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## Что такое Zcash (ZEC)?

Zcash — это децентрализованная криптовалюта, ориентированная на [конфиденциальность](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-privacy-coins) и анонимность. Он использует технологию доказательства с нулевым разглашением zk-SNARK, которая позволяет узлам в сети верифицировать транзакции, не раскрывая никакой конфиденциальной информации о них.

Вопреки распространенному заблуждению, большинство криптовалют на рынке, начиная с Биткойн ([BTC](https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/currencies/bitcoin/)), не анонимны, а скорее [псевдоанонимы](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/is-cryptocurrency-anonymous). Пускай они явно не раскрывают личности своих пользователей, каждый пользователь имеет свой собственный публичный адрес или адреса, которые можно проследить до них с помощью методов анализа данных и ретроспективного анализа [блокчейна.](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain)

Транзакции Zcash по-прежнему должны ретранслироваться через общедоступную цепочку блоков, но, в отличие от псевдоанонимных криптовалют, транзакции ZEC по умолчанию не раскрывают адреса отправки и получения или отправляемую сумму. Однако там существует возможность раскрыть эти данные для целей аудита или соблюдения нормативных требований.

Zcash был впервые выпущен 28 октября 2016 года и изначально был основан на коде Bitcoin.

### Кто создал Zcash?

Zcash был основан в 2016 году шифропанком, экспертом по компьютерной безопасности и предпринимателем Зуко Уилкокс-О'Хирном (Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn). Он также является основателем коммерческой компании Electronic Coin Company (ECC), которая управляет развитием Zcash.

Зуко Уилкокс-О'Хирн проработал более 25 лет в индустрии криптографии и информационной безопасности и внес свой вклад в ряд проектов, включая ныне не существующую фирму электронных денег DigiCash, программное обеспечение для однорангового хранения данных Mojo Nation и файловую система Tahoe Least-Authority File Store.

Он также основал Least Authority Enterprises, технологическую компанию, сосредоточенную на повышении цифровой безопасности и сохранении фундаментального права на конфиденциальность, и стал соавтором криптографической хеш-функции BLAKE3.

### Что особенного в Zcash?

Основное преимущество Zcash это опция анонимности, которая обеспечивает уровень конфиденциальности, недостижимый с обычными псевдонимными криптовалютами типа Bitcoin или [Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/currencies/ethereum/).

Транзакции ZEC можно отправлять двумя способами: прозрачным и защищенным. Прозрачные транзакции работают примерно так же, как и в [Bitcoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/how-long-does-a-bitcoin-transaction-take), на коде которого Zcash был изначально основан: они отправляются между общедоступными адресами и записываются в неизменяемый публичный реестр (блокчейн). Вся необходимая информация об этих транзакциях доступна онлайн для всех, включая адреса отправки и получения, а также отправленную сумму.

Эти общедоступные транзакции не раскрывают личности пользователей явным образом: единственные идентификаторы, к которым внешний наблюдатель может получить доступ из блокчейна, — это публичные адреса. Однако благодаря усилиям специалистов по анализу данных и правоохранительных органов в последние годы методы анализа блокчейна были развиты до такой степени, что заинтересованная сторона может достаточно надежно связать публичный адрес в блокчейне с реальной личностью его владельца, что по сути делает невозможными приватные транзакции.

С другой стороны, закрытые транзакции ZEC используют технологию кратких неинтерактивных аргументов знания с нулевым разглашением (zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge), или [zk-SNARK](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/zk-snarks), чтобы для отправки полностью анонимных транзакций по общедоступному неизменяемому блокчейну. Тот факт, что транзакция _случилась_, записывается в реестр, но адреса отправки и получения, а также отправленная сумма не раскрываются.

Это позволяет Zcash давать своим пользователям право на конфиденциальность, сохраняя при этом преимущества децентрализованной цифровой валюты.

#### Связанные страницы:

Прочитайте о [Monero](https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/currencies/monero/), еще одной анонимной криптовалюте, которая использует кольцевые подписи и скрытые адреса для повышения конфиденциальности пользователей.

Больше образовательных материалов о криптовалютах на CMC [Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/currencies/zcash/Alexandria).

Самые интересные крипто темы в [блоге](https://blog.coinmarketcap.com/) CMC.

### Сколько монет Zcash (ZEC) находится в обращении?

В целом, токеномика Zcash похожа на токеномику Bitcoin: это дефицитный [доступный для майнинга](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-mined-coins) токен с общим лимитом предложения в 21 миллион монет.

