015, under the prototype codenamed “Frontier.” Since then, there has been several network updates — “Constantinople” on Feb. 28, 2019, “Istanbul” on Dec. 8, 2019, “Muir Glacier” on Jan. 2, 2020, “Berlin” on April 14, 2021, and most recently on Aug. 5, 2021, the “London” hard fork.

Ethereum’s own purported goal is to become a global platform for decentralized applications, allowing users from all over the world to write and run software that is resistant to censorship, downtime and fraud.

Ethereum

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency originally described in a 2008 whitepaper by a person, or group of people, using the alias Satoshi Nakamoto. It was launched soon after, in January 2009.

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer online currency, meaning that all transactions happen directly between equal, independent network participants, without the need for any intermediary to permit or facilitate them. Bitcoin was created, according to Nakamoto’s own words, to allow “online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.”

Some concepts for a similar type of a decentralized electronic currency precede BTC, but Bitcoin holds the distinction of being the first-ever cryptocurrency to come into actual use.

Bitcoin

NEAR Protocol is a layer-one blockchain that was designed as a community-run cloud computing platform and that eliminates some of the limitations that have been bogging competing blockchains, such as low transaction speeds, low throughput and poor interoperability. This provides the ideal environment for DApps and creates a developer and user-friendly platform. For instance, NEAR uses human-readable account names, unlike the cryptographic wallet addresses common to Ethereum. NEAR also introduces unique solutions to scaling problems and has its own consensus mechanism called “Doomslug.”

NEAR Protocol is being built by the NEAR Collective, its community that is updating the initial code and releasing updates to the ecosystem. Its declared goal is to build a platform that is “secure enough to manage high value assets like money or identity and performant enough to make them useful for everyday people.”

Flux, a protocol that allows developers to create markets based on assets, commodities, real-world events, and Mintbase, an NFT minting platform are examples of projects being built on NEAR Protocol.

NEAR Protocol

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed  (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

Uniswap is a popular decentralized trading protocol, known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.

An example of an automated market maker (AMM), Uniswap launched in November 2018, but has gained considerable popularity this year thanks to the DeFi phenomenon and associated surge in token trading.

Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated and completely open to anyone who holds tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.

Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding the problems which plagued the first decentralized exchanges.

In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating and awarding its own governance token, UNI, to past users of the protocol. This added both profitability potential and the ability for users to shape its future — an attractive aspect of decentralized entities.

Uniswap

Launched in July 2017, Binance is the biggest cryptocurrency exchange globally based on daily trading volume. Binance aims to bring cryptocurrency exchanges to the forefront of financial activity globally. The idea behind Binance’s name is to show this new paradigm in global finance — Binary Finance, or Binance.

Aside from being the largest cryptocurrency exchange globally, Binance has launched a whole ecosystem of functionalities for its users. The Binance network includes the Binance Chain, Binance Smart Chain, Binance Academy, Trust Wallet and Research projects, which all employ the powers of blockchain technology to bring new-age finance to the world. BNB is an integral part of the successful functioning of many of the Binance sub-projects.

Launched in 2011 by Pixowl, The Sandbox is a blockchain-based virtual world allowing users to create, build, buy and sell digital assets in the form of a game. By combining the powers of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), the Sandbox creates a decentralized platform for a thriving gaming community.

According to the official whitepaper, the Sandbox platform’s main mission is to introduce blockchain technology in mainstream gaming successfully. The platform focuses on facilitating a creative “play-to-earn” model, which allows users to be both creators and gamers simultaneously. The Sandbox employs the powers of blockchain technology by introducing the SAND utility token, which facilitates transactions on the platform.

The Sandbox

Algorand is a self-sustaining, decentralized, blockchain-based network that supports a wide range of applications. These systems are secure, scalable and efficient, all critical properties for effective applications in the real world. Algorand will support computations that require reliable performance guarantees to create new forms of trust.

The Algorand mainnet became live in June 2019, and was able to handle almost 1 million transactions per day as of December 2020. Algorand transaction metrics can be viewed here. Algorand initial coin offering (ICO) was held in June 2019, with the Algorand price of $0.24 per token.

Algorand

Dogecoin (DOGE) is based on the popular "doge" Internet meme and features a Shiba Inu on its logo. The open-source digital currency was created by Billy Markus from Portland, Oregon and Jackson Palmer from Sydney, Australia, and was forked from Litecoin in December 2013. Dogecoin's creators envisaged it as a fun, light-hearted cryptocurrency that would have greater appeal beyond the core Bitcoin audience, since it was based on a dog meme. Tesla CEO Elon Musk posted several tweets on social media that Dogecoin is his favorite coin.

Dogecoin

Gala is a web3 ecosystem powered by a layer-1 blockchain (GalaChain) built to power the Gala entertainment ecosystem that originally included Gala Games, Gala Music and Gala Film. More recently however, GalaChain has opened its doors to external developers and projects from any applicable industry, providing open source developer resources to simplify the process.

On a mission to empower users and creators across multiple industries throughout the world, Gala’s goal is to become the first billion user blockchain in the world. Innovators can extend the benefits of web3 to their users and communities more easily than ever before by leveraging open source tools like the GalaChain SDK and Creator Portal.

By elevating their ideas to web3 through GalaChain, developers can create custom tokens, smart contracts, reward opportunities and node networks for their communities and projects. Assets built on GalaChain can also be bridged to other blockchains, such as Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain and more. Developers who wish to learn more about getting involved with GalaChain are welcome to reach out via GalaChain.com.

The core of GalaChain is powered by its DePIN (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network) of Founder’s Nodes, whose operators earn daily $GALA rewards for actively providing resources to the ecosystem and enjoy governance voting rights on certain core Gala decisions. In addition to the Founder’s Node network’s foundational workload, individual projects can also create Node networks on GalaChain with more specific workloads.

Gala.com
News.Gala.com
Games.Gala.com
Music.Gala.com
Film.Gala.com

Gala

RenderToken (RNDR) is a distributed GPU rendering network built on top of the Ethereum blockchain, aiming to connect artists and studios in need of GPU compute power with mining partners willing to rent their GPU capabilities out. Conceived in 2009 by OTOY, inc. CEO Jules Urbach and launched in 2017, RNDR held its first public token sale in October of that same year, followed by a private sale period lasting from January 2018 – May 2018, wherein a total of 117,843,239 RNDR were sold at a price of 1 RNDR = $0.25 USD equivalent of token.
During the private sale period, early adopters were onboarded onto the RNDR Beta Testnet, where beta node operators and artists worked collaboratively with the RNDR team in building and testing the network, up until its public launch on April 27th 2020.

Render

The Internet Computer blockchain incorporates a radical rethink of blockchain design, powered by innovations in cryptography. It provides the first “World Computer” blockchain that can be used to build almost any online system or service, including demanding web social media, without need for traditional IT such as cloud computing services. As such it can enable full end-to-end decentralization.