## Sandbox (SAND) کیا ہے؟

2011 میں Pixowl کی جانب سے لانچ کیا جانے والا Sandbox، [بلاک چین](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) پر مبنی ایک ورچوئل دنیا ہے جو کہ صارفین کو ایک گیم کی صورت میں ڈیجیٹل اثاثہ جات کو تخلیق کرنے، تشکیل دینے، خریدنے اور فروخت کرنے کی اجازت دیتا ہے۔ غیر مرکزیت پر مبنی خودکار تنظیموں (DAO) اور نان فنجیبل ٹوکنز ([NFTs)](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/non-fungible-token) کی طاقتوں کو یکجا کرتے ہوئے، Sandbox گیمنگ کی بڑھتی ہوئی کمیونٹی کے لیے ایک غیر مرکزیت پر مبنی پلیٹ فارم تخلیق کرتا ہے۔

[باضابطہ وائٹ پیپر](https://installers.sandbox.game/The_Sandbox_Whitepaper_2020.pdf) کے مطابق، Sandbox پلیٹ فارم کا بنیادی ہدف روایتی گیمنگ میں کامیابی کے ساتھ بلاک چین ٹیکنالوجی کو متعارف کروانا ہے۔ اس پلیٹ فارم کی توجہ کا مرکز "کمائی کے لیے کھیلیں" پر مشتمل ایک ایسے تخلیقی ماڈل کی سہولت کاری کرنا ہے، جو کہ صارفین کو اس قابل بنائے کہ وہ بیک وقت تخلیق کاران اور گیمرز، دونوں کا کردار ادا کر سکیں۔ Sandbox، SAND کے سہولتی ٹوکن کو متعارف کرواتے ہوئے بلاک چین ٹیکنالوجی کی طاقتوں کو برائے کار لاتا ہے، جو کہ پلیٹ فارم پر ٹرانزیکشنز کی سہولت کاری کرتا ہے۔

### Sandbox کے بانیان کون ہیں؟

[Arthur Madrid](https://www.linkedin.com/in/arthurmadrid/) Pixowl کے شریک بانی اور CEO ہیں، اور Sandbox کے پیچھے کار فرما قوتوں میں سے ایک ہیں۔ انہوں نے 2000 میں Université Paris Dauphine سے اکنامکس کی ڈگری میں گریجوئیٹ کیا۔ Madrid نے اپنے پیشہ ورانہ دور کا آغاز Eurogroup Consulting France کے لیے بطور مشاورت کار کیا، تاہم جلد ہی انہیں اپنے کاروباری جذبے کا ادراک ہو گیا۔ 2001 میں، انہوں نے 1-Click Media کی بنیاد رکھی، جو کہ بعد ازاں Ipercast نے خرید لیا تھا۔

[Sebastien Borget](https://www.linkedin.com/in/borgetsebastien/) بھی Pixowl کے شریک بانیان میں سے ایک ہیں اور کمپنی کے COO کی خدمات انجام دیتے ہیں۔ انہوں نے 2007 میں Institut national des Télécommunications سے کمپیوٹر سسٹمز نیٹ ورکنگ اور ٹیلی کمیونیکیشنز کی ڈگری میں گریجوئیٹ کیا۔ ان کے پیشہ ورانہ دور کا آغاز 1-Click Media کے لیے پراجیکٹ لیڈ کی حیثیت سے ہوا، اور اس کے بعد سے، Arthur Madrid اور Sebastien Borget ایک کاروباری جوڑا بن چکے ہیں۔ انہوں نے 2011 میں Pixowl کی بنیاد رکھی اور اکٹھے مسلسل کئی پراجیکٹس پر کام کرتے چلے آ رہے ہیں۔

### وہ کیا چیز ہے جو Sandbox کو منفرد بناتی ہے؟

Sandbox کو اس وجہ سے ایک منفرد پلیٹ فارم گردانا جاتا ہے کیونکہ اس نے گیمنگ کی دنیا میں بلاک چین ٹیکنالوجی کو متعارف کروایا ہے۔ جب بات بلاک چین ٹیکنالوجی کو اختیار کرنے کی ہو، تو گیمنگ کی صنعت ایک ایسی وسیع مارکیٹ ہے جسے اب تک کسی نے نہیں چھیڑا، اور Pixowl کو 2011 میں ہی اس بات کا اندازہ ہو گیا تھا۔ ایک ایسی کائنات تخلیق کرتے ہوئے جہاں گیمرز بلاک چین پر مبنی اثاثہ جات کو تخلیق اور اکٹھا کرتے ہیں، Sandbox کا ہدف اس مارکیٹ میں انقلاب برپا کرنا ہے۔ اس نے عالمی مارکیٹ میں اپنا ایک خصوصی مقام بنایا ہے۔

