These Tokens Went Berserk and It Didn’t End Well

# What is CENNZnet?
CENNZnet is a New Zealand built public blockchain network which powers decentralised applications (DApps) and the crypto currency CENNZ and CPAY. It's a user-first dapp platform which makes blockchain based services accessible for first time builders and end users so that everyone can enjoy the increased network transparency, data privacy and reliability that decentralisation offers.

# How does CENNZnet work?
# 
## The dual token economy

CENNZnet uses a unique dual token system in order to help developers, users and token holders get the best from the network. 

CENNZnet has 2 tokens: 

**CENNZ** - the staking token which works separately to block rewards. This means it can increase in value without impacting the cost of using the network. This is important so the price of CENNZ can continue to increase without impacting the amount developers and users pay to use DApps. 

**CPAY** is the gas in the network and is used to pay transaction fees. It is also a block reward payment in staking. It’s designed to be algorithmically stable, so it will retain a steady value. This means developers creating DApps on the network can easily predict the cost of their application, and stakers can easily predict the value of their stake.

## Consensus mechanism: Proof of Stake

CENNZnet uses a Proof of Stake consensus mechanism. This is where node operators hold, or stake, their tokens in a particular wallet as collateral against their promise to perform their duties correctly. If they do perform their duties correctly they receive a reward in our CPAY token. If they do not then the staked tokens are slashed, or fined. Other token holders can also stake their tokens against node operators (validators) of their choosing in order to receive a portion of the CPAY reward. 

This system helps to secure the network by incentivising the community to follow protocol and prevent attacks. 

## Governance

CENNZnet functions 100% on-chain using blockchain’s built in voting mechanisms. In CENNZnet governance, validators and node operators are required to vote on proposals using a direct voting mechanism (similar to direct democracy) to achieve consensus. Voting results are governed algorithmically and their automatic execution is built directly into the protocol. The winning decisions then automatically integrated into the chain. 

# CENNZnet pre-built runtime modules
# 
DApp builders have access to core CENNZnet modules which provide the building blocks to common functions required for DApp users.

## NFT

Using the CENNZnet NFT module users can mint and sell NFTs on CENNZnet without ever needing to touch a smart contract. Instead, they can create custom NFTs using just a Javascript API or point and click with a UI.

## CENNZX

CENNZX is a spot exchange module which enables a seamless fee payment experience on CENNZnet and makes token exchange instant and easy. The CENNZX Spot eliminates rent extraction and centralised services while prioritising decentralisation, usability and security.

## Generic Asset

Generic Asset protocol enables CENNZnet’s multicurrency economy. The module allows transaction fees to be paid in any asset, provided there’s liquidity in the CENNZX in-chain GAS exchange. CENNZX will then seamlessly convert the asset into the official gas token, CPAY. This streamlines onboarding and in-app experience by eliminating the need for new users to learn about different token types and simply opting for their favoured currency. 

## Doughnut

The Doughnut module is the secret sauce of the CENNZnet blockchain. Doughnuts are proofs of delegation between two or more cryptographic keypairs. They allow us to prove that one address delegates something to another address and allows permissions and rules to be carried between different networks without the need for a centralised server. This supports user data privacy whilst maintaining a good user experience. 

## Attestation

CENNZnet Attestations protocol provides on-chain claim registry for digital identity use cases. This allows personal data to be protected to reduce security risks. 

CENNZnet

sUSD is a synthetic USD token enabled by the Synthetix protocol. It tracks the price of the US Dollar through price feeds supplied by Chainlink’s decentralized network of oracles. sUSD is integrated across the DeFi ecosystem as one of the most liquid decentralized stablecoins, including at Curve. It can be traded without slippage for other assets native to the Synthetix protocol at Kwenta or Synthetix.Exchange.

sUSD

MediBloc (MED) is a South Korean-based decentralized blockchain protocol for the healthcare industry through which medical institutions can securely transfer, collect, store and manage data. With MediBloc, physicians can access patient information, medical history, prescribed medication, insurance issues and more. MediBloc makes medical data more accessible by allowing everyone involved to track and record medical conditions, appointments, examinations, treatments and more.

