## What Is Concordium (CCD)?

Launched in 2018, Concordium is a public-permissionless [Layer 1 blockchain](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/layer-1-blockchain) that embeds encrypted ID into every on-chain transaction, enabling identification at a protocol level. It is designed to balance privacy with accountability through its ID layer. From the onset, the team behind the project, which includes leadership from Volvo, IKEA, Credit Suisse, and more, stated that its goal was to make it easy for current and future businesses to easily integrate the potential of blockchain technology, with an emphasis on regulatory compliance.

While providing real-world identity may seem like a turnoff for many crypto enthusiasts, the company claims to provide users with full privacy while using zero-knowledge proofs.

To date, the company has raised 52M EUR, partnering with Geely, a global automaker and co-owner of Volvo Cars, Volvo AB, and Daimler.

Behind the scenes, Concordium has a native cryptocurrency called CCD. It is used for paying transaction fees, staking, rewards for node operators, and as a collateral/settlement medium for Concordium’s DeFi landscape.


## Who Are the Founders of Concordium?

Concordium was founded by Lars Seier Christensen, the co-founder and former CEO of the online trading and investment platform Saxo Bank. Christensen, who is the current Chairman of the Foundation Board was able to grow Saxo to 1,500 employees in 150 locations. However, the company has a team of more than 30 experts, making up the Foundation Board, the Science Team, the Technical Team, an Operations Team, and an Advisory Board.

Other notable mentions on the team include Professor Ueli Maurer, a senior academic at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and renowned for his work in cryptographic innovations. Professor Ivan Damgård, the co-inventor of the Merkle-Damgård cryptographic hash is also part of the team.

Other key C-level team members include Group CPO/CTO Kåre Kjelstrøm (entrepreneur, Silicon Valley startup veteran from multiple ventures including Uber).


## What Makes Concordium Unique?

Concordium’s most unique selling point comes from its built-in identity layer. The ID layer employs trusted identity issuers to provide users with their self-sovereign identity. However, the network tries to maintain a balance between user privacy and the need for identification if a legitimate legal issue arises. 

On the other end of identification, on-chain transactions are carried out privately using cryptographic means to prove that all participants have been verified without disclosing their identity.

Asides from its privacy and identity features, Concordium provides a powerful execution environment for smart contracts and digital financial primitives suited for enterprise users. Some of these features include high throughput with fast finality, low, fixed transaction costs, and a regulated DeFi Lab.

Speaking of transactions, the blockchain network uses a dual [consensus](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus) mechanism. At one end, operators (known as bakers) process transactions using a Nakamoto-style Proof-of-Stake mechanism, and at the other end, a [Byzantine fault tolerant](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft) (BFT) agreement among a set of specialized bakers (known as finalizers) is used to finalize transactions.

Any user that stakes more than 14,000 CCD can become a baker, while finalizers need to stake at least 0.1% of all CCDs.


#### Related Pages:

Learn more about [zero-knowledge proof](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/zero-knowledge-proof) on CMC Glossary.

Check out our guide on what [privacy coins](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-privacy-coins) are.

[What is a smart contract?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-smart-contract) Find out more.

Learn more about cryptocurrencies on the [CoinMarketCap Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/).


## What Is the Circulating Supply of CCD Tokens?

The CCD token has a total supply of 11,568,824,325 CCD tokens at the time of writing, with a current circulating supply of 6,836,607,809 CCD.


## Where Can You Buy Concordium?

Concordium (CCD) tokens can be purchased on several exchanges, such as [Kucoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/kucoin/), [Bitfinex](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/bitfinex/), [AscendEX](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/ascendex/) and [MEXC](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/mxc/).

New to the crypto space? Read more on [how to buy Bitcoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/) and other crypto.

Concordium

A science-based PoS blockchain with a groundbreaking ID framework, designed to fuel the global transformation to Web3.

PlatON

Everscale (EVER) is a fast and secure layer-one blockchain that aims to become a decentralized platform for high-performance applications with real-world relevance, such as Stablecoins, CBDCs, DEXes, Bridges, Gaming Platforms and more.

Everscale

Gains Network

Router Protocol

Function X is mirroring traditional financial products on the Function X network and creating decentralized financial products and a decentralized trading system. It is a highly customizable and expandable multi-chain architecture blockchain network (subnets) that can meet different business needs.