Новые ZEC создаются в форме «награды за блок»: всякий раз, когда [новый блок добывается](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/mining-zcash-explained) и добавляется в конец цепочки блоков, чеканится определенное количество монет и делится на «компенсацию майнерам» и «вознаграждение учредителям» в соотношении 80 и 20 процентов соответственно. Награда за блока уменьшается вдвое через регулярные промежутки времени, чтобы замедлить скорость выпуска, поскольку общее предложение ZEC приближается к своему пределу в 21 миллион.

Компенсация майнера достается майнеру, который добыл последний блок, а вознаграждение учредителям распределяется между учредителями Electronic Coin Company (ECC), Zcash Foundation и самим ECC, а также его сотрудниками. По состоянию на октябрь 2020 года награда за блок составляет 6,25 ZEC.

### Как защищена сеть Zcash?

Сеть Zcash защищена хэш-функцией [доказательства работы](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake) [SHA-256,](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/sha-256) которая принадлежит набору алгоритмов SHA-2, как и Bitcoin.

### Где купить Zcash (ZEC)?

Zcash — одна высоко котирующаяся криптовалюта. [Купить Zcash можно](https://www.binance.com/en/buy-Zcash) на многих крупных биржах, например:

* [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/exchanges/binance/)
* [HitBTC](https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/exchanges/hitbtc/)
* [Huobi Global](https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/exchanges/huobi-global/)
* [BKEX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/exchanges/bkex/)
* [OKEx](https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/exchanges/okex/)

Существует множество способов узнать, [как купить Zcash](https://www.binance.com/ru/price/zcash), и мы в CoinMarketCap прилагаем все усилия, чтобы предоставить новичкам в крипто самую лучшую информацию.

Zcash

Ledger

Trezor

Trust Wallet

Math Wallet

ZCash Wallet

Coinbase

MetaMask

Binance Chain Wallet

Atomic wallet

Dash is an open-source blockchain and cryptocurrency focused on offering a fast, cheap global payments network that is decentralized in nature. According to the project's white paper, Dash seeks to improve upon Bitcoin (BTC) by providing stronger privacy and faster transactions.

Dash, whose name comes from "digital cash," was launched in January 2014 as a fork of Litecoin (LTC). Since going live, Dash has grown to include features such as a two-tier network with incentivized nodes, including "masternodes," and decentralized project governance; InstantSend, which allows for instantly settled payments; ChainLocks, which makes the Dash blockchain instantly immutable; and PrivateSend, which offers additional optional privacy for transactions.

Dash

Monero was launched in 2014, and its goal is simple: to allow transactions to take place privately and with anonymity. Even though it’s commonly thought that BTC can conceal a person’s identity, it’s often easy to trace payments back to their original source because blockchains are transparent. On the other hand, XMR is designed to obscure senders and recipients alike through the use of advanced cryptography.

The team behind Monero say privacy and security are their biggest priorities, with ease of use and efficiency coming second. It aims to provide protection to all users — irrespective of how technologically competent they are.

Overall, XMR aims to allow payments to be made quickly and inexpensively without fear of censorship.

Monero

The EOS Network is an open-source blockchain platform that prioritizes high performance, flexibility, security, and developer experience. As a third-generation blockchain platform powered by the EOS virtual machine, EOS has an extensible WebAssembly engine for deterministic execution of near fee-less transactions.

EOS is the market's most scalable, divisible, and programmable digital currency. EOS is a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) network where stakeholders have the authority to select node operators. Due to the decentralized nature of the token distribution on EOS, power doesn't reside in the hands of block miners, but rather all parties involved in the EOS Network.

The EOS Network is attractive because of its technology and community. It allows developers to build projects that other blockchains cannot support. The network is straightforward and has multiple tools and educational resources to help users acclimate to the blockchain.

Tezos is a high-performing blockchain and open-source platform for assets and applications, with a strong focus on code security, on-chain governance, and decentralization. Tezos 2.0, the upcoming step in the evolution of Tezos, aims to improve scalability (via layer 2s), composability, and to implement support to mainstream programming languages (like Javascript, Typescript, Python, and many others).

Initially built with formal verification in mind, the Tezos protocol enables builders to avoid bugs when developing smart contracts, making it particularly suited to applications that require a high degree of security and certainty.

