## कुसामा (KSM) क्या है?

"पोलकाडॉट के प्रचंड चचेरे भाई" के रूप में स्व-वर्णित, कुसामा एक प्रयोगात्मक [ब्लॉकचैन](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) प्लेटफॉर्म है जिसे डेवलपर्स के लिए व्यापक रूप से [इंटरऑपरेबल](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-karura) और मापनीय ढांचा प्रदान करने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है।

कुसामा सबस्ट्रेट पर बनाया गया है — पैरिटी टेक्नोलॉजीज द्वारा विकसित एक ब्लॉकचैन बिल्डिंग किट। कुसामा का कोडबेस लगभग पोल्काडॉट जैसा ही है — सबसे सफल इंटरऑपरेबल ब्लॉकचैन में से एक।

कुसामा पर तैनात करके, तेज-तर्रार परियोजनाएं एक उच्च मापनीय, इंटरऑपरेबल शार्प नेटवर्क तक पहुंच प्राप्त करती हैं, ऐसी सुविधाओं के साथ जो कि पोलकाडॉट पर अभी तक उपलब्ध नहीं हैं। इसके लिए, कुसामा खुद को "कैनरी नेटवर्क" कह कर बुलाता है।

प्लेटफ़ॉर्म को उन डेवलपर्स के लिए एक परीक्षण स्थल प्रदान करने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है जो अपने स्वयं के ब्लॉकचैन को नया करने और तैनात करने की तलाश में हैं और इसे पोलकाडॉट पर लॉन्च करने से पहले एक प्रारंभिक नेटवर्क के रूप में इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है – हालांकि कई परियोजनाएं अपने अंतिम उत्पाद के लिए कुसामा के साथ रहना पसंद करती हैं।

कुसामा को पैराचैन की तैनाती के लिए प्रवेश के लिए कम अवरोध, सत्यापनकर्ताओं के लिए कम बांड आवश्यकताओं से लाभ होता है, और इसका उपयोग आमतौर पर शुरुआती चरण के स्टार्टअप और प्रयोग के लिए किया जाता है।

### कुसामा के संस्थापक कौन हैं?

कुसमा का निर्माण उसी टीम द्वारा किया गया था, जिसने पेरिटी टेक्नोलोजीज के नाम से जानी जाने वाली कंपनी पोल्काडॉट बनाई थी। इसके संस्थापक डॉ. गेविन वुड हैं, जो एक विश्व-प्रसिद्ध कंप्यूटर वैज्ञानिक और प्रोग्रामर हैं, जिन्होंने एथेरियम की सह-स्थापना भी की थी।

पैरिटी टेक्नोलोजीज की एक व्यापक टीम है जिसमें दुनिया के कुछ सबसे सफल ब्लॉकचैन इंजीनियर शामिल हैं, और दुनिया भर में इसके कुल मिलाकर 100 से अधिक कर्मचारी हैं।

इसके अलावा, कुसामा को वेब3 फाउंडेशन के अनुदान से वित्त पोषित किया जाता है, जिसे "विकेन्द्रीकृत वेब सॉफ्टवेयर प्रोटोकॉल के क्षेत्र में प्रौद्योगिकियों और अनुप्रयोगों का पोषण और प्रबंधन" करने में मदद करने के लिए लॉन्च किया गया था। वेब3 फाउंडेशन अपनी विकास टीम की बदौलत कुसामा को अनुसंधान और सामुदायिक विकास का भी समर्थन देता है।

### वो क्या है जो कुसामा को खास बनाता है?

ब्लॉकचैन प्लेटफार्मों के बीच कुसामा असामान्य है क्योंकि यह मुख्य रूप से उन डेवलपर्स के लिए बनाया गया है जो विकास की तेज गति वाली बोल्ड, महत्वाकांक्षी परियोजनाओं को लॉन्च करना चाहते हैं।

यह एक मल्टी0-चैन, विषम-धारित डिज़ाइन पर बनाया गया है जो नामांकित प्रूफ-ऑफ-स्टेक (NPoS) [सर्वसम्मति](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus) प्रणाली का उपयोग करता है — कई अन्य ब्लॉकचेन द्वारा नियोजित ऊर्जा गहन [प्रूफ-ऑफ-वर्क](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake) (POW) योजना का एक वैकल्पिक आम सहमति तंत्र।

यह प्रणाली इसे बिना फोर्क के तेजी से ऑन-चैन अपग्रेड करने में सक्षम बनाती है, और कुसामा नेटवर्क पर अन्य पैराचैन के साथ संचार को सक्षम करने के लिए क्रॉस-चैन मैसेज पासिंग (XCMP) का समर्थन करती है।

