A Deep Dive Into How the Top 10 DAOs Work

## Τι Είναι το UMA (UMA);

Το UMA, ή Universal Market Access, είναι ένα πρωτόκολλο για τη δημιουργία συνθετικών περιουσιακών στοιχείων που βασίζονται στο blockchain Ethereum ([ETH](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/currencies/ethereum/)). Το UMA κυκλοφόρησε τον Δεκέμβριο του 2018.

Τα συνθετικά περιουσιακά στοιχεία είναι μια κατηγορία περιουσιακών στοιχείων που αντιπροσωπεύουν διαφορετικά, υποκείμενα περιουσιακά στοιχεία και έχουν την ίδια αξία. Το UMA δίνει τη δυνατότητα στους χρήστες του να σχεδιάζουν και να δημιουργούν αυτοεκτελούμενα και αυτοεπιβαλλόμενα χρηματοοικονομικά συμβόλαια που διασφαλίζονται από οικονομικά κίνητρα και εκτελούνται στο blockchain του Ethereum.

Ουσιαστικά, το UMA επιτρέπει στους αντισυμβαλλομένους να ψηφιοποιούν και να αυτοματοποιούν οποιαδήποτε χρηματοοικονομικά παράγωγα του πραγματικού κόσμου, όπως συμβόλαια μελλοντικής εκπλήρωσης, συμβάσεις επί διαφοράς (CFD) ή συμφωνίες ανταλλαγής συνολικής απόδοσης. Επιτρέπει επίσης τη δημιουργία αυτοεκπληρούμενων συμβολαίων παραγώγων που βασίζονται σε ψηφιακά περιουσιακά στοιχεία, όπως άλλα κρυπτονομίσματα.

### Ποιοι Είναι οι Ιδρυτές του UMA;

Το UMA ιδρύθηκε από τους Hart Lambur και Allison Lu, οι οποίοι συναντήθηκαν στον όροφο διαπραγματεύσεων της Goldman Sachs.

Το 2005, ο Lambur αποφοίτησε από το Πανεπιστήμιο Columbia με πτυχίο πληροφορικής. Εκτός από την ίδρυση του UMA, είναι επίσης Διευθύνων Σύμβουλος και συνιδρυτής της Risk Labs, της εταιρείας που είναι υπεύθυνη για την ανάπτυξη του πρωτοκόλλου Universal Market Access.

Πριν από το UMA και την Risk Labs, ο Lambur εργάστηκε ως βοηθός ερευνητής στο Columbia και ως trader κρατικών ομολόγων στην Goldman Sachs. Έχει επίσης ιδρύσει και διευθύνει το Openfolio, μια πλατφόρμα παρακολούθησης προσωπικών οικονομικών την οποία πούλησε στην Stone Ridge Asset Management το 2017.

Η Allison Lu έχει πτυχίο στα Οικονομικά και τη Διοίκηση Επιχειρήσεων από το Τεχνολογικό Ινστιτούτο της Μασαχουσέτης.

Μεταξύ 2009 και 2015, εργάστηκε ως αντιπρόεδρος στην Goldman Sachs, όπου και γνωρίστηκε με τον Lambur. Στη συνέχεια, η Lu εργάστηκε ως αντιπρόεδρος ανάλυσης πίστωσης και κινδύνου στην εφαρμογή χρηματοοικονομικών υπηρεσιών για κινητά Tala. Ήταν επίσης σύμβουλος στο One Daijo, μια πλατφόρμα ομότιμου δανεισμού που βασίζεται στο Ethereum.

### Τι Κάνει το UMA Μοναδικό;

Η κύρια ιδέα πίσω από το Universal Market Access αντικατοπτρίζεται στο όνομά του: αναπτύσσοντας ένα πρωτόκολλο για τη δημιουργία συνθετικών περιουσιακών στοιχείων και χρηματοοικονομικών συμβολαίων στο blockchain, επιδιώκει τον εκδημοκρατισμό και την αποκέντρωση της αγοράς χρηματοοικονομικών παραγώγων.