صارف کی جانب سے تخلیق کردہ مواد کو اپنی توجہ کا مرکز بناتے ہوئے، Sandbox، شامل ہونے والے ایسے پلیئرز کے لیے ایک میٹا ورس تخلیق کرتا ہے جو پلیٹ فارم کی مزید ترقی میں کردار ادا کرتے ہیں۔ نہ صرف یہ، بلکہ SAND ٹوکن کو متعارف کرواتے ہوئے، Sandbox غیرمرکزییت پر مبنی گورننس کو فروغ دیتا ہے اور صارفین کو اس قابل بناتا ہے کہ وہ اس پراجیکٹ کی پیش رفت کے حوالے سے اپنے نظریات اور خیالات کا اشتراک کر سکیں۔ اس ابھرتی ہوئی ٹیکنالوجی کی بدولت، آج بلاک چین پر مبنی پراجیکٹس اور غیرمرکزی گورننس ایک دوسرے کے لیے لازم و ملزوم بن چکے ہیں۔

کمپنی کی شروعات زور دار رہی اور اس نے معاونت اور سرمایہ کاری کے لیے گیمنگ کی صنعت میں موجود کئی بڑے ناموں کی توجہ حاصل کی۔ ان میں Atari، Helix اور CryptoKitties جیسے برانڈز شامل ہیں۔

#### متعلقہ صفحات:

[Enjin کوائن](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/enjin-coin/) کے بارے میں مزید پڑھیں۔

[Decentraland](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/decentraland/) کے بارے میں مزید جانیں۔

[DApps](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/how-to-access-dapps-on-your-mobile-phone) کے بارے میں مزید جانیں۔

[CoinMarketCap کا بلاگ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/categories/blog) ملاحظہ کریں۔

### فی الوقت کتنے Sandbox (SAND) کوائنز گردش میں ہیں؟

SAND ٹوکنز کی زیادہ سے زیادہ اور کل سپلائی 3,000,000,000 ہے۔ فی الوقت، تقریباً 680,266,194 SAND ٹوکنز فعال طور پر گردش میں ہیں، جو کہ مارچ 2021 تک دستیاب ہونے والی کل سپلائی کے 23% کی نمائندگی کرتے ہیں۔

ٹوکن کی کل سپلائی میں سے، تقریباً 25.82% کو کمپنی کے ذخیرے کے لیے مختص کر دیا گیا۔ جبکہ 17.18% کو ٹوکن کی سیڈ سیل کے لیے مختص کیا گیا۔ ٹوکن کی کل سپلائی میں سے 31% بانیان اور ٹیم ممبران کے مابین تقسیم کیا گیا۔ تقریباً 12%، بالخصوص Binance Launchpad کے لیے ہونے والی سیل کے لیے مختص کیے گئے، اور مزید 10%، بطور انعامات، اس پراجیکٹ کے مشیران کے لیے مختص کر دیے گئے۔

### Sandbox نیٹ ورک کس طرح محفوظ ہے؟

چونکہ Sandbox کی ورچوئل دنیا Ethereum بلاک چین پر بنی ہوتی ہے، لہٰذا اسے پروف آف اسٹیک ([PoS](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-stake-pos)) کے مفاہمتی میکانزم کے ذریعے محفوظ بنایا جاتا ہے۔ SAND ٹوکن، ایک معیاری ورژن پر مشتمل [ERC-20](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20) ٹوکن ہوتا ہے، جس کا مطلب ہے کہ مالکان اس کو اسٹیک کر کے، اسٹیکنگ کے انعامات سے فائدہ اٹھا سکتے ہیں۔