Tezos’ LPoS (Liquid Proof-of-Stake) consensus mechanism enables any stakeholder to take part, directly or by delegation, in the consensus process, and to be rewarded for securing the network. Rather uniquely, Tezos’ on-chain governance system also enables stakeholders to create and vote on protocol upgrade proposals. This pioneering system allows the protocol to self-amend and upgrade itself without leading to a split (or fork) in the blockchain, empowering the community without slowing down innovation.

First proposed in 2014 and launched in 2018, the Tezos Mainnet has a proven track record of running uninterrupted ever since, having earned a strong reputation for technical excellence and a supportive community.

Tezos

ZEN is the governance and utility token for Horizen, a zero-knowledge-enabled network of blockchains powered by the largest node infrastructure in the industry. Blockchain interoperability is enabled by the Zendoo protocol, which uses SNARK-verification and allows for complete flexibility in sidechain type, consensus, and speed. Cryptographic verification of networked chains offers massive scale, and the network currently supports up to 10,000 sidechains with a throughput limit of 10,000,000 TPS.

Zendoo makes Horizen a permissionless network of blockchains. Developers can deploy their blockchains within the ecosystem using a variety of SDKs. In 2023, the ecosystem team launched Horizen EON, a public proof-of-stake sidechain and an EVM-compatible smart contracting platform that allows developers to efficiently build and deploy dapps on the Horizen ecosystem, while benefiting from the Ethereum ecosystem. Since going live with Horizen EON, DeFi projects including SpookySwap, Ascent Exchange, and Yuzu have successfully integrated into the Horizen ecosystem. Get started on Horizen EON today!

Horizen's native cryptocurrency, ZEN, is a mineable PoW coin currently trading on major exchanges, including Coinbase and Binance. ZEN can be staked to participate in Horizen's nearly 50,000 full node network.

While ZEN was previously a privacy token, following ZenIP 42204 in June of 2023, the network removed its existing privacy features in favor of moving towards a vision of adaptability and responsible, scalable growth.

Horizen

Compound is a DeFi lending protocol that allows users to earn interest on their cryptocurrencies by depositing them into one of several pools supported by the platform.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Compound.

When a user deposits tokens to a Compound pool, they receive cTokens in return. These cTokens represent the individual’s stake in the pool and can be used to redeem the underlying cryptocurrency initially deposited into the pool at any time. For example, by depositing ETH into a pool, you will receive cETH in return. Over time, the exchange rate of these cTokens to the underlying asset increases, which means you can redeem them for more of the underlying asset than you initially put in — this is how the interest is distributed.

On the flip side, borrowers can take a secured loan from any Compound pool by depositing collateral. The maximum loan-to-value (LTV) ratio varies based on the collateral asset, but currently ranges from 50 to 75%. The interest rate paid varies by borrowed asset and borrowers can face automatic liquidation if their collateral falls below a specific maintenance threshold.

Since the launch of the Compound mainnet in September 2018, the platform has skyrocketed in popularity, and recently passed more than $800 million in total locked value.

Compound

Ethereum Classic (ETC) is the original Ethereum (ETH) blockchain that launched in July 2015. Its main function is as a smart contract network, with the ability to host and support decentralized applications (DApps). Its native token is ETC.

Since its launch, Ethereum Classic has sought to differentiate itself from Ethereum, with the two networks’ technical roadmap diverging further and further from each other with time.

Ethereum Classic first set out to preserve the integrity of the existing Ethereum blockchain after a major hacking event led to the theft of 3.6 million ETH.

Ethereum Classic

Bitcoin Cash (BCH) is a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that aims to become sound global money with fast payments, micro fees, privacy and larger block size. As a permissionless, decentralized cryptocurrency, Bitcoin Cash requires no trusted third parties.

Bitcoin Cash was created as an alternative to the first and most valuable cryptocurrency — Bitcoin (BTC). In 2017, BCH developers modified the BTC code, releasing their software version and a full-fledged competitive product, which split Bitcoin into two blockchains: Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash. Bitcoin Cash is a result of a hard fork in the blockchain due to differences in the community over Bitcoin scaling and the SegWit upgrade. Moreover, another hard fork, which divided Bitcoin Cash into two parts, Bitcoin ABC and Bitcoin SV, took place in the fall of 2018.

The scaling debate involved two sides: small block supporters opposed increasing block size as it could lead to blockchain centralization and vulnerability by making it harder to host full nodes. Large block supporters, however, advocated for a faster solution, concerned that rising transaction fees could hinder growth.