Function X

Onyx Protocol is a decentralized platform that facilitates a peer-to-peer money market lending protocol. The Onyx Protocol supports a variety of digital assets, such as Ether (ETH), ERC-20 tokens, ERC-721 tokens, and ERC-1155 tokens, which can be supplied or borrowed through an aggregated and unified balance, supported by non-custodial custody via decentralized smart contracts. Furthermore, NFTs can be supplied as collateral to enhance the borrowing capacity of the corresponding account.

Onyx Protocol’s underlying mechanism is powered by Onyxcoin (XCN), a decentralized digital asset on the Ethereum blockchain that serves as both the protocol's governance and utility token. Credit lines accessed and borrowed through the Onyx Protocol do not have monthly payments or expiration dates, and they remain perpetual as long as the collateral is deemed sufficient.

Onyxcoin

Radix is a layer 1 smart contract platform built to create a Web3 future for everyone, not just the innovators here today. A future where our friends, family and colleagues can confidently participate.
After 10 years of research, testing and development, Radix has built a highly optimized stack of custom technologies that tightly integrates wallet, programming language, execution environment, and consensus algorithm.
Users, with the Radix Wallet, can confidently use Web3 and DeFi with human-readable transactions, transaction guarantees, native assets, and more.
Developers, with Radix's Scrypto programming language, can build secure, production-ready dApps in a fraction of the time.

Radix

OCP introduces an innovative relayer mechanism that seamlessly connects applications to a modular permissionless custody protocol. OCP operates a protocol that acts akin to a mesh network, enabling an end-user to leverage a diverse set of key management protocols. We call this “Keychain Aggregation”. Building a protocol that solves for Keychain Aggregation not only simplifies the way developers can build, abstracting risk and complexity, but it also harmonizes and aggregates the economics associated with having multiple bilateral commercial relationships.

With OCP, we have a new custody primitive that embraces (1) modularity, in connecting key management solutions, and (2) decentralisation, in the way users can access key generation and transaction signing services. We are particularly excited to pioneer this, witnessing existing security and custody solutions struggle to adapt to the ongoing proliferation of chains. Additionally, with the impending tokenization of Real World Assets (RWAs) - potentially mobilizing over trillions of dollars into the blockchain ecosystem - the demand for versatile and modular solutions is clear and present.

Open Custody Protocol

MiL.k

Boba Network

SKALE, described as a modular blockchain network, is designed to bring scalability to Ethereum. SKALE is the only blockchain network capable of running an unlimited number of fast, on-demand, pooled-security Blockchains with zero gas fees to end users. These individual chains are known as SKALE chains and can be dapp-specific or shared.

The project’s website says it wants to enable people to build and run DApps in a “decentralized modular cloud built for real-world needs and configured for your requirements.” This emphasis on decentralization isn’t at the expense of security.

According to SKALE, those who build on this platform can run Solidity smart contracts “thousands of times faster at a fraction of the mainnet cost” — with games and content streaming services among the projects that already take advantage of its infrastructure.

SKALE

Secret (SCRT) is a privacy-oriented blockchain built on Cosmos. Its smart contracts are called Secret Contracts and allow DApps to use private data on Secret, similar to how smart contracts operate on other blockchains. However, Secret Contracts transfer encrypted inputs into encrypted outputs without exposing data. This is made possible thanks to the encrypted contract states during the execution.

Data privacy is guaranteed by combining encryption protocols and key management within a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE). This allows Secret Contracts to compete for several privacy-related use cases that traditional blockchains have found difficult to accommodate. For instance, private voting mechanisms or credit scoring applications become possible since they do not expose sensitive user data on-chain with Secret.

Secret

XDB Is the native coin of XDB CHAIN and is a RWA.
XDB CHAIN (XDB) is a protocol layer blockchain also known as the technology "empowering brands and consumers of tomorrow". The platform was created to support the fast and affordable transfer of consumer digital assets such as branded currencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), stablecoins and more.

XDB CHAIN claims that the infrastructure is decentralized, open-source and easy-to-use. The network consists of connected “XDB CHAIN cores” run by individuals and entities around the world — similar to blockchain nodes. With XDB CHAIN, users can create payment-related tools and devices. Users launch their digital assets via the XDB CHAIN network by linking assets to apps from the app store. Tokenization of assets can be used to support audience engagement for brands.

The mission of XDB CHAIN is to encourage the project to the mass market by facilitating the liquidity of digital assets while integrating with existing user applications. XDB CHAIN simplifies the tokenization of assets through transactions and a trading layer for the point economy.

The project is a fork of Stellar protocol and adopted the core features and capabilities of the latest Stellar network (v19), including the token certification service and on-chain trading (DEX).