Bitcoin کی بلاک چین کے زیر استعمال پروف آف ورک ([PoW](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-work-pow)) کے مفاہمتی میکانزم کے برعکس، PoS کو ٹرانزیکشنز کی توثیق کے لیے ایک وسیع پیمانے پر برقی توانائی و کمپیوٹنگ پاور درکار نہیں ہوتی۔ یہ ایسے اسٹیک ہولڈرز پر انحصار کرتا ہے جن کے پاس سب سے بڑی تعداد میں SAND ٹوکنز موجود ہوتے ہیں۔ PoS کا مفاہمتی میکانزم، اسٹیک کردہ فنڈز کے تحفظ کو یقینی بناتے ہوئے بہت سی متنوع ایپلیکیشنز کی اجازت دیتا ہے۔

### آپ Sandbox (SAND) کو کہاں سے خرید سکتے ہیں؟

Sandbox انٹرنیٹ پر سرمایہ کاران اور صارفین، دونوں کے مابین کافی مقبول ہے، اور مزید ایکسچینجز نے SAND ٹوکن کے ساتھ ٹریڈز کی پیشکش کا آغاز کر دیا ہے۔ [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/binance/) کے پاس SAND/BUSD کی ٹریڈنگ کا سب سے بڑا حجم موجود ہے، جن میں سے مارچ 2021 تک $7,015,941 کو ٹرانزیکشنز پر کارروائی کے لیے لگایا جا چکا ہے۔

SAND کو خریدنے کے دیگر اختیارات میں [Uniswap (V2)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/uniswap-v2/)، [Gate.io](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/gate-io/)، اور [LATOKEN](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/latoken/) شامل ہیں۔

کرپٹوز خریدنے کے حوالے سے [مزید معلومات حاصل کریں](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/)۔

We're excited to announce our partnership with ATTACK ON TITAN! 💥 Get ready to defend humanity, create your own adventures and explore a new chapter in this iconic series.

The battle for survival begins anew in The Sandbox! 

Welcome to The Sandbox's Community channel aggregated by CoinMarketCap.

We're excited to announce our partnership with ATTACK ON TITAN! 💥 Get ready to defend humanity, create your own adventures and explore a new chapter in this iconic series.

The battle for survival begins anew in The Sandbox! 

The metaverse is waiting to be explored. Come with us on a journey… 🎮

 REWARD POOL 💥 Play any of the featured experiences to be eligible. Check them out below and jump in!

Step into the shoes of Kravir, a resilient goblin girl, and build your camp while defending it from relentless hordes of enemies. A game that combines base building, resource management and tower defense.

Ever wondered how robots tick? Step inside the giant Winky to learn through repair, with robotics explained via fun minigames and quests.

 the best or funniest haircut that you can imagine! Join this viral craze and make a Seb meme!

Take command of your spaceship and dive into a universe filled with cosmic wonders and dangerous challenges, from space monsters to epic star battles and much more.

 ICYMI - Game Maker 0.10 IS LIVE! 🎮 With more features, more updates. more everything!

The metaverse is waiting to be explored. Come with us on a journey… 🎮

💥 10,000 $SAND REWARD POOL 💥 Play any of the featured experiences to be eligible. Check them out below and jump in!

👇👇👇👇

#MadeInTheSandbox #UGC 
KRAVIR POCKET CAMP 🧌 http://tsbga.me/KravirPocketCamp

Step into the shoes of Kravir, a resilient goblin girl, and build your camp while defending it from relentless hordes of enemies. A game that combines base building, resource management and tower defense.

@KravirGame @smoblerstudios 
@KravirGame @smoblerstudios THE WINKY FACTORY 🤖 http://tsbga.me/WinkyFactory

Ever wondered how robots tick? Step inside the giant Winky to learn through repair, with robotics explained via fun minigames and quests.

@TheWinkyverse_ 
@KravirGame @smoblerstudios @TheWinkyverse_ SEB'S DREAM ✂️ http://tsbga.me/SebsDream

Give @borgetsebastien the best or funniest haircut that you can imagine! Join this viral craze and make a Seb meme!

@GreenPlant23 
@KravirGame @smoblerstudios @TheWinkyverse_ @borgetsebastien @GreenPlant23 BINCO COSMIC HUNTERS 🌟 http://tsbga.me/BincoCosmicHunters

Take command of your spaceship and dive into a universe filled with cosmic wonders and dangerous challenges, from space monsters to epic star battles and much more.

@Bincoverse 
@KravirGame @smoblerstudios @TheWinkyverse_ @borgetsebastien @GreenPlant23 @Bincoverse ICYMI - Game Maker 0.10 IS LIVE! 🎮 With more features, more updates. more everything!

Check below to learn more!



What Makes Bull Market Winners So Successful?

Led by Virtual Lands, Metaverse NFT Sales Surged Past $500M This Year

Technical Analysis: MANA, SAND, RACA, STX and GALA (March. W1)

Technical Analysis: MANA, SAND, RACA, STX and GALA (Feb. W4)

Technical Analysis: MANA, SAND, RACA, STX and GALA (Feb. W3)

Binance

The Sandbox

Trust Wallet

MetaMask

SolFlare

Backpack

Phantom

Atomic wallet

Ethereum

Shiba Inu

Chainlink

UNUS SED LEO

Uniswap

Aave

Gala

Ethena

Pendle

Synthetix

Wormhole

Ethereum Name Service

MANTRA

JasmyCoin

Tether Gold

zkLend

Dypius [Old]

Convex CRV

Kangamoon

Kento

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

Axie Infinity is a blockchain-based trading and battling game that is partially owned and operated by its players.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Axie Infinity.

Inspired by popular games like Pokémon and Tamagotchi, Axie Infinity allows players to collect, breed, raise, battle and trade token-based creatures known as Axies.

These Axies can take various forms, and there are more than 500 different body parts available, including aquatic, beast, bird, bug, plant and reptile parts. Parts from each type class come in four different rarity scales: common, rare, ultra rare and legendary — and Axies can have any combination of body parts, making them highly variable and often rare and unique.

Each Axie is a non-fungible token (NFT) with different attributes and strengths and can be entered into 3v3 battles, with the winning team earning more experience (exp) points that are used to level up an Axie's stats or evolve their body parts. These Axies can be bred together to produce new and unique offspring, which can be used or sold on the Axie marketplace.

The Axie Infinity ecosystem also has its own unique governance token, known as Axie Infinity Shards (AXS). These are used to participate in key governance votes and will give holders a say in how funds in the Axie Community Treasury are spent.

Axie Infinity

Gala is a web3 ecosystem powered by a layer-1 blockchain (GalaChain) built to power the Gala entertainment ecosystem that originally included Gala Games, Gala Music and Gala Film. More recently however, GalaChain has opened its doors to external developers and projects from any applicable industry, providing open source developer resources to simplify the process.

On a mission to empower users and creators across multiple industries throughout the world, Gala’s goal is to become the first billion user blockchain in the world. Innovators can extend the benefits of web3 to their users and communities more easily than ever before by leveraging open source tools like the GalaChain SDK and Creator Portal.

By elevating their ideas to web3 through GalaChain, developers can create custom tokens, smart contracts, reward opportunities and node networks for their communities and projects. Assets built on GalaChain can also be bridged to other blockchains, such as Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain and more. Developers who wish to learn more about getting involved with GalaChain are welcome to reach out via GalaChain.com.

The core of GalaChain is powered by its DePIN (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network) of Founder’s Nodes, whose operators earn daily $GALA rewards for actively providing resources to the ecosystem and enjoy governance voting rights on certain core Gala decisions. In addition to the Founder’s Node network’s foundational workload, individual projects can also create Node networks on GalaChain with more specific workloads.

Gala.com
News.Gala.com
Games.Gala.com
Music.Gala.com
Film.Gala.com

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Enjin Coin is a project of Enjin, a company that provides an ecosystem of interconnected, blockchain-based gaming products. Enjin's flagship offering is the Enjin Network, a social gaming platform through which users can create websites and clans, chat, and host virtual item stores.

Enjin allows game developers to tokenize in-game items on the Ethereum blockchain. It uses Enjin Coin, an ERC-20 token, to back the digital assets issued using its platform, meaning that items can be bought, sold and traded with real-world value.

Enjin Coin was first announced in July 2017, and it launched on the Ethereum mainnet in June 2018.

Enjin Coin (ENJ) is a digital store of value used to back the value of blockchain assets like non-fungible tokens (NFTs).
Every asset minted with the Enjin Platform contains ENJ, a minting resource which is locked inside NFTs and removed from circulation. Minting blockchain assets with ENJ provides a variety of benefits to creators and users:

Infuses them with a reserve value

Ensures their transparency and scarcity

Gives them instant liquidity

Provides utility in games and apps

Anti-inflationary

Enjin's "melting" functionality allows users to destroy their blockchain assets at any time to retrieve the ENJ value from within.

The Enjin blockchain ecosystem aims to offer software products that make it easy for everyone to develop, trade, monetize, and market with blockchain.

