**ckBTC is Bitcoin on Web3**

ckBTC is a multi-chain bitcoin twin, trustlessly created by chain-key cryptography and Internet Computer smart contracts that directly hold raw bitcoin. Send and receive ckBTC with 1-2 second finality and negligible fees. Only possible because ICP smart contracts can call into the Bitcoin network.

**Why it’s not a bridged or wrapped token.**

The key innovations behind ckBTC are the [native Bitcoin integration](https://internetcomputer.org/bitcoin-integration) and [chain-key ECDSA signing](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/integrations/t-ecdsa/t-ecdsa-how-it-works) — advanced threshold cryptography integrated with ICP. In short, chain-key ECDSA is a set of cryptographic protocols that allow Internet Computer nodes to cooperatively create ECDSA signatures, which can be used to sign bitcoin transactions, using a highly fault-tolerant, decentralized network that is resilient to attacks by malicious nodes. The secret key is never stored in one place, instead it is broken down into key shares held by ICP nodes that are re-shared periodically. When requested, nodes use their key shares to collectively sign BTC transactions without recreating the original secret key.

This enables a pair of canister smart contracts to trustlessly create ckBTC, a multichain bitcoin twin that can be controlled by smart contracts and sent with near instant finality for negligible fees — all without the need for bridges or centralized custodians.

This is important, because blockchain bridges are centralized, insecure, cumbersome and costly. The insecurity alone is a dealbreaker: between 2021-2022, more than 2 billion dollars was stolen by exploiting blockchain bridges.

The recent incident where the FTX exchange acted as the custodian, and Sollet the bridge for wrapping and unwrapping BTC and ETH on Solana, demonstrates how bridges and intermediaries can act as single points of failures and are highly vulnerable to hacks. Ethereum smart contracts behind a bridge make asset transfers between blockchains possible, but users must still trust a third-party centralized custodian to manage the digital assets whose code is often not publicly verifiable.

**How it differs from Lightning**
The Lightning Network is the most well known Layer-2 for Bitcoin. Like ckBTC, it allows fast and cheap transfers of BTC value off the Bitcoin blockchain.

Unlike Lightning, ckBTC does not require peer-to-peer payment channels to be established and funded. This means that your full ckBTC balance can always be transferred — no network liquidity limitations.

Canister smart contracts can programmatically hold and transfer ckBTC, making it possible to develop fully on-chain Layer-2 applications for Bitcoin, which is not possible using the Lightning Network.

Another key difference is that ckBTC transaction fees are fixed, and not dependent on the transaction amount, variable intermediate forwarding, or unexpected channel funding fees.

In the future, ckBTC will be available on other networks like Ethereum – also directly, and without bridges, thanks to chain-key cryptography integrations.

**How ckBTC's security was assessed**

Several security assessments are taken on critical components of the Internet Computer such as ckBTC to ensure robust security. These include TLA+ models to formally verify some guarantees, several internal and external security assessments. In 2023, both Bitcoin integration and ckBTC have undergone an external security audit conducted by Trail of Bits with no severe issues found.

[ckBTC security audit](https://medium.com/dfinity/taking-security-seriously-two-top-icp-features-assessed-by-trail-of-bits-4a0023ab1e68)

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Theta (THETA) is a blockchain powered network purpose-built for video streaming. Launched in March 2019, the Theta mainnet operates as a decentralized network in which users share bandwidth and computing resources on a peer-to-peer (P2P) basis. The project is advised by Steve Chen, co-founder of YouTube and Justin Kan, co-founder of Twitch.

Theta features its own native cryptocurrency token, THETA, which performs various governance tasks within the network, and counts Google, Binance, Blockchain ventures, Gumi, Sony Europe and Samsung as Enterprise validators, along with a Guardian network of thousands of community-run guardian nodes.

Developers say that the project aims to shake up the video streaming industry in its current form — centralization, poor infrastructure and high costs mean that end users often end up with a poor experience. Content creators likewise earn less revenue due to the barriers between them and end users.

The Theta team has created a customer-centric business plan for their growing ecosystem of services focused on esports, music, TV, movies, and education. The list of Theta Network partners includes video platforms like Samsung VR, Cinedigm, Shout! Factory, Pandora.tv, Play Labs, and THETA.tv.

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MultiversX is a blockchain protocol that seeks to offer extremely fast transaction speeds by using sharding. The project describes itself as a technology ecosystem for the new internet, which includes fintech, decentralized finance and the Internet of Things. Its smart contracts execution platform is reportedly capable of 15,000 transactions per second, six-second latency and a $0.001 transaction cost.

MultiversX rewards the community and active participants with EGLD tokens. EGLD, or Electronic Gold, is MultiversX's native token. It acts as a store of value currency to pay for network usage. The coin also serves as a medium of exchange between platform users and validators. Users pay transaction fees in EGLD and validators provide services.

EGLD allows developers to deploy smart contracts, protocols, and dApps on the platform. It empowers participants to perform any network action. Through staking and validation rewards, as well as transaction fees, EGLD manages the MultiversX network. Plus, EGLD is endowed with the functionality of a governance token, so its holders can vote on network decisions.

MultiversX was first announced in August 2019, and its mainnet went live in July 2020.

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