XDB CHAIN

VIDT DAO is a cutting-edge blockchain project that leverages timestamping technology to restore digital trust using its Web3 ecosystem. It operates as an open-source platform, using its unique blockchain technology to ensure the authenticity and integrity of data and documents. Using the VIDT DAO timestamping technology anybody can timestamp  any document or data, making its authenticity verifiable at any moment.

The core of VIDT DAO's offering is its $VIDT Utility Token, which facilitates the timestamping process. Each timestamp requires only 1 $VIDT, allowing all holders to seamlessly secure their digital documents. This simple yet powerful mechanism positions VIDT DAO as a vital player in the blockchain space, with over 25 real-life integrators already utilizing its technology.

VIDT DAO

QuadrantProtocol

Elastos, founded in 2017 and building on a vision from 2000, is a blockchain-powered internet version. Its recent breakthrough is the introduction of BeL2, a Layer 2 solution leveraging SmartWeb technology to revolutionize Bitcoin transactions. Elastos is using SmartWeb technology to build the Bitcoin second-layer network BeL2, which extends the efficiency and scalability of the Bitcoin network through smart contracts. This endeavor will enable Bitcoin to power a smart economy and effectively release the liquidity of hundreds of billions of dollars in staked Bitcoin assets.

With over 50% of Bitcoin's hash power protecting it through merged mining, ELA boasts extremely high security and credibility in its network, earning it the esteemed title of "BTC Queen" within the community.

Elastos

MobileCoin (MOB) is a decentralized payment platform established in 2017 by MobileCoin Inc. However, the network went live only in December 2020. A privacy-focused cryptocurrency, MOB, was created to be used as digital cash on mobile. Secure and easy payments, along with fast and encrypted transactions, are claimed to protect personal data. The developers aspire to revolutionize the P2P payment system where transactions are stored on a blockchain ledger.

The project was designed to be integrated into messaging apps like WhatsApp, Telegram, Facebook Messenger, and Signal. How does it work: a user enters a PIN code to send or receive funds. No one but a sender/a receiver can check the details of transactions. Users can always recover their keys with a recovery PIN. Confidentiality is a priority, and the platform applies ring signatures to authenticate the ownership and use of digital assets. The benefits of the ecosystem also include security and speed of transactions, environmental friendliness, and intuitive optimization for mobile devices.

MobileCoin is open-source. Users have the option to verify the programming techniques.

In addition, MobileCoin is not only user-friendly but also planet-friendly, claiming to be one of the first negative carbon cryptocurrencies in its niche.

MobileCoin

Launched on mainnet on March 30, 2021, Casper is the first live proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain built off the Casper CBC specification. The Casper platform is designed to boost the adoption of blockchain technology, smart contracts, and DApps on a global scale.

With its future-proof architecture, Casper is designed to ensure the platform is continually developed according to the evolving needs of its users, and that it’s maximally accessible to developers of all backgrounds. As per the official whitepaper, Casper is optimized to suit both enterprise and developer needs. Casper’s mission is to usher in a new era for Web3, as demand for intuitive, interconnected services continues to grow across the board. Casper does so by solving the adoption trilemma: offering enterprise-grade security, scalability and decentralization all within the same blockchain protocol.

Casper

ABBC is a blockchain platform that enables secure payment transactions, helping to facilitate retail adoption of cryptocurrencies and make shopping online with digital assets a safer, more enjoyable experience for end-users.

The platform offers three main products: a multi-platform wallet capable of supporting Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH), in addition to a variety of other native cryptocurrencies and ERC-20 tokens; an online shopping application that can be used to shop at over 50 online retailers with cryptocurrencies; and a cryptocurrency exchange platform that offers secure trading and low transaction fees.

The ABBC Coin was created to give holders the ability to govern the development of the ABBC platform by delegating voting power to chosen block producers (BPs) — who are then able to vote on governance proposals. These governance proposals can be on a range of topics but might include launching strategic partnerships, implementing new features or expanding ABBC's services to new regions. Beyond this, ABBC Coins were created as a reward system for online shoppers and can be staked for regular rewards.

ABBC is currently based on the EOSIO blockchain, which enables it to achieve up to 5,000 transactions per second (TPS) while remaining environmentally friendly due to its energy-efficient delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism.

ABBC Coin was initially known as Alibabacoin but changed its name in March 2019 following a dispute with Chinese multinational e-commerce giant Alibaba.