Founded in 2009, Enjin has roots in the gaming industry, with the company’s first product, a gaming community platform called the Enjin Network, growing to 20 million users over the course of a decade.

In 2017 following an ICO, Enjin established itself as a leading blockchain ecosystem developer, building a suite of software products that enable anyone to easily mint, manage, trade, distribute, and integrate blockchain assets.

Enjin’s co-founder Witek Radomski wrote the code for one of the first ever non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and is also the co-author of the ERC-1155 Ethereum token standard.

Built on top of an on-chain infrastructure, the Enjin ecosystem enables game developers and businesses of all sizes to use tokenized digital assets as part of their acquisition, retention, engagement, and monetization strategies. The Enjin ecosystem is fueled by Enjin Coin (ENJ), a cryptocurrency used to back the value of blockchain assets.

Enjin Coin

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform that says its goal is to allow “changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about positive global change.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Cardano.

The open-source project also aims to “redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins to individuals” — helping to create a society that is more secure, transparent and fair.

Cardano was founded back in 2017, and named after the 16th century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano. The native ADA token takes its name from the 19th century mathematician Ada Lovelace, widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer. The ADA token is designed to ensure that owners can participate in the operation of the network. Because of this, those who hold the cryptocurrency have the right to vote on any proposed changes to the software.

The team behind the layered blockchain say that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow decentralized apps and smart contracts to be developed with modularity.

In August 2021, Charles Hoskinson announced the launch of the Alonzo hard fork, causing Cardano price to surge, gaining 116% in the following month. On Sept. 12, 2021, the Cardano ‘Alonzo’ hard fork officially launched, bringing smart contract functionality to the blockchain. Over 100 smart contracts were deployed in the following 24 hours after the launch.

Cardano is used by agricultural companies to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof way, and retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.

Cardano

Founded in 2017, Chainlink is a blockchain abstraction layer that enables universally connected smart contracts. Through a decentralized oracle network, Chainlink allows blockchains to securely interact with external data feeds, events and payment methods, providing the critical off-chain information needed by complex smart contracts to become the dominant form of digital agreement.

The Chainlink Network is driven by a large open-source community of data providers, node operators, smart contract developers, researchers, security auditors and more. The company focuses on ensuring that decentralized participation is guaranteed for all node operators and users looking to contribute to the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Chainlink.

Algorand is a self-sustaining, decentralized, blockchain-based network that supports a wide range of applications. These systems are secure, scalable and efficient, all critical properties for effective applications in the real world. Algorand will support computations that require reliable performance guarantees to create new forms of trust.

The Algorand mainnet became live in June 2019, and was able to handle almost 1 million transactions per day as of December 2020. Algorand transaction metrics can be viewed here. Algorand initial coin offering (ICO) was held in June 2019, with the Algorand price of $0.24 per token.

Algorand

VeChainThor (VET) is a versatile enterprise-grade L1 smart contract platform whose origins began in 2015. VeChain is known as a pioneer of real-world enterprise applications, and built a distributed platform powered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, NFC chips and blockchain to help various industries solve data-related challenges.

VeChain solves major blockchain adoption hurdles. The platform uses an intelligent two token model, VET and VTHO, separating the protocol's Store of Value and gas fee payment mechanisms, ensuring costs can be kept low and stable. Fee delegation allows smart contracts to pay gas fees on behalf of business users, and an advanced transaction model allows data to be packaged more efficiently while ensuring finality of data.

VeChain is focused on delivering a wave of incentive-based sustainability dApps through its new platform, VeBetterDAO, working closely with Boston Consulting Group to achieve adoption across enterprise and individual users, and helping  onboard the next billion users to Web3 over the coming decade.

From supply chains to sustainability, VeChain has continuously demonstrated its leading role as a driver of blockchain in business, and is dedicated to its role as a pioneer of driving real world adoption of blockchain technology.

VeChain

Solana is a highly functional open source project that banks on blockchain technology’s permissionless nature to provide decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. While the idea and initial work on the project began in 2017, Solana was officially launched in March 2020 by the Solana Foundation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Solana.

The Solana protocol is designed to facilitate decentralized app (DApp) creation. It aims to improve scalability by introducing a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with the underlying proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus of the blockchain.

Because of the innovative hybrid consensus model, Solana enjoys interest from small-time traders and institutional traders alike. A significant focus for the Solana Foundation is to make decentralized finance accessible on a larger scale.