पोलकाडॉट की तरह, कुसामा में चैन पर शासन की क्षमताएं हैं। यह ऑन-चैन शासन विकेंद्रीकृत और अनुमति-रहित दोनों ही है, यह कुसामा (KSM) टोकन या पैराचैन टोकन रखने वाले किसी भी व्यक्ति को इससे संबंधित शासन प्रस्तावों पर वोट करने की अनुमति देता है, जिसमें पुटकीय उन्नयन, प्रोटोकॉल में बदलाव और फीचर संबंधी अनुरोध शामिल हो सकते हैं। यह ऑन-चेन शासन प्रक्रिया पोलकाडॉट द्वारा पेश की गई प्रक्रिया की तुलना में लगभग चार गुना तेज है, जिसमें केवल 15 दिनों की संयुक्त मतदान और अधिनियमन अवधि है – जिससे कुसामा पर निर्मित परियोजनाओं के लिए विकास की गति तेज होती है।

यह परियोजना उन परियोजनाओं की ओर केन्द्रित है जो बिना फोर्क का कार्यान्वन करे अपडेट और सुधारों को लॉन्च करते हुए तेज गति से शुरुआत करना चाहती है — ईससे अधिकतम सामुदायिक सामंजस्य सुनिश्चित होता है।

#### संबन्धित पेज:

[पोलकाडॉट (DOT)](https://coinmarketcap.com/hi/currencies/polkadot-new/) के बारे में और पढ़ें — जो कुसमा (KSM) की तरह है, लेकिन उद्यम केंद्रित है।

[एथेरियम (ETH)](https://coinmarketcap.com/hi/currencies/ethereum/) देखें — कुसामा के प्रमुख प्रतियोगियों में से एक।

[CoinMarketCap अलेक्जेंड्रिया](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/) के साथ अपने क्रिप्टो के बेसिक्स जानें।

नवीनतम समाचारों, युक्तियों, तरकीबों और बाजार की अंतर्दृष्टि के लिए [CoinMarketCap ब्लॉग](https://blog.coinmarketcap.com/) पर जाएँ।

### कुसामा (KSM) के कितने सिक्के प्रचलन में हैं?

नवंबर 2020 तक, कुसामा के पास 8.47 मिलियन टोकन की परिसंचारी आपूर्ति है, और इसकी कुल आपूर्ति 10 मिलियन टोकन की है। कुछ अन्य ब्लॉकचैन की तरह, इसकी अधिकतम आपूर्ति निश्चित नहीं है। इसके बजाय, यह प्रति वर्ष 10% की मुद्रास्फीति दर से बढ़ती है।

KSM का जितना अनुपात [दांव पर लगा](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/staking) होता है वह खनन किए गए नए KSM टोकनों (मुद्रास्फीति के कारण) के वितरण करने की प्रक्रिया को बदल देता है। यदि सारे KSM का आधा हिस्सा दांव पर लगा है, तो कुसामा सत्यापनकर्ताओं को नए बनाए गए टोकन का 100% प्राप्त होता है, जबकि यदि यह 50% से ऊपर या नीचे रेहता है, तो कुछ मुद्रास्फीति पुरस्कार कुसामा कोश में जाएंगे।

कुसामा शुरुआत में पोलकाडॉट (DOT) टोकन बिक्री में भाग लेने वालों के लिए एक एयरड्रॉप के रूप में लॉन्च किया गया था। इन्हें 1:1 की दर से वितरित किया गया था, जबकि जिनके पास DOT नहीं था वे एक आंशिक नलिका (फ्रेक्ष्नल फोसेट) का उपयोग करके KSM प्राप्त कर सकते थे — तब से इसे बंद कर दिया गया है। पोलकाडॉट के विपरीत, कुसामा ने अपनी परिसंचारी आपूर्ति को बढ़ाने के लिए पुनर्मूल्यांकन नहीं किया है।

### कुसामा नेटवर्क सुरक्षित कैसे है?

कुसामा को नामांकित प्रूफ-ऑफ-स्टेक (NPoS) सर्वसम्मति तंत्र का उपयोग करके बनाया गया है।

यह नामांकनकर्ताओं (KSM स्टेकर्स) के नेटवर्क का उपयोग करता है जो लेनदेन सत्यापन प्रक्रिया में भाग लेने के लिए नोड्स का चुनाव करते हैं। यदि उनके सत्यापंकर्ताओं को अगले रोटेशन पर चुना जाता है तो इन नामांकित व्यक्तियों को मुद्रास्फीति इनाम का एक अंश मिलता है। सत्यापनकर्ता जो बेईमानी से कार्य करते हैं या प्रदर्शन आवश्यकताओं को पूरा नहीं करते हैं, उनकी हिस्सेदारी कम हो सकती है।