Οι παραδοσιακές χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορές έχουν υψηλούς φραγμούς εισόδου με τη μορφή κανονισμών και απαιτήσεων θεματοφυλακής, οι οποίοι τείνουν να αποκλείουν τα άτομα από τη συμμετοχή σε αυτές. Συχνά είναι ιδιαίτερα δύσκολο για τους επίδοξους trader και επενδυτές να συμμετέχουν σε αγορές εκτός του τοπικού τους χρηματοπιστωτικού συστήματος. Αυτό αποτρέπει την εμφάνιση μιας πραγματικά παγκόσμιας χρηματοπιστωτικής αγοράς χωρίς αποκλεισμούς και περιορίζει τη συμμετοχή σε αρκετά ιδρύματα που μπορούν να αντέξουν οικονομικά την δέουσα επιμέλεια και τις νομικές διαδικασίες.

Τα συμβόλαια UMA, από την άλλη πλευρά, βασίζονται στο [blockchain](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) του Ethereum, του οποίου η απουσία ανάγκης αδειοδότησης επιτρέπει σε κάθε χρήστη να δημιουργεί, να τρέχει και να διαπραγματεύεται ψηφιοποιημένα παράγωγα από οπουδήποτε στον κόσμο. Αυτή η προσβασιμότητα είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντική για τις αναπτυσσόμενες οικονομίες σε όλο τον κόσμο, όπου τα χρηματοπιστωτικά ιδρύματα συχνά δεν είναι πολύ ώριμα, αναγκάζοντας τους συμμετέχοντες της τοπικής αγοράς σε σχετική απομόνωση.

#### Σχετικές σελίδες:

Ψάχνεις για περισσότερα έργα που στοχεύουν στην ανατροπή του κλάδου των χρηματοοικονομικών; Δες τη σελίδα [DeFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/defi/) μας.

Απόκτησε πρόσβαση σε περισσότερες πληροφορίες σχετικά με το [Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/currencies/ethereum/), την πλατφόρμα στην οποία βασίζεται το UMA.

### Πόσα Νομίσματα UMA (UMA) Υπάρχουν σε Κυκλοφορία;

Το UMA είναι το token διακυβέρνησης του πρωτοκόλλου Universal Market Access, που σημαίνει ότι οι κάτοχοί του έχουν το δικαίωμα να ψηφίσουν για αλλαγές στις παραμέτρους του πρωτοκόλλου και σε αναβαθμίσεις συστήματος.

Η συνολική προσφορά του UMA είναι λίγο πάνω από 100 εκατομμύρια token, από τα οποία περίπου 55 εκατομμύρια είναι σε κυκλοφορία από τον Οκτώβριο του 2020.

Από τη συνολική προσφορά, 2 εκατομμύρια token πουλήθηκαν κατά την αρχική προσφορά νομισμάτων του έργου ([ICO](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/initial-coin-offering-ico)), 48,5 εκατομμύρια κρατήθηκαν για τους ιδρυτές του έργου, 35 εκατομμύρια αφέθηκαν στην άκρη ως ανταμοιβές για τους προγραμματιστές του πρωτοκόλλου και 14,5 εκατομμύρια προορίζονται για μελλοντικές πωλήσεις.

Προκειμένου να δοθούν κίνητρα για τη συμμετοχή των ψηφοφόρων, κάθε φορά που λαμβάνει χώρα μια διαδικασία ψηφοφορίας στο δίκτυο, μια πληθωριστική ανταμοιβή ίση με το 0,05% της τρέχουσας προσφοράς UMA διανέμεται μεταξύ των ενεργών ψηφοφόρων ανάλογη με το τρέχον μερίδιό τους.

### Πώς Διασφαλίζεται το Δίκτυο UMA;

Το UMA τρέχει στο blockchain του Ethereum και κατά συνέπεια, προστατεύεται από την ίδια συνάρτηση κατακερματισμού [απόδειξης εργασίας](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake) Ethash.

