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## پولی گون (MATIC) کیا ہے؟

پولی گون (جو کہ پہلے میٹک نیٹ ورک تھا) ایتھرئم اسکیلنگ اور بنیادی ڈھانچہ کی ترقی کے لیے پہلا اچھی طرح سے بنا ہوا اور استعمال میں آسان پلیٹ فارم ہے۔ اس کا بنیادی جزو Polygon SDK ہے، یہ ایک ماڈیولر اور لچکدار فریم ورک ہے جو متعدد قسم کی ایپلی کیشنز کی تعمیر میں معاونت کرتا ہے۔

اس پروجیکٹ کے بارے میں مزید جاننے کے لیے ہمارے [پولی گون میٹک](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-polygon-matic) صفحہ کو بغور ملاحظہ کریں۔

پولی گون کا استعمال کر کے آپ [آپٹیمسٹک رول اپ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/optimistic-rollups-for-the-rest-of-us) چینز، [ZK رول اپ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/zero-knowledge-rollups) چینز، علیحدہ چینز یا ڈویلپر کو مطلوب کوئی بھی دیگر ڈھانچہ بنا سکتے ہیں۔

پولی گون بڑے مؤثر انداز میں ایتھریم کو ایک مکمل ملٹی چین سسٹم (یعنی بلاک چین کا انٹرنیٹ) میں تبدیل کرتا ہے۔ یہ ملٹی چین دوسروں سے مشابہ ہے مثال کے طور پر پولکا ڈاٹ، کاسموز، ایویلانچ، وغیرہ۔ یہ ایتھیریم کی حفاظت، متحرک ایکو سسٹن اور کھلاپن سے بھی لیس ہے۔

$MATIC ٹوکن مستقل موجود رہے گا اور نظام کو محفوظ بناکر اور حکمرانی کو فعال کر کے اہم کردار ادا کرے گا۔

پولی گون (جو کہ پہلے میٹک نیٹ ورک تھا) ایک [لیئر 2](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/layer-2) اسکیلنگ حل ہے جسے Binance اور Coinbase کی حمایت حاصل ہے۔ یہ پروجیکٹ متعدد بلاک چینز پر توسیع پذیری کے مسائل کو حل کرکے کریپٹو کرنسییز کو بڑے پیمانے پر اپنانے کی حوصلہ افزائی کرتا ہے۔

پولی گون پلازما فریم ورک اور پروف آف اسٹیک بلاک چین کے فن تعمیر کو یکجا کرتا ہے۔ پولی گون کے ذریعہ استعمال کردہ پلازما فریم ورک، جس کی تجویذ اتھیریم کے شریک بانی Vitalik Buterin نے کی تھی، قابل توسیع اور خود مختار سمارٹ معاہدوں کے آسان نفاذ کی سہولت فراہم کرتا ہے۔

Plasma-POS چین پر بنائے گئے موجودہ ایکو سسٹم میں کوئی تبدیلی نہیں آئے گی۔ پولی گون کی مدد سے موجودہ ثابت شدہ ٹیکنالوجی میں نئی خصوصیات شامل کی جا رہی ہیں تاکہ ڈویلپر ایکو سسٹم سے ڈیولپرز کی متنوع ضروریات کو پورا کرنے کی صلاحیت کو بڑھایا جا سکے۔ پولی گون کثیر بنیادی ٹیکنالوجی کو تیار کرتا رہے گا تاکہ یہ ایک بڑے ایکو سسٹم تک توسیع حاصل کر سکے۔

پولی گون ایک ہی سائیڈ چین پر 65,000 لین دین فی سیکنڈ کے ساتھ دو سیکنڈ سے بھی کم بلاک کی تصدیق کے وقت کا دعویٰ کرتا ہے۔ یہ فریم ورک ایک ہی بنیادی بلاک چین پر عالمی سطح پر دستیاب غیر مرکزی مالیاتی ایپلی کیشنز کی تخلیق کی بھی اجازت دیتا ہے۔

پلازما فریم ورک پولی گون کو اپنے بنیادی ڈھانچے میں پروف آف ورک بلاک چینز کی عام خرابیوں کا سامنا کیے بغیر لامحدود تعداد میں عدم مرکزیت پر مبنی ایپلی کیشنز رکھنے کی صلاحیت فراہم کرتا ہے۔ پولی گون نے اب تک 50 سے زیادہ DApps کو اپنے PoS سے محفوظ ایتھریم سائڈ چین کی طرف راغب کیا ہے۔

پولی گون کا بنیادی ٹوکن MATIC ایک [ERC-20](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20) ٹوکن ہے جوایتھیریم بلاک چین پر چل رہا ہے۔ ٹوکنز کا استعمال پولی گون پر ادائیگی کے لیے اور پولی گون ایکو سسٹم کے اندر کام کرنے والے صارفین کے درمیان سیٹلمنٹ کرنسی کے طور پر کیا جاتا ہے۔ پولی گن پر ترسیل کی فیس " sidechains "بھی MATIC ٹوکن میں ادا کی جاتی ہے۔