इसके अतिरिक्त, कुसामा क्रॉस-चैन लेनदेन पूरे करने के लिए मर्कल ट्री पर आधारित एक सरल कतार तंत्र का उपयोग करता है। रिले चैन सत्यापनकर्ता लेन-देन को एक पैराचेन की आउटपुट कतार से लक्षित पैराचेन की इनपुट कतार में स्थानांतरित करने के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं — यह एक सुरक्षित, भरोसेमंद प्रक्रिया है जो संदेशों को पारित करने के लिए प्रत्येक चैन पर समान सत्यापनकर्ताओं का उपयोग करती है।

### आप कुसामा (KSM) कहां से खरीद सकते हैं?

कुसामा (KSM) वर्तमान में दर्जनों लोकप्रिय एक्सचेंज प्लेटफॉर्म पर व्यापार करने के लिए उपलब्ध है, जिसमें [बाईनेंस](https://coinmarketcap.com/hi/exchanges/binance/), [ओकेएक्स](https://coinmarketcap.com/hi/exchanges/okex/) और [हुओबी ग्लोबल](https://coinmarketcap.com/hi/exchanges/huobi-global/) शामिल हैं। KSM के लिए सबसे अधिक तरल व्यापार जोड़े वर्तमान में KSM/USDT, KSM/BTC और KSM/ETH हैं।

फिएट से क्रिप्टोकरेंसी खरीदने के बारे में अधिक जानकारी प्रात करने के लिए, हमारी [व्यापक मार्गदर्शिका](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/) देखें।

यहां कुछ अन्य लेख दिए गए हैं, जिनमें आपकी रुचि हो सकती है:

* [Crypto Faucet क्या है?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-crypto-faucet)
* [क्रिप्टो डेबिट कार्ड क्या हैं?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-crypto-debit-cards)
* [वेब 3.0 क्या है?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-web-3-0)
* [यील्ड फार्मिंग(Yield Farming) क्या है?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-yield-farming)
* [क्रिप्टो ऋण(Crypto Lending) क्या है?](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-crypto-lending)

How to Add Moonriver to MetaMask

CoinMarketCap Launches Parachain Auctions Tracker

What are Parachain Slot Auctions and Crowdloans?

P2P.org

Binance

Kusama

Ledger

Trezor

Trust Wallet

Math Wallet

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

MultiversX is a blockchain protocol that offers true horizontal scalability by using all aspects of sharding (Network, Transaction & State). The project describes itself as a technology ecosystem for the new internet, which includes decentralized finance, real world assets and the Metaverse. Its smart contracts execution platform is reportedly capable of up to 100,000 transactions per second, 6-second latency and a $0.002 transaction cost.

MultiversX is governed and secured through the EGLD token. EGLD, or Electronic Gold, is MultiversX's native token. It acts as a store of value currency to pay for network usage. The coin also serves as a medium of exchange between platform users and validators. Users pay transaction fees in EGLD and validators participate in the consensus process.

EGLD allows developers to deploy smart contracts, protocols, and dApps on the platform. It empowers participants to perform any network action. Through staking and validation rewards, as well as transaction fees, EGLD manages the MultiversX network. Plus, EGLD is endowed with the functionality of a governance token, so its holders can vote on network decisions.

MultiversX

Compound is a DeFi lending protocol that allows users to earn interest on their cryptocurrencies by depositing them into one of several pools supported by the platform.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Compound.

When a user deposits tokens to a Compound pool, they receive cTokens in return. These cTokens represent the individual’s stake in the pool and can be used to redeem the underlying cryptocurrency initially deposited into the pool at any time. For example, by depositing ETH into a pool, you will receive cETH in return. Over time, the exchange rate of these cTokens to the underlying asset increases, which means you can redeem them for more of the underlying asset than you initially put in — this is how the interest is distributed.

On the flip side, borrowers can take a secured loan from any Compound pool by depositing collateral. The maximum loan-to-value (LTV) ratio varies based on the collateral asset, but currently ranges from 50 to 75%. The interest rate paid varies by borrowed asset and borrowers can face automatic liquidation if their collateral falls below a specific maintenance threshold.

Since the launch of the Compound mainnet in September 2018, the platform has skyrocketed in popularity, and recently passed more than $800 million in total locked value.

Compound

Aave

Enjin Coin is a project of Enjin, a company that provides an ecosystem of interconnected, blockchain-based gaming products. Enjin's flagship offering is the Enjin Network, a social gaming platform through which users can create websites and clans, chat, and host virtual item stores.