### Πού Μπορείς να Αγοράσεις UMA (UMA);

Το UMA μπορεί να αγοραστεί σε πολλά μεγάλα χρηματιστήρια κρυπτονομισμάτων, μερικά από τα μεγαλύτερα από τα οποία είναι:

* [Coinbase Pro](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/exchanges/coinbase-pro/)
* [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/exchanges/binance/)
* [Bilaxy](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/exchanges/bilaxy/)
* [OKEx](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/exchanges/okex/)

Ledger

Coinbase

Trust Wallet

MetaMask

Atomic wallet

Ethereum

Shiba Inu

Chainlink

UNUS SED LEO

Uniswap

Wilder World

Storj

MAGA

ATOR Protocol

Balancer

Creditcoin

Delysium

Mog Coin

Vanar Chain

Omni Network

Medifakt

Bit.Store

EthXY

Ethlas

Landwolf

0x is an infrastructure protocol that allows users to easily trade ERC20 tokens and other assets on the many different blockchains (including Ethereum) without relying on centralized intermediaries. It is a protocol for decentralized exchange.

0x achieves this decentralized exchange functionality using a collection of open-source, publicly auditable smart contracts that work together to produce a flexible, low-friction trading protocol that developers can easily weave into their products.

The protocol is used by companies building web3 apps such as wallets, DEXes, portfolio trackes, and others. It is a used by hundreds of developers for their projects. The protocol has facilitates over $200B in trading volume since its inception. One can track its usage in its dedicated https://explorer.0x.org/.

The protocol is powered by an ERC20 governance token known as ZRX. ZRX holders can participate in protocol governance, having direct power over protocol changes and its community treasury.

0x Protocol

Bancor is an ecosystem of decentralized, open-source protocols that promote on-chain trading and liquidity.

Its main protocol, Carbon, is a decentralized trading protocol allowing users to perform automated trading strategies using custom on-chain limit orders and range orders, with the option of combining orders together to create automated buy low, sell high strategies.

By design, Carbon orders are irreversible on execution, easily adjustable directly on-chain, and resistant to MEV sandwich attacks. These capabilities give users an unprecedented level of control and automation to perform novel trading strategies on-chain.

Fast Lane, a separate open-source arbitrage protocol, allows any user to perform arbitrage between Bancor ecosystem protocols and external on-chain exchanges and redirect arbitrage profits back to the Bancor ecosystem.

All Bancor ecosystem protocols are governed by the BancorDAO via staked BNT.

Bancor

Band Protocol is a cross-chain data oracle platform that is able to take real-world data and supply it to on-chain applications, while also connecting APIs to smart-contracts to facilitate the exchange of information between on-chain and off-chain data sources.

By supplying reputable, verifiable real-world data to blockchains, Band Protocol unlocks a range of new use cases for developers to explore — since they can now use any type of real-world data as part of their decentralized application (DApp) logic, including sports, weather, random numbers, price feed data and more.

Band Protocol initially launched as an ERC-20 project on the Ethereum blockchain in September 2019, but transitioned to the Cosmos network in June 2020 with the release of Band Protocol 2.0. The new protocol is built on BandChain using the Cosmos SDK. Oracle nodes on BandChain not only relay data but are also involved in block production/validation, giving them a dual role.

BAND is the native token of the Band Protocol ecosystem and is used as collateral by validators involved in fulfilling data requests, as well as the main medium of exchange on BandChain — being used to paying for private data.

Band Protocol

Balancer is an automated market maker (AMM) that was developed on the Ethereum blockchain and launched in March 2020. It was able to raise a $3M seed round by Placeholder and Accomplice. Balancer protocol functions as a self-balancing weighted portfolio, price sensor and liquidity provider. It allows users to earn profits through its recently introduced token ($BAL) by contributing to customizable liquidity pools.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Balancer(https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-balancer.

The protocol operates a few types of pools:

Private pools give the owner governance over the pool, and make the person the sole contributor of liquidity to the pool. Also, all the parameters are mutable by the owner.

Shared pools are for those who want to become liquidity providers (LPs). The LPs are rewarded with the Balancer Pool Tokens (BPTs).

Smart pools are similar to private pools but are controlled by a smart contract. They also reward using BPTs and allow anyone to contribute liquidity to the pool.