### پولی گن کا بانی کون ہیں؟

پولی گون (سابقہ میٹک نیٹ ورک) اکتوبر 2017 میں شروع کیا گیا تھا۔ پولی گون کی مشترکہ بنیاد جینٹی کنانی، سندیپ نیلوال اور انوراگ ارجن نے رکھی تھی جن میں سے دو تجربہ کار بلاک چین ڈویلپرز اور ایک کاروباری مشیر ہیں۔

2019 میں اپنے نیٹ ورک پر جانے سے پہلے، پولی گون ٹیم نے Ethereum کے ایکو سسٹم پر بہت کام کیا تھا۔ ٹیم نے پلازما MVP، WalletConnect پروٹوکول اور وسیع پیمانے پر استعمال ہونے والے Dagger ایونٹ نوٹیفکیشن انجن کو ایتھریم میں لاگو کرنے پر کام کیا تھا۔

اس ٹیم میں پولی گون کے شریک بانی جینٹی کنانی شامل تھے۔ جینیٹی ایک ماہر اسٹیک ڈویلپر اور بلاک چین انجینئر ہیں اور فی الحال پولی گون کے CEO کے طور پر کام کرتےہیں۔

جنیٹی نے ایتھریم پر Web3، پلازما اور WalletConnect پروٹوکول کو نافذ کرنے میں ایک اہم کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ بلاک چین میں شمولیت سے پہلے جینٹی نے Housing.com کے ساتھ ڈیٹا سائنسدان کے طور پر بھی کام کیا تھا۔

پولی گون کے شریک بانی اور چیف آپریشنز آفیسر سندیپ نیلوال ایک بلاک چین پروگرامر اور کاروباری شخصیت ہیں۔ پولی گون (سابقہ میٹک) کو مشترکہ طور پر شروع کرنے سے پہلے سندیپ Scopeweaver کے CEO اور Welspun Group کے چیف ٹیکنیکل آفیسر کے طور پر کام کر چکے ہیں۔

انوراگ ارجن پولی گون کے واحد شریک بانی ہیں جن کا پروگرامنگ سے تعلق نہیں ہے۔ بطور پروڈکٹ مینیجر انہوں نے IRIS Business، SNL Financial، Dexter Consultancy اور Cognizant Technologies کے ساتھ کام کیا ہے۔

### پولی گون کو کیا چیز منفرد بناتی ہے؟

پولی گون خود کو لیئر 2 اسکیلنگ سالیوشن کے طور پر پیش کرتا ہے، جس کا مطلب ہے کہ پروجیکٹ مستقبل قریب میں اپنی موجودہ بنیادی بلاک چین لیئر کو اپگریڈ نہیں کرے گا۔ پروجیکٹ کی توجہ اس بات پر مر کوز ہے کہ اس کی توسیع پذیری اور فوری بلاک چین لین دین کی پیچیدگی کو کم کیا جائے۔

پولی گون پلازما فریم ورک کا ایک حسب ضرورت ورژن استعمال کرتا ہے جو ایتھریم مرکزی چین چلنے والے پروف آف اسٹیک چیک پوائنٹس پر بنایا گیا ہے۔ یہ انوکھی ٹیکنالوجی پولی گون پر ہر ایک سائیڈ چین کو فی بلاک 65,536 لین دین کی اجازت دیتی ہے۔

تجارتی طور پر، پولی گون کے سائڈ چین کو ساختی طور پر ایتھیریم ایکو سسٹم میں دستیاب متعدد غیر مرکزیت پر مبنی فانانس ([DeFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-decentralized-finance)) پروٹوکول کی مدد کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا گیا ہے۔

دراں حالیکہ پولی گون فی الحال صرف ایتھریم بیس چین کو سپورٹ کرتا ہے، یہ نیٹ ورک کمیونٹی کی تجاویز اور اتفاق رائے کی بنیاد پر اضافی بیس چین کے لیے سپورٹ کی توسیع کرنے کا ارادہ رکھتا ہے۔ یہ پولی گون کو باہمی تعاون کے قابل غیر مرکزیت پر مبنی لیئر 2 بلاک چین پلیٹ فارم بنائے گا۔

### پولی گون (MATIC) لندن ہارڈ فورک اور EIP-1559 اپگریڈ

پولی گون نے اعلان کیا لندن ہارڈ فورک اور ایتھریم امپروومنٹ پروپوزل (EIP) 1559 کا دیرینہ اپگریڈ 18 جنوری 2022 کو مین نیٹ پر لائیو ہوجائے گا۔ یہ اپگریڈ ایتھیریم نیٹ ورک پر فیس کے طریقہ کار کو مکمل طور پر تبدیل کر دے گا — یہ فیس کے حساب کتاب کے طریقہ کار کے طور پر پہلی قیمت کی نیلامی کو ختم کردیتا ہے اور اس کی بجائے یہ بنیادی فیس کو استعمال کرتا ہے، اسے مائن کرنے والوں کو بھیجنے کی بجائے گردش سے واپس لے لیا جاتا ہے۔ اگرچہ یہ لین دین کی فیس کو کم نہیں کرتا ہے، لیکن یہ اسے مزید مستحکم بناتا ہے، جس سے صارفین کو اخراجات کا بہتر اندازہ لگانے اور زائد ادائیگی کو کم کرنےمیں مدد ملتی ہے۔