The ecosystem is built on three key elements: MediBloc Core (a layer for storing data and providing additional storage), MediBloc Application (a layer for accessing and managing data through various applications), and MediBloc Service (a layer applying smart contract technology that connects the other layers and allowing input and output of data).

The platform offers three categories of accounts: for general users (patients), healthcare providers (doctors and medical institutions) and data scientists, the latter two require proof of their accreditation. The project is aimed at improving the quality of medical services and infrastructure by optimizing information storage processes and giving users sovereignty over their own data. MediBloc is compliant with the HIPAA Security Rule, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.

MediBloc

Function X is mirroring traditional financial products on the Function X network and creating decentralized financial products and a decentralized trading system. It is a highly customizable and expandable multi-chain architecture blockchain network (subnets) that can meet different business needs.

Function X

MiL.k

ABBC is a blockchain platform that enables secure payment transactions, helping to facilitate retail adoption of cryptocurrencies and make shopping online with digital assets a safer, more enjoyable experience for end-users.

The platform offers three main products: a multi-platform wallet capable of supporting Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH), in addition to a variety of other native cryptocurrencies and ERC-20 tokens; an online shopping application that can be used to shop at over 50 online retailers with cryptocurrencies; and a cryptocurrency exchange platform that offers secure trading and low transaction fees.

The ABBC Coin was created to give holders the ability to govern the development of the ABBC platform by delegating voting power to chosen block producers (BPs) — who are then able to vote on governance proposals. These governance proposals can be on a range of topics but might include launching strategic partnerships, implementing new features or expanding ABBC's services to new regions. Beyond this, ABBC Coins were created as a reward system for online shoppers and can be staked for regular rewards.

ABBC is currently based on the EOSIO blockchain, which enables it to achieve up to 5,000 transactions per second (TPS) while remaining environmentally friendly due to its energy-efficient delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism.

ABBC Coin was initially known as Alibabacoin but changed its name in March 2019 following a dispute with Chinese multinational e-commerce giant Alibaba.

ABBC Coin

CyberVein's big-data solution is based on the PISR (private, interlink, secure, robust) distributed database, database operations are stored on CyberVein blockchain network which runs on a Proof-of-Contribution (PoC) consensus mechanism. The solution is focusing on enterprise-level "blockchain + big-data" customized services.

CVT is the native utility token that is used for:

Storage payment: The data owner pays the corresponding storage fee based on the file size and bandwidth consumed in such a process.

Computing power payment: Payments from user to owner for usage, and remuneration for software developers is going to be exclusively conducted in CVT.

Data exchange: On CyberVein's federated learning platform, the data acquirer trades the data at a price contracted between the two parties for distributed modeling applications.

CROSS NFT issuance payment: Dapp businesses are obligated to pay for Storage and Data Exchange in light of network resources occupied, and may set up CyberVein token as a means of payment to issue NFT or conduct business in accordance to their desired business model.

CyberVein tools include:

PISR Consortium database, creates better data management: through safe and reliable virtual machine operation and maintenance of user data, data is efficiently aggregated for upstream data, and data traceability and tracking are realized to ensure the reliability of data sources and outputs, and achieve cross-level, cross-departmental data sharing to improve the timeliness, diversity, stock and density of data to realize the commercial value of data, and truly solve the problems in data flow.

DAG storage chain, creates safer data storage, with better efficiency, no block confirmation, low transaction fees, and also eliminates miner, supports asynchronous verification and parallel processing of each node, the more nodes, the faster the speed, the stronger the scalability, which leads to better scalability. The database backup on DAG storage chain provides an extra layer of security for businesses.

Cytrix, allows GPU to be shared. Nodes can contribute part of their GPU to the network, in return for compensation through the Proof of Contribution mechanism. The contributed GPU can aid enterprises or individuals in data modeling with federated learning.