Enjin allows game developers to tokenize in-game items on the Ethereum blockchain. It uses Enjin Coin, an ERC-20 token, to back the digital assets issued using its platform, meaning that items can be bought, sold and traded with real-world value.

Enjin Coin was first announced in July 2017, and it launched on the Ethereum mainnet in June 2018.

Enjin Coin (ENJ) is a digital store of value used to back the value of blockchain assets like non-fungible tokens (NFTs).
Every asset minted with the Enjin Platform contains ENJ, a minting resource which is locked inside NFTs and removed from circulation. Minting blockchain assets with ENJ provides a variety of benefits to creators and users:

Infuses them with a reserve value

Ensures their transparency and scarcity

Gives them instant liquidity

Provides utility in games and apps

Anti-inflationary

Enjin's "melting" functionality allows users to destroy their blockchain assets at any time to retrieve the ENJ value from within.

The Enjin blockchain ecosystem aims to offer software products that make it easy for everyone to develop, trade, monetize, and market with blockchain.

Founded in 2009, Enjin has roots in the gaming industry, with the company’s first product, a gaming community platform called the Enjin Network, growing to 20 million users over the course of a decade.

In 2017 following an ICO, Enjin established itself as a leading blockchain ecosystem developer, building a suite of software products that enable anyone to easily mint, manage, trade, distribute, and integrate blockchain assets.

Enjin’s co-founder Witek Radomski wrote the code for one of the first ever non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and is also the co-author of the ERC-1155 Ethereum token standard.

Built on top of an on-chain infrastructure, the Enjin ecosystem enables game developers and businesses of all sizes to use tokenized digital assets as part of their acquisition, retention, engagement, and monetization strategies. The Enjin ecosystem is fueled by Enjin Coin (ENJ), a cryptocurrency used to back the value of blockchain assets.

Enjin Coin

Harmony is a blockchain platform designed to facilitate the creation and use of decentralized applications (DApps). The network aims to innovate the way decentralized applications work by focusing on random state sharding, which allows creating blocks in seconds.

According to the project’s website, Harmony is expected to introduce cross-shard contracts and a cross-chain infrastructure by the end of 2021.

Harmony

Moonriver is an Ethereum-compatible, smart-contract parachain on Kusama. It is intended to be a companion network to Moonbeam, where it will provide a permanently incentivized canary network. New code will ship to Moonriver first, where it can be tested and verified under real economic conditions. Once proven, the same code will ship to Moonbeam on Polkadot.

It does this by providing a full EVM implementation, a Web3-compatible API, and bridges that connect Moonriver to existing Ethereum networks.

This allows developers to deploy existing Solidity smart contracts and DApp frontends to Moonriver with minimal changes.

Moonriver

Theta Network

Flow

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

Moonbeam is an Ethereum-compatible smart contract parachain on Polkadot. Moonbeam makes it easy to use popular Ethereum developer tools to build or redeploy Solidity projects in a Substrate-based environment.

Moonbeam is much more than just an EVM implementation: it’s a highly specialized parachain that mirrors Ethereum’s Web3 RPC, accounts, keys, subscriptions, logs, and more. The Moonbeam platform extends the base Ethereum feature set with additional features such as on-chain governance, staking, and cross-chain integrations.

Moonbeam’s Ethereum compatibility is unmatched:

Minimal Changes: developers can use existing Solidity smart contracts right away, with no need to rewrite or reconfigure

Use Existing Developer Tools: connect popular tools like MetaMask, Hardhat, Waffle, Remix, and Truffle via a complete set of Web3 RPC endpoints. Use well-known Javascript libraries such as Web3.Js or Ethers.Js.

Unified Accounts, Addresses, and Signatures: use your existing Ethereum H160 accounts & ECDSA signatures to interact with Moonbeam

Tap into the Most Integrations on Polkadot: use existing oracles, bridges, wallets, and other tools that are already building on Moonbeam

Moonbeam provides integration and connectivity between Polkadot Parachains as well as with other chains such as Ethereum and Bitcoin via bridges. Moonbeam was started in 2019 by Derek Yoo of Pure Stake.

Moonbeam

Tezos is a high-performing blockchain and open-source platform for assets and applications, with a strong focus on code security, on-chain governance, and decentralization. Tezos 2.0, the upcoming step in the evolution of Tezos, aims to improve scalability (via layer 2s), composability, and to implement support to mainstream programming languages (like Javascript, Typescript, Python, and many others).