Synthetix is building a decentralized liquidity provisioning protocol that any protocol can tap into for various purposes. Its deep liquidity and low fees serve as a backend for many exciting protocols on both Optimism and Ethereum. Many user-facing protocols in the Synthetix ecosystem, such as Kwenta (Spot and Futures), Lyra (Options), Polynomial (Automated Options), and 1inch & Curve (Atomic Swaps), tap into Synthetix liquidity to power their protocols. Synthetix is built on Optimism and Ethereum mainnet. The Synthetix Network is collateralized by SNX, ETH, and LUSD, enabling the issuance of synthetic assets (Synths). Synths track and provide returns on the underlying asset without requiring one to directly hold the asset. This pooled collateral enables an array of on-chain, composable financial instruments backed by liquidity from Synthetix. Some of the most exciting upcoming releases from SNX are Perps V2, which hopes to enable low-fee on-chain futures trading through the usage of off-chain oracles, and Synthetix V3, which aims to rebuild the protocol to achieve its earliest goal, being a fully permissionless derivatives protocol. Learn more about Synthetix on their blog or by joining the SNX Discord.

The platform aims to broaden the cryptocurrency space by introducing non-blockchain assets, providing access to a more robust financial market.

Synthetix

Compound is a DeFi lending protocol that allows users to earn interest on their cryptocurrencies by depositing them into one of several pools supported by the platform.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Compound.

When a user deposits tokens to a Compound pool, they receive cTokens in return. These cTokens represent the individual’s stake in the pool and can be used to redeem the underlying cryptocurrency initially deposited into the pool at any time. For example, by depositing ETH into a pool, you will receive cETH in return. Over time, the exchange rate of these cTokens to the underlying asset increases, which means you can redeem them for more of the underlying asset than you initially put in — this is how the interest is distributed.

On the flip side, borrowers can take a secured loan from any Compound pool by depositing collateral. The maximum loan-to-value (LTV) ratio varies based on the collateral asset, but currently ranges from 50 to 75%. The interest rate paid varies by borrowed asset and borrowers can face automatic liquidation if their collateral falls below a specific maintenance threshold.

Since the launch of the Compound mainnet in September 2018, the platform has skyrocketed in popularity, and recently passed more than $800 million in total locked value.

Compound

Launched in 2017, Livepeer is the first live video streaming network protocol that is fully decentralized. The platform aims to become a viable blockchain-based, economically efficient alternative to centralized broadcasting solutions for all new and existing broadcaster companies.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Livepeer.

As stated in the official Livepeer whitepaper, the live video streaming and broadcasting industry is growing at a rapid pace, and the company is looking to ride this wave and introduce decentralization to the environment. Livepeer aims to streamline the broadcasting process by allowing producers to submit their work on the platform, taking care of reformatting and distributing the content to users and streaming platforms.

Livepeer

Storj, pronounced as “storage,” is an open-source cloud storage platform. Basically, it uses a decentralized network of nodes to host user data. The platform also secures hosted data using advanced encryption.

In a white paper published in December,2014, Storj was first introduced to the world as a concept. It was to be a decentralized peer-to-peer encrypted cloud storage platform.

Two years later, an updated white paper was published. Here, a decentralized network  — connecting users who need cloud storage space with those who have hard drive space to sell — was described. The platform was launched in late 2018.

People with hard drive space and good internet connectivity can participate in the network. They become a unit in the network, called a node. Space providers are rewarded by Storj tokens.

Ren (REN) is an open protocol built to provide interoperability and liquidity between different blockchain platforms.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Ren.

Formerly known as Republic Protocol, Ren launched RenVM, its virtual machine mainnet, in May 2020, having completed a $34 million initial coin offering (ICO) in 2018.

The protocol’s native token, REN, functions as a bond for those running nodes which power RenVM, known as Darknodes.

Ren aims to expand the interoperability, and hence accessibility, of decentralized finance (DeFi) by removing hurdles involved in liquidity between blockchains.

LRC is the Ethereum-based cryptocurrency token of Loopring, an open protocol designed for the building of decentralized crypto exchanges.