Bitcoin Cash

Qtum (pronounced ‘“quantum”)  is a proof-of-stake (PoS) smart contract open-source blockchain platform and value transfer protocol. It aims to bring together the strengths of Bitcoinand Ethereumin one chain. Qtum is built on Bitcoin's UTXO transaction model, with the added functionality of smart contract execution and DApps. Recently, the platform added support for DeFi applications. As of March 2021, there are more than 20 tokens created on the Qtum blockchain.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Qtum.

The project was announced in March 2016 and held an ICO a year after, in March 2017, which brought its founders $15 million USD. The Qtum main chain was released on Sept.13, 2017. Initially, the Qtum coin was issued as a ETH-20 token, but with the launch of the mainnet, it was converted to native blockchain.

Qtum

Litecoin (LTC) is a cryptocurrency that was designed to provide fast, secure and low-cost payments by leveraging the unique properties of blockchain technology.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Litecoin.

The cryptocurrency was created based on the Bitcoin (BTC) protocol, but it differs in terms of the hashing algorithm used, hard cap, block transaction times and a few other factors. Litecoin has a block time of just 2.5 minutes and extremely low transaction fees, making it suitable for micro-transactions and point-of-sale payments.

Litecoin was released via an open-source client on GitHub on Oct. 7, 2011, and the Litecoin Network went live five days later on Oct. 13, 2011. Since then, it has exploded in both usage and acceptance among merchants and has counted among the top ten cryptocurrencies by market capitalization for most of its existence.

The cryptocurrency was created by Charlie Lee, a former Google employee, who intended Litecoin to be a "lite version of Bitcoin," in that it features many of the same properties as Bitcoin—albeit lighter in weight.

Litecoin

Basic Attention Token, or BAT, is the token that powers a new blockchain-based digital advertising platform designed to fairly reward users for their attention, while providing advertisers with a better return on their ad spend.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Basic Attention Token.

This experience is delivered through the Brave Browser, where users can watch privacy-preserving adverts and receive BAT rewards for doing so. On the other hand, advertisers can deliver targeted ads to maximize engagement and cut down losses due to ad fraud and abuse.

The Basic Attention Token itself is the unit of reward in this advertising ecosystem, and is exchanged between advertisers, publishers and users. Advertisers pay for their advertising campaigns in BAT tokens. Out of this budget, a small portion is distributed to advertisers, while 70% is distributed to users — whereas the intermediaries that typically drive up advertising costs are cut out of the equation to improve cost-efficiency.

Basic Attention Token launched in 2017 following one of the fastest sell-out initial coin offerings (ICOs) of all time, with the platform raising a total of $35 million in under a minute. Since then, it has rolled out its attention-based advertising experience to users in most countries through its Brave Rewards program.

As of November 2020, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada had the most active advertising campaigns.

Basic Attention Token

Curve is a decentralized exchange for stablecoins that uses an automated market maker (AMM) to manage liquidity.

Launched in January 2020, Curve is now synonymous with the decentralized finance (DeFi) phenomenon, and has seen significant growth in the second half of 2020.

In August, Curve launched a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), with CRV as its in-house token. The DAO uses Ethereum-based creation tool Aragon to connect multiple smart contracts used for users’ deposited liquidity. Issues such as governance, however, differ from Aragon in their weighting and other respects.

Curve DAO Token

Waves is a multi-purpose blockchain platform which supports various use cases including decentralized applications (DApps) and smart contracts.

Launched in June 2016 following one of the cryptocurrency industry’s earliest initial coin offerings (ICO), Waves initially set out to improve on the first blockchain platforms by increasing speed, utility and user-friendliness.

The platform has undergone various changes and added new spin-off features to build on its original design.

Waves’ native token is WAVES, an uncapped supply token used for standard payments such as block rewards.

Waves

Maker (MKR) is the governance token of the MakerDAO and Maker Protocol — respectively a decentralized organization and a software platform, both based on the Ethereum blockchain — that allows users to issue and manage the DAI stablecoin.

Initially conceived in 2015 and fully launched in December 2017, Maker is a project whose task is to operate DAI, a community-managed decentralized cryptocurrency with a stable value soft-pegged to the US dollar.

MKR tokens act as a kind of voting share for the organization that manages DAI; while they do not pay dividends to their holders, they do give the holders voting rights over the development of Maker Protocol and are expected to appreciate in value in accordance with the success of DAI itself.

The Maker ecosystem is one of the earliest projects on the decentralized finance (DeFi) scene: the industry that seeks to build decentralized financial products on top of smart-contract-enabled blockchains, such as Ethereum.

