Test

Voyager

Celestia

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<a href="https://x.com/celestia" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">@celestia</a> has published the engineering behind Voyager, its design for a high-speed payments chain. Celestia (<a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/cmc-ai/celestia/latest-updates/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">$TIA</a>) says the architecture was benchmarked at 21 million transactions per second (TPS) in testing, and that the same design will later be opened to exchanges and margin trading.
<h2 id="one-core-no-contention">One Core, No Contention</h2>
Many blockchains pursue speed by spreading work across multiple processor cores. Voyager takes a different route. It keeps every balance update on a single core, so no two tasks compete for the same data.
According to <a href="https://blog.celestia.org/introducing-voyager-hyperscale-payments-for-agentic-commerce/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Celestia's engineering blog</a>, in the first full benchmark Voyager processed a sustained 21 million transactions per second across 100 million accounts over five hours. Throughput averaged 21.2 million TPS and peaked at 21.6 million. <a href="https://www.chaincatcher.com/en/article/2300156" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">ChainCatcher</a> reported that execution ran on a single CPU core, with node memory of around 48 GB.
The main bottleneck is fetching data from memory. Voyager addresses this by looking up to 32 transactions ahead and loading the data each one needs before it runs. Saving and publishing the data run as separate stages that do not block each other.
Other design details have been reported by ChainCatcher. Celestia says Voyager splits payment processing into independently scalable threads, so the thread that updates balances is not blocked. Payment logic is built in rather than run through a general-purpose virtual machine, according to <a href="https://www.kucoin.com/news/flash/celestia-unveils-voyager-for-ai-payments-claims-21-million-tps-in-test" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">KuCoin News</a>. State is stored in a flat table, and each transaction is published to Celestia's data availability protocol, Fibre, so outsiders can replay it and verify that payments were executed correctly.
<h2 id="limits-of-the-test-and-what-comes-next">Limits of the Test and What Comes Next</h2>
The figure comes from a controlled environment. ChainCatcher reported that the test ran on a single node and did not include state root computation, cross-machine replication, or real-time state queries at the same scale. Phemex noted that the figure reflects <a href="https://phemex.com/news/article/celestia-unveils-voyager-for-ai-agent-payments-claims-21m-tps-in-singlenode-test-101799" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">isolated testing rather than live network throughput</a>.
Voyager is also not yet live. Celestia confirmed the execution layer remains in active development and has not been deployed on its mainnet, and KuCoin News quotes the company as saying it is "taking Voyager towards production." Celestia has also said the design extends to multiple cores and Voyager instances, and that sharding storage across more disks lifts the current storage limit.
Celestia positions Voyager as payment infrastructure for agentic commerce, where automated agents pay for content, data and services on demand. Fibre, the data publication layer Voyager relies on, has already launched on mainnet, and Voyager is the first execution-layer product following Celestia's acquisition of Sovereign Labs.
Sources
<a href="https://blog.celestia.org/introducing-voyager-hyperscale-payments-for-agentic-commerce/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Celestia Blog: Introducing Voyager, Hyperscale Payments for Agentic Commerce</a> <a href="https://www.chaincatcher.com/en/article/2300156" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">ChainCatcher: Celestia Launched the Payment Architecture Voyager</a> <a href="https://www.kucoin.com/news/flash/celestia-unveils-voyager-for-ai-payments-claims-21-million-tps-in-test" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">KuCoin News: Celestia Unveils Voyager for AI Payments</a>
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Celestia Details Voyager Engineering Behind 21M TPS Payments Chain Benchmark

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