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<p>Before closing out the year 2023, Vitalik Buterin hatched an unprecedented solution to improve Ethereum’s consensus mechanism. Or rather to solve a problem of systemic complexity at the heart of the world’s 2<sup>nd</sup> largest blockchain’s Proof-of-Stake. Here’s an overview!</p> 
<h2 id="h-is-ethereum-s-pos-in-danger">Is Ethereum’s PoS in Danger?</h2> 
<p>The series of <strong>alternating upgrades by Ethereum</strong> (The Merge, Shapella, Dencun, Holesky…) reflect the development team’s commitment to propel the network <strong>towards heights not yet reached</strong> by others.</p>
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<p>But Vitalik Buterin, as a co-founder, is the strict, perfectionist type. In his view, the <strong>Ethereum blockchain has several flaws</strong>: lack of network decentralization, excessive use of Layer 1, existence of backdoors in all Layer 2s, <a href="https://www.cointribune.com/en/vitalik-buterin-dethereum-alerte-sur-un-eventuel-derapage-des-dao-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inappropriate DAO governance of pools</a>, and so on.</p> 
<p>Although improved by The Merge and Shanghai-Capella, alias Shapella, upgrades, Ethereum’s staking mechanism is still in need of improvement for Vitalik.</p> 
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     <p lang="en" dir="ltr">ICYMI: Vitalik Buterin proposes three ways to make Ethereum’s proof of stake design simpler<a href="https://t.co/AnkUfnZF59">https://t.co/AnkUfnZF59</a></p>— The Block (@TheBlock__) <a href="https://twitter.com/TheBlock__/status/1740181846439137536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 28, 2023</a>
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<p>The <a href="https://www.theblock.co/post/269403/vitalik-buterin-proposes-three-ways-to-make-ethereums-proof-of-stake-design-simpler?utm_source=twitter&amp;utm_medium=social" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">article associated with this Tweet by The Block</a> highlights a determined Vitalik Buterin <strong>to solve a potential problem related to Ethereum’s PoS</strong>. But what is really going on? In fact, the proper functioning of the network requires a <strong>large number of digital signatures</strong> utilizing cryptography by the validators.</p> 
<p>To Vitalik Buterin, this represents a <strong>significant workload</strong> for these network guardians. However, the arrival of new validators is likely to complicate things: the more their numbers grow, the higher the need for signatures will get.</p> 
<p>To make matters worse, the new improvements planned by the Ethereum team could further complicate the process. In a short while, <strong>additional signatures will be added to those already required by the PoS mechanism</strong>. Hello cumbersomeness!</p>  
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<p>And let’s note in passing that Vitalik Buterin <a href="https://www.cointribune.com/en/charles-hoskinson-sidere-par-le-nombre-deth-stakes-par-vitalik-buterin-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stakes only a tiny portion of his ETH</a> due to the lack of multi-signature wallets.</p> 
<h2 id="h-what-does-the-russo-canadian-genius-propose">What Does the Russo-Canadian Genius Propose?</h2> 
<p>Concerned about the future of his blockchain, this computer genius brings three distinct solutions to the table.</p> 
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     <p lang="en" dir="ltr">A PoS simplification proposal: make a design that only requires 8192 signatures per slot (even with SSF), making the consensus implementation considerably simpler and lighter.<a href="https://t.co/Z8mK7vZx7g">https://t.co/Z8mK7vZx7g</a></p>— vitalik.eth (@VitalikButerin) <a href="https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1740066206185611594?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 27, 2023</a>
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<p>8192 signatures per slot, how can this be achieved? «<em>Assuming a traditional two-round consensus protocol (as what Tendermint uses, and as what SSF will inevitably use), you need <strong>two signatures per slot per participating validator</strong>. We need to get around this reality. I see <strong>three main approaches</strong> to achieve this</em>,» continues Vitalik in <a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/sticking-to-8192-signatures-per-slot-post-ssf-how-and-why/17989" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">his article</a> published on ETH Research.</p>
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<p>Here is the summary of these approaches:</p> 
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 <li>significantly increase the minimum amount of ETH required to run a validator in decentralized staking pools;</li> 
 <li>establish two levels of stakers, with the first group being more demanding and the second less so;</li> 
 <li>randomly select validators according to the time slot.</li> 
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<p>In short, these solutions for the overhaul of Ethereum’s Proof-of-Stake mechanism seem to be in line with the protocol improvement plan proposed by Vitalik in which he promoted “<strong><em>minimum viable encapsulation</em></strong>.”</p>

Ethereum: Vitalik Buterin’s Solution to Simplify Proof-of-Stake (PoS)

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