Maker

Yearn.finance is an aggregator service for decentralized finance (DeFi) investors, using automation to allow them to maximize profits from yield farming.

Its goal is to simplify the ever-expanding DeFi space for investors who are not technically minded or who wish to interact in a less committal manner than serious traders.

Launched in February 2020, the service, formerly known as iEarn, has seen huge growth in recent months as new products debuted and developers released in-house token YFI.

yearn.finance

NEM is a blockchain platform that was launched in March of 2015. It was one of the pioneers of the cryptocurrency industry, and sought to improve on the imperfections found on other chains at the time. It was one of the first non-turing complete chains to feature user-defined tokens (called mosaics), namespaces, multisignature accounts, and a P2P reputation system based on EigenTrust++. Its most notable contribution to the space is the proof-of-importance consensus mechanism, which sought to reward on-chain activity and deter the concentration of wealth commonly associated with proof-of-stake. Its client, NIS, is written in Java.

NEM has a global community. It sees the most utility as an alternative form of payment for businesses and vendors, and has a variety of social media apps built on top of it in Japan, such as nemgraph, a community-driven owned and operated alternative to Instagram.

In December 2021, NEM was hard forked by a pseudonymous team of cryptocurrency experts and enthusiasts alike. Titled Harlock, this hard fork signaled the community’s intent to take NEM from a shadow of its former self into the world’s leading payments platform for on-chain and off-chain media content.

Aave

0x is an infrastructure protocol that allows users to easily trade ERC20 tokens and other assets on the many different blockchains (including Ethereum) without relying on centralized intermediaries. It is a protocol for decentralized exchange.

0x achieves this decentralized exchange functionality using a collection of open-source, publicly auditable smart contracts that work together to produce a flexible, low-friction trading protocol that developers can easily weave into their products.

The protocol is used by companies building web3 apps such as wallets, DEXes, portfolio trackes, and others. It is a used by hundreds of developers for their projects. The protocol has facilitates over $200B in trading volume since its inception. One can track its usage in its dedicated https://explorer.0x.org/.

The protocol is powered by an ERC20 governance token known as ZRX. ZRX holders can participate in protocol governance, having direct power over protocol changes and its community treasury.

0x Protocol

Stellar (XLM) is a peer-to-peer (P2P) decentralized network created in 2014 by The Stellar Development Foundation or Stellar.org. The network officially launched in 2015 with the purpose of connecting the world's financial systems and ensuring a protocol for payment providers and financial institutions. The platform is designed to move financial resources swiftly and reliably at minimal cost. Stellar links people, banks, payment processors and allows users to create, send and trade multiple types of crypto.

The basis of the network is its native digital currency - XLM or Lumens. XLM acts as an intermediate currency for operations and is also used to pay transaction fees. How it works: the protocol converts money in a few seconds, first into XLM, and then into the requested currency.

The Stellar payment protocol is based on distributed ledger technology -- an open-source development, community-owned and distributed by community. The crypto asset of the Stellar platform helps with cross-border transactions, overcoming the problems of high fees and slow procedures. XLM is more focused on assisting individuals transfer money than they are with institutions. Thus, Stellar offers access to financial systems, and people can send money at low cost and promptly around the world.

Moreover, Stellar serves as a decentralized exchange and marketplace, with a built-in order book that tracks ownership of Stellar assets. Platform users can manage buy/sell orders, as well as select and set their preferred assets in settlements. XLM is a built-in coin that helps reduce transaction fees.

The network maintains a high level of security.  XLM holders must have at least one token in order to remain active on the network. This nuance performs a global goal - the execution of network transactions efficiently and with minimal time costs. Plus, Lumens offers protection against flood attacks by making microtransactions too expensive for hackers with no chance of profit, which keeps Stellar Network safe from serious threats.

The target audience of Stellar is the inhabitants of developing countries, ordinary users who are provided access to the global economy through fast, simple and inexpensive transactions. Stellar Network makes extensive use of Lumens to produce live convection as well as to send cash in multiple currencies; currency is sent from one peer, and the recipient can receive the amount in another currency. This feature is beneficial when a transaction is made between currencies without widely traded pairs.

Support for multi-currency transactions is another competitive advantage of Stellar, and the ability for cross-currency transactions has only enhanced processes with foreign operations. Moreover, stable speed and low transaction costs are a privilege that users receive.

This functionality is powered by a development called Anchors (a bridge between different currencies and the network), which simplifies the exchange within the network and helps speed up the whole process.

In summary, the benefits of Stellar (XLM) include: