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Coincheck Hack - One of The Biggest Crypto Hacks in History

## Τι Είναι το NEM (XEM);

Το NEM (Νέο Οικονομικό Κίνημα) είναι ένα οικοσύστημα πλατφορμών που χρησιμοποιούν [blockchain](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) και κρυπτογραφία για να παρέχουν λύσεις σε επιχειρήσεις και ιδιώτες. Το XEM είναι το εγγενές κρυπτονόμισμα του δημόσιου blockchain NIS1 του NEM.

Το NIS1 λειτουργεί με παρόμοιο τρόπο με το Bitcoin ([BTC](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/currencies/bitcoin/)): έχει ένα δίκτυο κατανεμημένων ανεξάρτητων κόμβων που επεξεργάζονται και καταγράφουν συναλλαγές σε ένα δημόσιο βιβλίο που ονομάζεται «blockchain». Αυτοί οι κόμβοι έχουν κίνητρα να συνεισφέρουν τον χρόνο και τους υπολογιστικούς τους πόρους και παραμένουν αδιάφθοροι μέσω ανταμοιβών τελών συναλλαγής· αυτές οι ανταμοιβές καταβάλλονται σε νομίσματα XEM σε κάθε κόμβο που καταφέρνει να προσθέσει ένα νέο μπλοκ συναλλαγών στο τέλος του blockchain.

Ωστόσο, το blockchain του NIS1 έχει μια σειρά από μοναδικά χαρακτηριστικά που το ξεχωρίζουν από το Bitcoin και τα περισσότερα άλλα κρυπτονομίσματα.

Η άλφα έκδοση του NIS1 — ή NEM όπως ήταν γνωστό εκείνη την εποχή — κυκλοφόρησε στις 25 Ιουνίου 2014 και το κεντρικό του δίκτυο ξεκίνησε τη λειτουργία του στις 31 Μαρτίου 2015.

### Ποιοι Είναι οι Ιδρυτές του NEM;

Το NEM δημιουργήθηκε αρχικά από τρεις προγραμματιστές γνωστούς με τα ψευδώνυμά τους στο φόρουμ Bitcointalk.org: Jaguar0625, BloodyRookie και gimre. Από την έναρξή του το 2014-2015, το NEM έχει εξελιχθεί από ένα προσωπικό έργο τριών προγραμματιστών σε ένα μεγάλο οικοσύστημα που αποτελείται από πολλές πλατφόρμες.

Την συνολική ανάπτυξη και προώθηση του NEM διαχειρίζεται πλέον το Ίδρυμα NEM, που είναι εγγεγραμμένο στη Σιγκαπούρη. Τα ιδρυτικά μέλη του Ιδρύματος είναι οι Erik Van Himbergen, Jeff McDonald, Lon Wong και Leon Yeoh.

Ο Erik Van Himbergen είναι επιχειρηματίας από το Βέλγιο. Σπούδασε οικονομικά επιχειρήσεων στο πανεπιστήμιο KU Leuven, λογιστική και εταιρικά οικονομικά στο EHSAL Management School και μηχανική λογισμικού στο Πανεπιστήμιο της Αμβέρσας. Εκτός από τη συνίδρυση του Ιδρύματος NEM — το οποίο άφησε τον Απρίλιο του 2020 — ο Van Himbergen ίδρυσε την συμβουλευτική και υπηρεσιών πληροφορικής εταιρεία Manitpro BV.

Ο Jeff McDonald έλαβε τα πτυχία του στην ψυχολογία και τη θρησκειολογία στο Πανεπιστήμιο της Οκλαχόμα και στο Πανεπιστήμιο του Κάνσας αντίστοιχα. Ο McDonald εργάζεται στο NEM ως μέρος της βασικής της ομάδας πριν, ακόμα, από την κυκλοφορία του έργου. Πριν ενταχθεί στο NEM, εργάστηκε ως επίκουρος καθηγητής στο Πανεπιστήμιο Keimyung στη Νότια Κορέα.

Ο Lon Wong, ένας Αυστραλός επιχειρηματίας, έλαβε την εκπαίδευσή του ως ηλεκτρολόγος μηχανικός στο Πανεπιστήμιο της Νέας Νότιας Ουαλίας. Μετά την αποχώρησή του από το Ίδρυμα NEM τον Απρίλιο του 2018, ο Wong ήταν επικεφαλής δύο εταιρειών που ο ίδιος συνίδρυσε: την υπηρεσία πλατφορμών blockchain Dragonfly Fintech και την πλατφόρμα ανάπτυξης υποδομής blockchain ProximaX.

### Τι Κάνει το NEM Μοναδικό;

Το XEM είναι ένα αποκεντρωμένο κρυπτονόμισμα ανοιχτού κώδικα που έχει μια σειρά από μοναδικά χαρακτηριστικά.

Ίσως το πιο σημαντικό από αυτά είναι ο τρόπος με τον οποίο ασφαλίζεται το blockchain NIS1. Το NIS1 χρησιμοποιεί τον δικό του αλγόριθμο απόδειξης σημαντικότητας (PoI) — σε αντίθεση με τους πολύ πιο διαδεδομένους [απόδειξης εργασίας και απόδειξης συμμετοχής](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake) — για να διασφαλίσει ότι οι συναλλαγές στο δίκτυο διεκπεραιώνονται και καταγράφονται έγκαιρα και με ειλικρινή τρόπο.

Η απόδειξη σημαντικότητας επιτρέπει σε οποιονδήποτε να εκτελέσει έναν κόμβο στο δίκτυο NIS1 και να διευκολύνει τις συναλλαγές μέσω μιας διαδικασίας που ονομάζεται «εξουσιοδοτημένη συγκομιδή» (delegated harvesting). Το σύστημα λαμβάνει υπόψη την ποσότητα των ήδη κατεχόμενων νομισμάτων κάθε κόμβου, πόσο συχνά πραγματοποιούν συναλλαγές στο δίκτυο και με ποιους συναλλάσσονται, προκειμένου να προσεγγίσει τη «βαθμολογία σημαντικότητάς» τους στην οικονομία της NEM. Με βάση αυτήν τη βαθμολογία, οι κόμβοι λαμβάνουν στη συνέχεια ένα μερίδιο των τελών από τις συναλλαγές που έχουν διεκπεραιώσει.

Το NEM ισχυρίζεται ότι το σύστημα απόδειξης σημαντικότητας διασφαλίζει ότι το δίκτυο μπορεί να εντοπίσει και να ανταμείψει αυτούς που το χρησιμοποιούν στην πραγματικότητα περισσότερο.

Εκτός από τον μοναδικό αλγόριθμο PoI, το NIS1 υποστηρίζει επίσης χαρακτηριστικά όπως συμβόλαια λογαριασμού πολλαπλών υπογραφών, κρυπτογραφημένα μηνύματα, το σύστημα φήμης Eigentrust++ και την υπηρεσία Apostille για κρυπτογραφική επαλήθευση και έλεγχο της αυθεντικότητας των αρχείων σε blockchain.

Μια άλλη σημαντική αγορά για το NIS1 είναι οι λύσεις σε επίπεδο επιχειρήσεων: μέσω ενός ειδικά σχεδιασμένου συστήματος API, το NEM δίνει τη δυνατότητα στους προγραμματιστές να ενσωματώσουν την υποδομή blockchain της σε εφαρμογές τρίτων.

#### Σχετικές σελίδες:

Μάθε περισσότερα για τα κρυπτονομίσματα στη νέα εκπαιδευτική πλατφόρμα [Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/categories/crypto-basics) του CoinMarketCap.

Ρίξε μια ματιά στο [Blog](https://blog.coinmarketcap.com/) του CMC.

### Πόσα Νομίσματα NEM [XEM] Υπάρχουν σε Κυκλοφορία;

Η συνολική προσφορά του XEM είναι 8,999 δισεκατομμύρια νομίσματα, τα οποία δημιουργήθηκαν από την έναρξη του δικτύου — δεν μπορεί να εξορυχθεί νέο XEM. Οι κόμβοι δικτύου κινητοποιούνται να επεξεργάζονται συναλλαγές μέσω της κατανομής τελών για τις συναλλαγές που περιλαμβάνονται σε κάθε νέο μπλοκ.

### Πώς Διασφαλίζεται το Δίκτυο NEM;

Για να ασφαλίσει το δίκτυό του, το NEM χρησιμοποιεί το σύστημα υπογραφής δημόσιου κλειδιού Ed25519 και τον αλγόριθμο κατακερματισμού SHA3.

