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<h2 id="header-0">DAPP Security Standards</h2><a href="https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id&#61;922194" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Nothing can be perfectly secure</a> (general paradigm of system security engineering).In this particular case, the paradigm translates into: There is no single method of proving the safety of a system, and the system must rely on multiple forms of security enhancements. The more security enhancement practices are applied - the better.There is no single universal method that is sufficient to ensure software security. No formal verification, security audits, development of better programming languages, upgradeability of smart contracts, or any other measures can guarantee the absolute safety of your software implementation. A statement that a particular party is offering services that can ensure the complete security of DApp is either a myth, a lie, or a marketing move.A combination of security improvement methods and measures can significantly reduce the risk of DApp being hacked. Each security improvement strategy introduces a new layer of safety, and it is strongly advised to rely on multiple &#34;security layers.&#34; It may be even better to focus on system fault-tolerance instead of trying to make it unhackable.In the case of DApp, fault tolerance is the ability of DApp to be fixed/debugged in case of detection of malicious activity.When it comes to evaluating security enhancement methods, it proves that security audit is one of the most efficient methods, albeit the most expensive one.<h2 id="header-1">Security improvement practices</h2>Here I&#39;d like to highlight the most common measures that a DApp developer must consider to improve the security aspect of the DApp:<ul><li>Develop open-source applications. Making your application open-source increases the level of security and ensures the ability to perform such security enhancement methods as &#34;bug bounty&#34; which further increases the overall level of system safety. There is a misconception that hiding the source codes of the system from the public can prevent flaws and vulnerabilities from being exploited. This misconception is known as security through obscurity.</li></ul><ul><li>Security audit. A security audit is a peer review of the smart-contract code performed by a third-party expert or a team of security experts. This proves to be one of the most efficient methods as it can cover any logical and application-specific mistakes. There are specialized companies offering security auditing services for smart-contract developers.</li></ul><ul><li>Bug bounty. A bug bounty is a practice of publishing the source codes for community review and offering rewards for reporting the found vulnerabilities or flaws. A bug bounty is also a very efficient method of ensuring the system&#39;s security if appropriately handled. The reward for finding a vulnerability must match the amount of work performed by the reviewer and the level of harm that could be inflicted in case the reviewer decides to exploit the vulnerability instead of reporting it.</li></ul><ul><li>Automated anomaly detection. In the case of DAPP, anomaly detection is a special feature of the smart contract that automatically triggers countermeasures/alarms when unwanted behavior occurs in the smart contract. In some cases, it is possible to predict what kind of behavior is malicious and implement a &#34;detection feature&#34; and &#34;contract disabling trigger.&#34; For example, suppose you have developed a casino and one player wins 30 times in a row. In that case, it is evident that he may be cheating, and further investigation is necessary. It may be worth disabling the smart contract, thus disallowing the malicious player to drain it in case he exploits the contract&#39;s vulnerability. The anomaly detection may be implemented as a kind of watchdog service operated by a third-party off-chain service without a need to implement it in smart-contract logic. This method&#39;s effectiveness depends on the smart-contract developer&#39;s ability to determine which kind of activity should be considered an &#34;anomaly.&#34; This method is very good for preventing application-specific faults, but it is not sufficient on its own. This practice should be used in combination with other security improvement measures.</li></ul><ul><li>Manual testing and testnet deployment. Test your software. Test it more. Let smart-contract developers and all team members try the system with their own hands. Publish a version of the system at testnet and let the community use it for a couple of months before the final release. This will definitely reduce the risk of vulnerabilities arising in the final version of the software. This is not a self-sufficient security improvement method but cheap and efficient enough.</li></ul><ul><li>Automated testing. Automated testing or unit testing involves the development of a special software that will interact with the DApp to detect any flaws and ensure the correctness of DApps responses on any type of input. The effectiveness of this approach obviously depends on the correctness of the implementation of the testing software. In general automated tests are auxiliary tools that can reduce the overhead of security auditors/community reviewers/software testers. Automated testing can cover the routinuous cases of general software utility, but it proves to be bad when identifying logical mistakes/ business model flaws or any other application-specific potential threats. Automated tests are not a reliable measure of ensuring overall system safety, and these must be combined and used alongside other security enhancement procedures.</li></ul><ul><li>Formal verification. Formal verification, like automated testing, is an additional method of reducing the overhead for software testers/auditors/developers. This can be helpful in some cases, but formal verification is not a self-sufficient method of ensuring system safety and must not be relied on.</li></ul><ul><li>Follow well-known programming practices. Security is not a new area of programming, and plenty of well-known mass-adopted methods and practices are time proven already. Adhere to coding standards. Comment your code. It is strongly recommended for any contract developer to read the description of coding standards of the platform they intend to use. Reading the respectable coding standards adopted by large-scale programming communities such as GNU Coding Standard is also recommended. This is very important, and it is not a matter of preferences! The coding standards are intended to make the logic represented by code pieces as straightforward as possible which greatly improves the ability of an auditor/software tester/code reviewer to identify and report a system flaw. The more readability of your code the better.</li></ul><ul><li>Make your application modular if possible. Following this software development method will improve the code&#39;s auditability, and this increases the effectiveness of auditing and testing. This may be hard with procedural programming languages as contrary to object-oriented practices. However, dividing the program into independent modules allows for better testing/debugging and independent audits of each module. This also improves the system&#39;s upgradeability, which is important for fault tolerance.</li></ul><h2 id="header-2">Launching a DAPP following the best security practices</h2>To ensure an adequate level of security, the DAPP developer must take the following steps in the sequence described.1. BEFORE YOU START: Consider a coding standard and decide on this before you start writing contracts so that all smart contracts are written in the same coding style. This will simplify testing/ auditing/ maintaining the contract system a lot.2. Develop your smart contracts and comment the code if possible. It is way better to make it open-source and publish the results to the community for review. Consider adding an open-source license. Github is the right place to store your codes.3. Once any functional part or application module is ready for use, you should begin public testing. Consider deploying a &#34;work in progress&#34; version to the public testnet. Test the operability of your DAPP there. Write unit tests if necessary.4. As soon as your application development is finalized you should proceed with a security audit request and final testing. Find a security auditor and request the audit. Do not start the security audit when the application is still in the development stage. Make sure that the DAPP development is finished, and there will be no updates after the code is audited.5. Announce the final testing and establish a feedback line. You should deploy the final stable version of the DAPP at testnet so everyone can use it. The final testing stage may be handled at the same time the contract is undergoing the security audit. It is very important to make community feedback collection as user-friendly as possible. Take it seriously. It is better to set up multiple ways of collecting feedbacks, including Github, email, Reddit threads, and other public media. This is a very bad idea to require a user to register somewhere to provide feedback regarding the usability of the DAPP or report any issues. You must respect your users&#39; time. Example: I&#39;m competent enough to identify some bugs in DAPPs, and I&#39;m willing to report them, but if I face a requirement to sign up on some forum that I&#39;m not going to use (and I&#39;m not going to use forums of every single project because I review hundreds of them each year) then I will give up and let developers resolve their problem on their own if they are not even capable of giving me a convenient way to submit the feedback so that I will not waste my time. I assume that most competent and well-paid developers will behave similarly. Again, it is important to introduce multiple feedback lines so that every user can find a convenient way to submit a bug report. This may save DAPP from a million-dollar hack.6. After the security audit is completed, apply the necessary fixes/improvements if necessary. If major vulnerabilities were reported and the applied fix modified a significant part of the code, you should repeat steps 3 and 4. Keep in mind that modifying the code after the security audit will leave DAPP in unaudited stage and require repeated auditing. If your software is modular, you can send only the modified module for re-audit, saving you from the unnecessary time and resources spent on re-auditing already verified parts of the code.7. After the software has passed the security audit, you should announce the bug bounty (if your application is open source). This is better to proceed with the bug bounty after the security audit since most mistakes will be reported by auditors already. A bug bounty is a precautionary measure, at this stage, your program is already considered safe after testing and audit, so the rewards for reporting bugs must be high. Bug bounty will help in case auditors have missed some mistakes. Usually, the reward for reporting a bug/vulnerability depends on its severity. In most cases, vulnerabilities are classified as critical, high, medium, and low severity. The reward for finding a vulnerability must mostly depend on the risk that the vulnerability poses for the DAPP but not on the amount of work being done to report it. Assuming that you can lessen the reward for reporting vulnerabilities that were easy to find will result in more incentives to exploit the vulnerability than to report it. If you think that your DAPP is perfectly secure and the bug bounty is an unnecessary rigorous process, then it is advised that you put a million-dollar reward for finding a high severity vulnerability and let it run for a week.8. Schedule a timeframe for the pre-release bug bounty depending on the scale of your DAPP. Small DAPPs require less time to be reviewed; thus, the timeframes could be lessened. A 10-day-long bug bounty should be enough for most small/medium scale DAPPs.9. When the time for passing the bug bounty ends, announce the results. If no major flaws/vulnerabilities were reported, you should launch your DAPP and deploy the contract on the mainnet of the platform you will use. If some major security vulnerabilities were reported and the applied fix affected significant part of the code or DAPP logic then you should repeat from step 3.10. Leave the public bug bounty open for participation forever. Someone may identify a flaw in your DAPP after months or even years of its operation on the mainnet. In this case, a person will likely look to get a reward in exchange for the flaw report. You should make your constant bug bounty transparently available for everyone so that your users know where to look.Do not hesitate to publicly thank and mention the auditors, bug hunters, and bug bounty participants. Reputation is a valuable asset in security auditing because auditors&#39; salary depends on their reputation. Public announcements of paid rewards will also draw attention to your bug bounty program, which also increases your safety level.It is much better to pay $20,000 for bug bounties than have $2,000,000 stolen by hackers. Stay safe and keep your customers safe.

DApp Security Essentials: Best Practices for Developing Robust Decentralized Applications

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