Federated Learning Platform, enables data to be monetized. Federated Learning is a distributed machine learning workflow. The datasets are first trained locally, and the data of all parties is kept locally, without revealing privacy or violating regulations.  Individual terminals return trained models to the server to create a shared model. Effectively protect data privacy and security, solve the problem of information silo, and thus realize the value of data. The platform will also provide algorithms to support data modeling operations by enterprises and individuals.

CyberVein

BitShares Blockchain is a decentralized “Blockchain as Organization” (BaO); an industrial-grade decentralized open source platform built to run high-performance financial technology operations. It represents the first decentralized autonomous decentralized community that enables its core utility token (BTS) holders to decide the Blockchain future direction in order to develop and maintain a wide range of decentralized financial technology products, features and functions. BitShares Blockchain is a Blockchain that permanently records financial technology operations between different Blockchain accounts and facilitates a wide range of access controls across BitShares Blockchain user financial means.

BitShares Blockchain is a technology that supports the digital generation entrepreneurs, investors, and developers with a common interest in building and participating in free market solutions by leveraging the power of globally decentralized consensus and decision making. Consensus technology has the power to do for economics what the internet did for information. It can harness the combined power of all humanity to coordinate the discovery and aggregation of real-time knowledge, previously unobtainable. This knowledge can be used to more effectively coordinate the allocation of resources toward their most productive and valuable use.

BitShares looks to extend the innovation of the Blockchain to all industries that rely upon the internet to provide their services. Whether its banking, stock exchanges, lotteries, voting, music, auctions or many others, a digital public ledger allows for the creation of distributed autonomous companies (or BaO) that provide better quality services at a fraction of the cost incurred by their more traditional, centralized counterparts. The advent of (BaO) ushers in a new paradigm in organizational structure in which companies can run without any human management and under the control of an incorruptible set of business rules. These rules are encoded in publicly auditable open source software distributed across the computers of the companies’ shareholders, who effortlessly secure the company from arbitrary control. BitShares does for business what bitcoin did for money by utilizing distributed consensus technology to create companies that are inherently global, transparent, trustworthy, efficient and most importantly profitable.

BitShares has went through many changes and has done its best to stay on top of Blockchain technology. BitShares is using Consensus as the mechanism by which organized people decide upon unitary rational action. While not considered technology in the traditional since, consensus “technology” is the basis of democratic governance and the coordination of free market activity first coined by Adam Smith as the “Invisible Hand.” The process of consensus decision-making allows for all participants to consent upon a resolution of action even if not the favored course of action for each individual participant. Bitcoin was the first system to integrate a fully decentralized consensus method with the modern technology of the internet and peer-to-peer networks in order to more efficiently facilitate the transfer of value through electronic communication. The proof-of-work structure that secures and maintains the Bitcoin network is one manner of organizing individuals who do not necessarily trust one another to act in the best interest of all participants of the network. The BitShares ecosystem employs Delegated Proof of Stake in order to find efficient solutions to distributed consensus decision making.

BitShares

WaykiChain

ThunderCore

Celo Dollar

Hifi (formerly Mainframe) is a Lending Protocol that allows anyone to borrow against their crypto. Hifi uses a bond-like instrument, representing an on-chain obligation that settles on a specific future date. Buying and selling the tokenized debt enables fixed-rate, fixed term lending and borrowing — something much needed in decentralized finance today. It is anticipated that a ticker symbol change will occur alongside future iterations on the Hifi Lending Protocol.

Mainframe Token (MFT) is the native utility token that is used for:

Governance votes

Staking to ensure the safety of the protocol

Rewarding contributors to the ecosystem

What can you do with the Hifi Lending Protocol:

Borrow:  Lock collateral in a vault to mint fixed-rate, fixed-term debt tokens.  These debt tokens can be swapped for instant liquidity allowing users to leverage long, yield farm, or pursue other strategic trades without selling their collateral tokens.