In 2020, the average daily trading volume of the entire cryptocurrency market fluctuated in the approximate range of $50-$200 million. Most of that trading is conducted on centralized cryptocurrency exchanges — online platforms operated by private companies that store users’ funds and facilitate the matching of buy and sell orders.

Such platforms have a number of downsides common to all of them, so a new type of exchange — decentralized— has emerged to try to alleviate these disadvantages. However, fully decentralized exchanges are not without their own flaws.

Loopring’s purported goal is to combine centralized order matching with decentralized on-blockchain order settlement into a hybridized product that will take the best aspects of both centralized and decentralized exchanges.

LRC tokens became available to the public during an initial coin offering (ICO) in August 2017, while the Loopring protocol was first deployed on Ethereum mainnet in December 2019.

Loopring

OMG Network, formerly known as OmiseGo, is a non-custodial, layer-2 scaling solution built for the Ethereum blockchain. As an Ethereum scaling solution, OMG Network is designed to allow users to transfer ETH and ERC20 tokens significantly faster and cheaper than when transacting directly on the Ethereum network.

The network is based on a novel scaling solution called MoreViable Plasma, which uses a sidechain architecture to group several transactions off-chain into a batch, which can then be verified as a single transaction on the Ethereum root chain. According to OMG Network, this technology has the potential to scale Ethereum to thousands of transactions per second (TPS) — instead of the 10 to 14 tps Ethereum 1.0 is currently capable of.

The network is powered by the OMG utility token, which can be used as one of the payment methods for fees on the OMG Network, and will eventually be stakable — helping to secure the network in return for rewards.

OMG Network

Yearn.finance is an aggregator service for decentralized finance (DeFi) investors, using automation to allow them to maximize profits from yield farming.

Its goal is to simplify the ever-expanding DeFi space for investors who are not technically minded or who wish to interact in a less committal manner than serious traders.

Launched in February 2020, the service, formerly known as iEarn, has seen huge growth in recent months as new products debuted and developers released in-house token YFI.

yearn.finance

SKALE, described as a modular blockchain network, is designed to bring scalability to Ethereum. SKALE is the only blockchain network capable of running an unlimited number of fast, on-demand, pooled-security Blockchains with zero gas fees to end users. These individual chains are known as SKALE chains and can be dapp-specific or shared.

The project’s website says it wants to enable people to build and run DApps in a “decentralized modular cloud built for real-world needs and configured for your requirements.” This emphasis on decentralization isn’t at the expense of security.

According to SKALE, those who build on this platform can run Solidity smart contracts “thousands of times faster at a fraction of the mainnet cost” — with games and content streaming services among the projects that already take advantage of its infrastructure.

SKALE

SushiSwap (SUSHI) is an example of an automated market maker (AMM). An increasingly popular tool among cryptocurrency users, AMMs are decentralized exchanges which use smart contracts to create markets for any given pair of tokens.

SushiSwap launched in September 2020 as a fork of Uniswap, the AMM which has become synonymous with the decentralized finance (DeFi) movement and associated trading boom in DeFi tokens.

SushiSwap aims to diversify the AMM market and also add additional features not previously present on Uniswap, such as increased rewards for network participants via its in-house token, SUSHI.

SushiSwap

Cartesi is an app-specific rollup protocol with a virtual machine that runs Linux distributions, creating a richer and broader design space for DApp developers.

Cartesi Rollups offer a modular scaling solution, deployable as L2, L3, or sovereign rollups, while maintaining strong base layer security guarantees.

Cartesi

Ontology is a project designed to bring trust, privacy, and security to Web3 through decentralized identity and data solutions. It is building the infrastructure to provide trusted access to Web3, allowing individuals and enterprises to rest assured that through regulatory compliant digital identity solutions, users and their privacy come first.

The Ontology blockchain is a high speed, low cost public blockchain. It is designed to bring decentralized identity and data solutions to Web3, with the goal of increasing privacy, transparency, and trust. To achieve this, users and enterprises are provided with the flexibility to build blockchain-based solutions that suit their needs, while also ensuring regulatory compliance. Through Ontology’s Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), Ontology ensures frictionless compatibility with Ethereum, the first step in the creation of the Ontology Multi-Virtual Machine and further interoperability for the chain.