### Πού Μπορείς να Αγοράσεις NEM [XEM];

Τα ζεύγη συναλλαγών XEM είναι διαθέσιμα σε μια σειρά από μεγάλα χρηματιστήρια κρυπτονομισμάτων, όπως:

* [Zaif](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/exchanges/zaif/)
* [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/exchanges/binance/)
* [OKEx](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/exchanges/okex/)
* [HitBTC](https://coinmarketcap.com/el/exchanges/hitbtc/)

Ledger

Trezor

Trust Wallet

Math Wallet

NEM Wallet

Safepal

Atomic wallet

Qtum (pronounced ‘“quantum”)  is a proof-of-stake (PoS) smart contract open-source blockchain platform and value transfer protocol. It aims to bring together the strengths of Bitcoinand Ethereumin one chain. Qtum is built on Bitcoin's UTXO transaction model, with the added functionality of smart contract execution and DApps. Recently, the platform added support for DeFi applications. As of March 2021, there are more than 20 tokens created on the Qtum blockchain.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Qtum.

The project was announced in March 2016 and held an ICO a year after, in March 2017, which brought its founders $15 million USD. The Qtum main chain was released on Sept.13, 2017. Initially, the Qtum coin was issued as a ETH-20 token, but with the launch of the mainnet, it was converted to native blockchain.

Qtum

Ontology is a project designed to bring trust, privacy, and security to Web3 through decentralized identity and data solutions. It is building the infrastructure to provide trusted access to Web3, allowing individuals and enterprises to rest assured that through regulatory compliant digital identity solutions, users and their privacy come first.

The Ontology blockchain is a high speed, low cost public blockchain. It is designed to bring decentralized identity and data solutions to Web3, with the goal of increasing privacy, transparency, and trust. To achieve this, users and enterprises are provided with the flexibility to build blockchain-based solutions that suit their needs, while also ensuring regulatory compliance. Through Ontology’s Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), Ontology ensures frictionless compatibility with Ethereum, the first step in the creation of the Ontology Multi-Virtual Machine and further interoperability for the chain.

At its launch, Ontology chose to forego the popular initial coin offering (ICO) model in favor of a series of community distributions and airdrops of its ONT cryptocurrency.

This helped to quickly establish both organic price discovery and a passionate community and helped the project to avoid subsequent regulatory scrutiny.

For example, for a brief period any person who signed up for the Ontology newsletter received an airdrop of free 1,000 ONT, which reached a value of $10 per token soon after the token became listed on major exchanges like Binance.

Ontology launched its own MainNet on June 30, 2018 and has been up and running smoothly since.

Ontology

The EOS Network is an open-source blockchain platform that prioritizes high performance, flexibility, security, and developer experience. As a third-generation blockchain platform powered by the EOS virtual machine, EOS has an extensible WebAssembly engine for deterministic execution of near fee-less transactions.

EOS is the market's most scalable, divisible, and programmable digital currency. EOS is a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) network where stakeholders have the authority to select node operators. Due to the decentralized nature of the token distribution on EOS, power doesn't reside in the hands of block miners, but rather all parties involved in the EOS Network.

The EOS Network is attractive because of its technology and community. It allows developers to build projects that other blockchains cannot support. The network is straightforward and has multiple tools and educational resources to help users acclimate to the blockchain.

IOST describes itself as an “ultra-fast,” fully fledged and decentralized blockchain network and ecosystem with its own nodes, wallets and based on the “next-generation” consensus protocol dubbed “proof-of-believability.”

IOST

Dash is an open-source blockchain and cryptocurrency focused on offering a fast, cheap global payments network that is decentralized in nature. According to the project's white paper, Dash seeks to improve upon Bitcoin (BTC) by providing stronger privacy and faster transactions.

Dash, whose name comes from "digital cash," was launched in January 2014 as a fork of Litecoin (LTC). Since going live, Dash has grown to include features such as a two-tier network with incentivized nodes, including "masternodes," and decentralized project governance; InstantSend, which allows for instantly settled payments; ChainLocks, which makes the Dash blockchain instantly immutable; and PrivateSend, which offers additional optional privacy for transactions.

Dash

Holo is a peer-to-peer distributed platform for hosting decentralized applications built using Holochain, a framework for developing DApps that does not require the use of blockchain technology. The goal of Holo is to serve as a bridge between the broader internet and apps built using Holochain, offering an ecosystem and marketplace in which DApps are easily accessible, as they are hosted on the internet by Holo network participants.

The Holo network will be facilitated using a token called HoloFuel, which is actively being tested and will act as an accounting system to pay hosts for their services. In 2018, the project minted an ERC-20 token, HOT — also known as HoloToken — as an "IOU" that will be redeemable for HoloFuel upon launch.

Holo is still in development and is expected to launch for open alpha and beta testing by 2021.

Holo

Siacoin (SC) is the native utility token of Sia, a blockchain-based distributed, decentralized cloud storage platform. Sia acts as a secure, trustless marketplace for cloud storage in which users can lease access to their unused storage space. Agreements and transactions are enforced with smart contracts, and Siacoin is the medium of exchange for paying for storage on the network. The main goal of the project is to become the "backbone storage layer of the internet."

Sia was originally announced in May 2014 before being revised and re-announced a year later in May 2015. It officially launched in June 2015.

Siacoin

Apps use ICON to operate cross-chain seamlessly, build momentum and gain reputation. ICON's Cross-Chain Framework simplifies cross-chain development with its easy-to-use xCall messaging standard and connections to secure bridging protocols.

ICON

Zilliqa is a public, permissionless blockchain that is designed to offer high throughput with the ability to complete thousands of transactions per second. It seeks to solve the issue of blockchain scalability and speed by employing sharding as a second-layer scaling solution. The platform is home to many decentralized applications, and as of October 2020, it also allows for staking and yield farming.

Development work officially started on Zilliqa in June 2017, and its testnet went live in March 2018. A little over a year later, in June 2019, the platform launched its mainnet.

The native utility token of Zilliqa, ZIL, is used to process transactions on the network and execute smart contracts.

Zilliqa

DigiByte (DGB) is an open source blockchain and asset creation platform. Development began in October 2013 and the genesis block of its DGB token was mined in January 2014 as a fork of Bitcoin (BTC).

A longstanding public blockchain and cryptocurrency, DigiByte uses five different algorithms to improve security, and originally aimed to improve on the Bitcoin blockchain’s security, capacity and transaction speed.

DigiByte consists of three layers: a smart contract “App Store,” a public ledger and the core protocol featuring nodes communicating to relay transactions.

DigiByte

IOTA is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) that features unique architecture and an open-source product suite for individuals, businesses, and institutions to use in Web3. It is built on a directed acyclic graph (DAG) called the Tangle, which can be pictured as a multi-dimensional blockchain. It enables the exchange of data and value on a decentralized platform through direct and secure transfers, executed on and immutably recorded on the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive into IOTA.

Together with its staging network Shimmer, IOTA aims to offer solutions to establish a secure and permissionless infrastructure that can drive the economy of the future. It enables the development of decentralized applications through automated trust in the form of Ethereum-compatible smart contracts, an advanced consensus algorithm, and thoughtfully balanced incentives.

IOTA delivers tools for creating and managing custom Layer 2 (EVM) chains, deploying smart contracts, minting native tokens and NFTs with distinctive features, and introducing digital identities to users.

Launching in 2024, IOTA 2.0 will be a protocol upgrade that rebuilds IOTA’s architecture to deliver full decentralization. You can find more about it here.

IOTA

Basic Attention Token, or BAT, is the token that powers a new blockchain-based digital advertising platform designed to fairly reward users for their attention, while providing advertisers with a better return on their ad spend.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Basic Attention Token.

This experience is delivered through the Brave Browser, where users can watch privacy-preserving adverts and receive BAT rewards for doing so. On the other hand, advertisers can deliver targeted ads to maximize engagement and cut down losses due to ad fraud and abuse.

The Basic Attention Token itself is the unit of reward in this advertising ecosystem, and is exchanged between advertisers, publishers and users. Advertisers pay for their advertising campaigns in BAT tokens. Out of this budget, a small portion is distributed to advertisers, while 70% is distributed to users — whereas the intermediaries that typically drive up advertising costs are cut out of the equation to improve cost-efficiency.

Basic Attention Token launched in 2017 following one of the fastest sell-out initial coin offerings (ICOs) of all time, with the platform raising a total of $35 million in under a minute. Since then, it has rolled out its attention-based advertising experience to users in most countries through its Brave Rewards program.

As of November 2020, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada had the most active advertising campaigns.

Basic Attention Token

Ravencoin is a digital peer-to-peer (P2P) network that aims to implement a use case specific blockchain, designed to efficiently handle one specific function: the transfer of assets from one party to another. Built on a fork of the Bitcoin code, Ravencoin was announced on Oct. 31, 2017 and released binaries for mining on Jan. 3, 2018 with what is called a fair launch: no premine, ICO or masternodes. It was named in reference to a TV show Game of Thrones.

Ravencoin

Zcash is a decentralized cryptocurrency focused on privacy and anonymity. It uses the zk-SNARK zero-knowledge proof technology that allows nodes on the network to verify transactions without revealing any sensitive information about those transactions.

Contrary to a common misunderstanding, the majority of cryptocurrencies on the market, including Bitcoin (BTC), are not anonymous, but rather pseudonymous; while they do not explicitly reveal the identities of their users, each user has their own public address or addresses which can be traced back to them via the methods of data science and blockchain forensics.

