Avalanche was launched by Ava Labs, founded by Cornell University professor Emin Gün Sirer, and Cornell University computer science PhD’s Kevin Sekniqi and Maofan “Ted” Yin. Gün Sirer is a veteran in cryptographic research, having designed a conceptual peer-to-peer virtual currency six years before the release of the Bitcoin whitepaper. He was also involved in work on Bitcoin scaling solutions and research on Ethereum before the infamous The DAO hack in 2016.

From that research arose the whitepaper that led to the foundation of Ava Labs in 2018. The project closed a seed round in February 2019 that included investors such as Polychain, Andreessen Horowitz and Balaji Srinivasan. Avalanche closed its initial coin offering in 2020 in under 24 hours, raising $42 million in the process.

Avalanche attempts to solve the blockchain trilemma, which posits that blockchains cannot achieve a sufficient degree of decentralization at scale. A consequence of this are high gas fees, as is often the case on Ethereum.

To solve this problem, Avalanche designed three interoperable blockchains.

• The Exchange Chain (X-Chain) is employed to create and exchange the native AVAX tokens and other assets. Similar to the ERC-20 standard on Ethereum, these tokens follow a set of standardized rules. It uses the Avalanche consensus mechanism.
• The Contract Chain (C-Chain) hosts smart contracts and decentralized applications. It has its own Avalanche Virtual Machine, similar to the Ethereum Virtual Machine, allowing developers to fork EVM-compatible DApps. It uses the Snowman consensus mechanism.
• The Platform Chain (P-Chain) coordinates network validators, tracks active subnets and enables the creation of new subnets. Subnets are sets of validators, sort of like a validator cartel. Each subnet can be validating several blockchains, but a blockchain can only be validated by one subnet. It also uses the Snowman consensus mechanism.

This division of computing tasks enables higher throughput without compromising on decentralization. For instance, private blockchains on the network could require its subnet’s validators to be sufficiently geographically decentralized or comply with certain regulations. Following this modular structure, Avalanche improves its interoperability with other blockchains wishing to integrate with the Avalanche ecosystem. Furthermore, the two different consensus mechanisms are designed with each blockchain’s requirements in mind, further improving their efficiency.

The total supply of AVAX is 720 million. Its token distribution is as follows:

• 2.5% - seed sale, with 10% released on mainnet launch and the rest being released every three months.
• 3.5% - private sale, with 10% released on mainnet launch and the rest being released every three months.
• 10% - public sale, with 10% released on mainnet launch and 15% released every three months over a period of 18 months.
• 9.26% - allocated to the foundation, released over ten years.
• 7% - community endowment, released over twelve months.
• 0.27% - testnet incentive program, released over one year.
• 5% - strategic partners, released over four years.
• 2.5% - airdrops, released over four years.
• 10% - team, released over four years.
• 50% staking rewards

Staking AVAX currently provides an annual reward of 11.57%, with the minimum time for staking being two weeks with a minimum of 2,000 AVAX.

Avalanche's chain for decentralized finance, as it is the chain used for smart contract and DeFi apps. Most of Avalanche DApps are housed here and compatible with MetaMask.

These three networks are secured and validated by the Primary Network, a special subnet. All custom subnets need to validate on the Primary Network by staking at least 2,000 AVAX.

Avalanche subnets, or subnetworks, are dynamic sets of validators working together to achieve consensus on the state of a set of blockchains. Every blockchain is validated by one subnet, whereas one subnet can validate various blockchains. Validator nodes can be a member of multiple subnets.

Every subnet validator has an incentive to adhere to an individual subnet's security and resource requirements. Every subnet can customize these incentives and may include token rewards, governance, etc.

Subnets aims to bring application-specific networks to the broader Avalanche ecosystem. For example, an individual application, product, or service may require certain validator properties, such as memory or internet bandwidth. Validators meeting those requirements can join the Subnet to ensure smooth operations. Additionally, Subnets may have a native token economy and customized fee markets.

Avalanche Subnets also support private blockchain development, in which predefined validators join. Those validators are the only ones who can see the content of that private blockchain, an option for organizations who want to keep sensitive information private.

Check out Cardano (ADA) — a popular layer one blockchain.

Check out Solana (SOL) — another high-speed layer one blockchain.

Read our deep dive into Avalanche.

Read our interview with Avalanche CEO Emin Gün Sirer.

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