Lend:  Buy fixed-rate, fixed-term debt tokens for a discount.  When the term expires they can be redeemed for face value, earning lenders a predictable return on their investment.

Provide Liquidity:  Earn trading fees by providing liquidity between debt tokens and stablecoins on an Automated Market Maker (AMM).

Mainframe

Billed as a "network of decentralized markets and communities," district0x is a platform that allows users to easily launch their own decentralized platforms which are governed by a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) structure.

Each of these platforms is termed a “district” and can be launched free of charge on the district0x. The ecosystem is powered by the custom d0xINFRA framework, which provides a set of basic smart contracts and libraries users can use when building out their districts — enabling a wide array of potential use-cases.

The native token of the district0x ecosystem is DNT — an ERC-20 utility token that is mostly used for community governance.

The platform uses a combination of three main technologies: Ethereum, Aragon and the InterPlanetary File Transfer Protocol (IPFS).

The Ethereum blockchain is used for hosting districts, whereas Aragon is used as the governance layer for the district0x network, allowing DNT stakers to benefit from governance rights and help shape the development and operation of their chosen districts. Lastly, IPFS is used for serving the district0x website source code and for user uploads within districts.

district0x

Peercoin, also known as PPC or Peer-to-Peer Coin, was created by Sunny King and his team and launched in August 2012. It is the first blockchain to implement Proof-of-Stake consensus.

The primary inspiration behind the creation of Peercoin was to address a number of perceived shortcomings of Bitcoin, including energy efficiency, security and sustainability, decentralization and long-term viability.

Essentially it was designed as an enhanced replacement for Bitcoin. As such, it was originally forked from Bitcoin and uses the same UTXO style blockchain. However, Peercoin's code was modified to introduce Proof-of-Stake as its primary consensus protocol. The next section explains how this makes for a better blockchain.

Given that Peercoin uses most of the same code, it can easily port new features from Bitcoin and utilize any of the supporting infrastructure, including tech advancements like Taproot or Lightning Network. Peercoin is the only Proof-of-Stake blockchain that uses modern Bitcoin code, making it the perfect drop-in replacement.

Peercoin also has a dedicated community, is actively developed, fairly distributed, has low barriers of participation, can do everything that Bitcoin does, minus the 13 TWh of energy usage, and it's not a scam.

Peercoin

v.systems

BitKan

QuarkChain

Populous is a network designed to offer small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) invoice liquidity for up to 90 days. Launched in 2017, Populous is designed to enable peer-to-peer (P2P) interaction between enterprises, boost liquidity and solve problems with working capital for SMEs.

By relying on blockchain technology and smart contracts, the Populous network facilitates decentralized communication between businesses and allows them to share liquidity pools. According to the network’s official whitepaper, there is a need for liquidity in the sector, and Populous is trying to bring the solution. By providing short-term liquidity to enterprises through P2P lending, the network gives enterprises quick access to capital, which cannot be achieved by waiting for customers to settle invoices.

Populous

Bytom

MixMarvel

Kleros (PNK) is a decentralized dispute resolution project that launched in July 2018. It is an open-source online dispute resolution protocol that uses blockchain and crowdsourcing to adjudicate disputes fairly.

Kleros offers a middleman service for decentralized applications (DApps) and their users. If the service provided by the application does not create a dispute, Kleros acts as a trustless third-party service for payment.

When a dispute does occur, however, each party can apply for arbitration through the Kleros arbitrators that are selected from the owners of PNK tokens. PNK is an Ethereum-based ERC-20 utility token with a fixed supply.

At this point, the jurors can make a decision that will favor either party. The arbitration fees are distributed to all arbitrators in the form of ETH; jurors who have issued a minority decision lose part of their PNK tokens for the benefit of the majority of jurors. This decision can be appealed, at a cost. The stated mission of Kleros is to offer easier access to justice and improve individual freedom.

Kleros charges a cost that is payable in ETH and is provided by the parties to the dispute or drawn from the funds previously locked in escrow.