Solana

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

The Graph is an indexing protocol for querying data for networks like Ethereum and IPFS, powering many applications in both DeFi and the broader Web3 ecosystem. Anyone can build and publish open APIs, called subgraphs, that applications can query using GraphQL to retrieve blockchain data. There is a hosted service in production that makes it easy for developers to get started building on The Graph and the decentralized network will be launching later this year. The Graph currently supports indexing data from Ethereum, IPFS and POA, with more networks coming soon.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of The Graph.

To date, over3,000 subgraphs have been deployed by thousands of developers, for DApps like Uniswap, Synthetix, Aragon, AAVE, Gnosis, Balancer, Livepeer, DAOstack, Decentraland and many others. The Graph usage has been growing at over 50% MoM and hit over 7 billion queries during the month of September 2020.

The Graph has a global community, including over 200 Indexer Nodes in the testnet and more than 2,000 Curators in the Curator Program as of October 2020. To fund network development, The Graph raised funds from community members, strategic VCs and influential individuals in the blockchain community including Coinbase Ventures, DCG, Framework, ParaFi Capital, CoinFund, DTC, Multicoin, Reciprocal Ventures, SPC, Tally Capital and others. The Graph Foundation also successfully completed a public GRT Sale with participation from 99 countries (not including the U.S.). To date as of November 2020, The Graph has raised ~$25M.

The Graph

NEAR Protocol is a layer-one blockchain that was designed as a community-run cloud computing platform and that eliminates some of the limitations that have been bogging competing blockchains, such as low transaction speeds, low throughput and poor interoperability. This provides the ideal environment for DApps and creates a developer and user-friendly platform. For instance, NEAR uses human-readable account names, unlike the cryptographic wallet addresses common to Ethereum. NEAR also introduces unique solutions to scaling problems and has its own consensus mechanism called “Doomslug.”

NEAR Protocol is being built by the NEAR Collective, its community that is updating the initial code and releasing updates to the ecosystem. Its declared goal is to build a platform that is “secure enough to manage high value assets like money or identity and performant enough to make them useful for everyday people.”

Flux, a protocol that allows developers to create markets based on assets, commodities, real-world events, and Mintbase, an NFT minting platform are examples of projects being built on NEAR Protocol.

NEAR Protocol

Chiliz is the leading digital currency for sports and entertainment by the eponymous Malta-based FinTech provider. It operates the blockchain-based sports entertainment platform Socios, which enables users to participate in the governance of their favorite sports brands. Multiple fan tokens by Socios.com are an example of that. For sports clubs and associations, fan tokens offer a way of connecting with their fans and unlocking new revenue streams.

For instance, fans can participate and influence club-related decisions through surveys and polls, such as messages the captain should wear on his armband. The company aims to bridge the gap between being an active and a passive fan. Chiliz has developed partnerships with some of the biggest sporting institutions in the world: FC Barcelona, Manchester City, Juventus Turin, and Paris Saint-Germain. It also boasts partnerships with the UFC and gaming organizations. By purchasing CHZ, fans get access to various fan tokens and literally have a stake in their club.

Chiliz

Terra is a blockchain protocol that uses fiat-pegged stablecoins to power price-stable global payments systems. According to its white paper, Terra combines the price stability and wide adoption of fiat currencies with the censorship-resistance of Bitcoin (BTC) and offers fast and affordable settlements.

Development on Terra began in January 2018, and its mainnet officially launched in April 2019. As of September 2021, it offers stablecoins pegged to the U.S. dollar, South Korean won, Mongolian tugrik and the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Rights basket of currencies — and it intends to roll out additional options.

On May 28, 2022, the genesis block of the new chain was launched to conduct future transactions under the name Terra (LUNA), and the original Terra Chain was rebranded as Terra Classic. The original native token — LUNA has also been renamed as LUNA Classic (LUNC). Moreover, all network stablecoins (UST, KRT, EUT) have been renamed to Terra Classic stablecoins (USTC, KRTC, EUTC). There will be no Terra stablecoins on the new chain.

There is a theory that the additional term “classic” is a reference to the Ethereum / Ethereum Classic split in 2017. According to CEO, Do Kwon, the collapse of UST in the spring of 2022 is the equivalent moment of the Ethereum’s DAO hack that took place in 2017.

Terra Classic

Theta Network

Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed  (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.