Zcash transactions, on the other hand, still have to be relayed via a public blockchain, but unlike pseudonymous cryptocurrencies, ZEC transactions by default do not reveal the sending and receiving addresses or the amount being sent. There is an option, however, to reveal this data for the purposes of auditing or regulatory compliance.

Zcash was first released on October 28, 2016, and it was originally based on Bitcoin’s codebase.

Zcash

OMG Network, formerly known as OmiseGo, is a non-custodial, layer-2 scaling solution built for the Ethereum blockchain. As an Ethereum scaling solution, OMG Network is designed to allow users to transfer ETH and ERC20 tokens significantly faster and cheaper than when transacting directly on the Ethereum network.

The network is based on a novel scaling solution called MoreViable Plasma, which uses a sidechain architecture to group several transactions off-chain into a batch, which can then be verified as a single transaction on the Ethereum root chain. According to OMG Network, this technology has the potential to scale Ethereum to thousands of transactions per second (TPS) — instead of the 10 to 14 tps Ethereum 1.0 is currently capable of.

The network is powered by the OMG utility token, which can be used as one of the payment methods for fees on the OMG Network, and will eventually be stakable — helping to secure the network in return for rewards.

OMG Network

Tezos is a high-performing blockchain and open-source platform for assets and applications, with a strong focus on code security, on-chain governance, and decentralization. Tezos 2.0, the upcoming step in the evolution of Tezos, aims to improve scalability (via layer 2s), composability, and to implement support to mainstream programming languages (like Javascript, Typescript, Python, and many others).

Initially built with formal verification in mind, the Tezos protocol enables builders to avoid bugs when developing smart contracts, making it particularly suited to applications that require a high degree of security and certainty.

Tezos’ LPoS (Liquid Proof-of-Stake) consensus mechanism enables any stakeholder to take part, directly or by delegation, in the consensus process, and to be rewarded for securing the network. Rather uniquely, Tezos’ on-chain governance system also enables stakeholders to create and vote on protocol upgrade proposals. This pioneering system allows the protocol to self-amend and upgrade itself without leading to a split (or fork) in the blockchain, empowering the community without slowing down innovation.

First proposed in 2014 and launched in 2018, the Tezos Mainnet has a proven track record of running uninterrupted ever since, having earned a strong reputation for technical excellence and a supportive community.

Tezos

Waves is a multi-purpose blockchain platform which supports various use cases including decentralized applications (DApps) and smart contracts.

Launched in June 2016 following one of the cryptocurrency industry’s earliest initial coin offerings (ICO), Waves initially set out to improve on the first blockchain platforms by increasing speed, utility and user-friendliness.

The platform has undergone various changes and added new spin-off features to build on its original design.

Waves’ native token is WAVES, an uncapped supply token used for standard payments such as block rewards.

Waves

Decred is Money Evolved.

By combining battle tested Proof-of-Work with an innovative take on Proof-of-Stake that places coin holders in charge of shaping the future, Decred is able to adapt to challenges and innovate at a rapid pace. You acquire influence in Decred by putting “skin in the game”.

Decred’s security, privacy, scalability, and decentralized treasury empower stakeholders and provides them with the tools needed to enhance their financial sovereignty.

Decred

Lisk is striving to on-board 100,000,000 users into crypto and web3 by offering an accessible blockchain application platform and an industry leading JavaScript SDK.

Released in 2019, the Lisk SDK enables developers to build application-specific blockchains entirely in JavaScript, the most widely used programming language in the world. To get a deep-dive into the Lisk SDK, please visit the Lisk SDK documentation or watch Lisk.js 2019 and Lisk.js 2022.

To be released in 2022, the Lisk blockchain application platform allows interoperability between all application-specific blockchains built with the Lisk SDK. With other words, users will be able to use DeFi, NFT or Metaverse blockchain applications on Lisk.

To better understand why Lisk is important watch the following videos: The Case for Lisk and The Ultimate Vision for Lisk.

If you are curious about Lisk’s history and journey, watch Looking Back on Lisk.

The Lisk project is managed by the Lisk Foundation, a non-profit entity based in Zug, Switzerland. A local team of experts specialized in law and finance, as well as yearly audits, ensure the proper handling of funds and regulatory compliance under the supervision of the Swiss Federal Foundation Supervisory Authority (ESA, Eidgenössische Stiftungsaufsicht).

The Lisk products are developed by the Lightcurve GmbH, a Berlin based blockchain studio. With a team of over 40 blockchain experts, Lightcurve is researching, developing and promoting the Lisk SDK and the Lisk blockchain application platform.