At its launch, Ontology chose to forego the popular initial coin offering (ICO) model in favor of a series of community distributions and airdrops of its ONT cryptocurrency.

This helped to quickly establish both organic price discovery and a passionate community and helped the project to avoid subsequent regulatory scrutiny.

For example, for a brief period any person who signed up for the Ontology newsletter received an airdrop of free 1,000 ONT, which reached a value of $10 per token soon after the token became listed on major exchanges like Binance.

Ontology launched its own MainNet on June 30, 2018 and has been up and running smoothly since.

Ontology

ZEN is the governance and utility token for Horizen, a zero-knowledge-enabled network of blockchains powered by the largest node infrastructure in the industry. Blockchain interoperability is enabled by the Zendoo protocol, which uses SNARK-verification and allows for complete flexibility in sidechain type, consensus, and speed. Cryptographic verification of networked chains offers massive scale, and the network currently supports up to 10,000 sidechains with a throughput limit of 10,000,000 TPS.

Zendoo makes Horizen a permissionless network of blockchains. Developers can deploy their blockchains within the ecosystem using a variety of SDKs. In 2023, the ecosystem team launched Horizen EON, a public proof-of-stake sidechain and an EVM-compatible smart contracting platform that allows developers to efficiently build and deploy dapps on the Horizen ecosystem, while benefiting from the Ethereum ecosystem. Since going live with Horizen EON, DeFi projects including SpookySwap, Ascent Exchange, and Yuzu have successfully integrated into the Horizen ecosystem. Get started on Horizen EON today!

Horizen's native cryptocurrency, ZEN, is a mineable PoW coin currently trading on major exchanges, including Coinbase and Binance. ZEN can be staked to participate in Horizen's nearly 50,000 full node network.

While ZEN was previously a privacy token, following ZenIP 42204 in June of 2023, the network removed its existing privacy features in favor of moving towards a vision of adaptability and responsible, scalable growth.

Horizen

Orchid (OXT) is the native token of Orchid, a cryptocurrency-powered virtual private network (VPN).

Launched in December 2019, Orchid describes itself as the world’s first incentivized, peer-to-peer privacy network.

Its aim is to overcome internet freedom limitations by using cryptocurrency payments to allow anyone to purchase bandwidth from any participating provider. This is done using so-called probabilistic nanopayments, which occur using OXT, an ERC-20 standard token on Ethereum.

Regular payments to providers occur off-chain, allowing Orchid to avoid problems with congestion and gas fees on the Ethereum network.

The service is pay-per-use, meaning that users only have to contribute funds when they actually connect, instead of paying monthly or annual fees.

Orchid

Qtum (pronounced ‘“quantum”)  is a proof-of-stake (PoS) smart contract open-source blockchain platform and value transfer protocol. It aims to bring together the strengths of Bitcoinand Ethereumin one chain. Qtum is built on Bitcoin's UTXO transaction model, with the added functionality of smart contract execution and DApps. Recently, the platform added support for DeFi applications. As of March 2021, there are more than 20 tokens created on the Qtum blockchain.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Qtum.

The project was announced in March 2016 and held an ICO a year after, in March 2017, which brought its founders $15 million USD. The Qtum main chain was released on Sept.13, 2017. Initially, the Qtum coin was issued as a ETH-20 token, but with the launch of the mainnet, it was converted to native blockchain.

Qtum

Curve is a decentralized exchange for stablecoins that uses an automated market maker (AMM) to manage liquidity.

Launched in January 2020, Curve is now synonymous with the decentralized finance (DeFi) phenomenon, and has seen significant growth in the second half of 2020.

In August, Curve launched a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), with CRV as its in-house token. The DAO uses Ethereum-based creation tool Aragon to connect multiple smart contracts used for users’ deposited liquidity. Issues such as governance, however, differ from Aragon in their weighting and other respects.