Initially built with formal verification in mind, the Tezos protocol enables builders to avoid bugs when developing smart contracts, making it particularly suited to applications that require a high degree of security and certainty.

Tezos’ LPoS (Liquid Proof-of-Stake) consensus mechanism enables any stakeholder to take part, directly or by delegation, in the consensus process, and to be rewarded for securing the network. Rather uniquely, Tezos’ on-chain governance system also enables stakeholders to create and vote on protocol upgrade proposals. This pioneering system allows the protocol to self-amend and upgrade itself without leading to a split (or fork) in the blockchain, empowering the community without slowing down innovation.

First proposed in 2014 and launched in 2018, the Tezos Mainnet has a proven track record of running uninterrupted ever since, having earned a strong reputation for technical excellence and a supportive community.

Tezos

Algorand is a self-sustaining, decentralized, blockchain-based network that supports a wide range of applications. These systems are secure, scalable and efficient, all critical properties for effective applications in the real world. Algorand will support computations that require reliable performance guarantees to create new forms of trust.

The Algorand mainnet became live in June 2019, and was able to handle almost 1 million transactions per day as of December 2020. Algorand transaction metrics can be viewed here. Algorand initial coin offering (ICO) was held in June 2019, with the Algorand price of $0.24 per token.

Algorand

Uniswap is a popular decentralized trading protocol, known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.

An example of an automated market maker (AMM), Uniswap launched in November 2018, but has gained considerable popularity this year thanks to the DeFi phenomenon and associated surge in token trading.

Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated and completely open to anyone who holds tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.

Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding the problems which plagued the first decentralized exchanges.

In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating and awarding its own governance token, UNI, to past users of the protocol. This added both profitability potential and the ability for users to shape its future — an attractive aspect of decentralized entities.

Uniswap

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

SushiSwap (SUSHI) is an example of an automated market maker (AMM). An increasingly popular tool among cryptocurrency users, AMMs are decentralized exchanges which use smart contracts to create markets for any given pair of tokens.

SushiSwap launched in September 2020 as a fork of Uniswap, the AMM which has become synonymous with the decentralized finance (DeFi) movement and associated trading boom in DeFi tokens.

SushiSwap aims to diversify the AMM market and also add additional features not previously present on Uniswap, such as increased rewards for network participants via its in-house token, SUSHI.

SushiSwap

Pancakeswap was originally built on the BNB Chain and allows users to trade tokens without using a centralized exchange. It provides an array of products, such as:

An exchange to swap tokens

A yield farm to earn rewards

Syrup pools to stake CAKE tokens

Ethereum liquid staking (wBETH) and simple staking

Pancake Protectors game

v3 position manager (new feature)

A prediction market

Initial Farm Offering (IFO) token launches

A bridge to bridge CAKE to Ethereum and Aptos

A lottery

An NFT marketplace

Pancakeswap innovates quickly and ships new products regularly. In April 2023, PancakeSwap voted to transition to a deflationary token model called "Ultrasound CAKE." The protocol passed a proposal called CAKE Tokenomics v2.5 to create a structure combining real yield (no supply impact) and reduced token emissions. Over 102% of minted CAKE is burned weekly. This is intended to provide a multi-year runway for emissions and incentivize locking up CAKE, making the token more valuable long-term.

PancakeSwap has an anonymous team of “Chefs,” working in the PancakeSwap “Kitchen.” The platform is open-source and has been audited by multiple reputable blockchain security firms like Peckshield and Slowmist.

Although the bear market has impacted TVL and trading volume for the protocol, PancakeSwap still boasts an annualized revenue of $27 million, with 42% of CAKE is staked:

PancakeSwap

Axie Infinity is a blockchain-based trading and battling game that is partially owned and operated by its players.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Axie Infinity.

Inspired by popular games like Pokémon and Tamagotchi, Axie Infinity allows players to collect, breed, raise, battle and trade token-based creatures known as Axies.

These Axies can take various forms, and there are more than 500 different body parts available, including aquatic, beast, bird, bug, plant and reptile parts. Parts from each type class come in four different rarity scales: common, rare, ultra rare and legendary — and Axies can have any combination of body parts, making them highly variable and often rare and unique.

Each Axie is a non-fungible token (NFT) with different attributes and strengths and can be entered into 3v3 battles, with the winning team earning more experience (exp) points that are used to level up an Axie's stats or evolve their body parts. These Axies can be bred together to produce new and unique offspring, which can be used or sold on the Axie marketplace.

The Axie Infinity ecosystem also has its own unique governance token, known as Axie Infinity Shards (AXS). These are used to participate in key governance votes and will give holders a say in how funds in the Axie Community Treasury are spent.