تاہم، چونکہ MATIC ٹوکنز کو بنیادی فیس کے طور پر گردش سے واپس لے لیا جاتا ہے — اور MATIC کی مقرر سپلائی 10 بلین ٹوکنز — لہٰذا ڈیجیٹل اثاثہ پر اس کا تفریطی اثر پڑے گا۔ پولی گون کی بنیادی ٹیم نے MATIC کے سالانہ گردش سے واپس ہونے کی مقدار کا تخمینہ لگایا جو ٹوکن کی کل سپلائی — تقریباً 27 ملین کا 0.27% ہے۔ یہ تفریطی دباؤ ممکنہ طور پر توثیق کرنے والوں اور ڈیلیگیٹرز کو سب سے زیادہ فائدہ پہنچائے گا، کیونکہ پولی گون پر لین دین کی کارروائی کے لیے انعامات MATIC میں متعین ہوتے ہیں۔ مزید یہ کہ بلاک کے بھر جانے کے بعد بنیادی فیس خود بخود بڑھ جائے گی، جس کے نتیجے میں غیر متعلقہ لین دین کم ہو جائے گی اور اس طرح نیٹ ورک کا غیر ضروری استعمال بھی کم ہو جائے گا۔ 5 اگست 2021 کو ایتھریم مین نیٹ کا [لندن ہارڈ فورک لائیو ہوا](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/ethereums-london-hard-fork-goes-live)

### کتنے پولی گون (MATIC) ٹوکن گردش میں ہیں؟

MATIC ٹوکن ماہانہ بنیاد پر جاری کیے جاتے ہیں۔ MATIC کے پاس فی الحال 4,877,830,774 MATIC ٹوکنز کی گردشی فراہمی موجود ہے اور زیادہ سے زیادہ 10,000,000,000 MATIC ٹوکنز کی فراہمی کی جا سکتی ہے۔

2017 میں اس کی ابتدائی نجی فروخت کے موقع پر MATIC کی زیادہ سے زیادہ فراہمی کا 3.8 فیصد جاری کیا گیا تھا۔ اپریل 2019 کے لانچ پیڈ سیل میں کل فراہمی کا مزید 19 فیصد فروخت ہوا۔ MATIC کی قیمت $0.00263 فی ٹوکن تھی، اور $5 ملین حاصل ہوئے تھے۔

بقیہ MATIC ٹوکن اس طرح تقسیم کیے گئے ہیں:

* **ٹیم ٹوکنز:** کل فراہمی کا 16 فیصد۔
* **مشیروں کے ٹوکن:** کل فراہمی کا 4 فیصد۔
* **نیٹ ورک آپریشنز ٹوکن:** کل فراہمی کا 12 فیصد۔
* **فاؤنڈیشن ٹوکن** : کل فراہمی کا 21.86 فیصد۔
* **ایکو سسٹم ٹوکنز:** کل فراہمی کا 23.33 فیصد۔

جاری کرنے کے جدول کے مطابق، تمام ٹوکنز دسمبر 2022 تک جاری کر دیے جائیں گے۔

### پولی گون کس طرح محفوظ ہے؟

بطور[لیئر 2 سالیوشن](https://coinmarketcap.com/headlines/news/ethereum-layer-2-scaling-solution-optimism-preliminary-mainnet-january-15/) اثاثے کی حفاظت اور اسٹیکنگ کے لیے پروف آف اسٹیک ویلیڈیئیٹرز کے نیٹ ورک کو استعمال کرنا پولی گون ایکو سسٹم کا ایک لازمی حصہ ہے۔ نیٹ ورک کے ویلیڈیئیٹرز نیٹ ورک کے PoS اتفاق رائے کے نظام میں حصہ لینے کے لیے اپنے MATIC ٹوکن کو بطور ضمانت داؤ پر لگائیں گے اور بدلے میں MATIC ٹوکن وصول کریں گے۔

نیٹ ورک کے ایسے ممبران جو ویلیڈیئیٹر نہیں بننا چاہتے ہیں وہ اپنے MATIC ٹوکنز کسی دوسرے ویلیڈیئیٹر کو دے سکتے ہیں، لیکن پھر بھی اپنے اسٹیکنگ کے عمل میں حصہ لیں گے اور اسٹیکنگ کے انعامات حاصل کریں گے۔

پروف آف اسٹیک چیک پوائنٹ کے علاوہ، پولی گون بلاک پروڈیوسر لیئر پر بلاک پروڈیوسرز کو اعلی درجے کی غیر مرکزیت حاصل کرنے کے لیے استعمال کرتا ہے۔ یہ بلاک پروڈیوسر چیک پوائنٹس اور دھوکہ دہی سے پاک میکانزم کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے مین چین کو حتمی شکل دیتے ہیں۔

### پولی گون (MATIC) کیا ہے؟

ان منصوبوں میں سے ایک ہونے کے ناطے جنہوں نے ایتھیریم ایکو سسٹم کی ترقی میں کافی تعاون کیا ہے، MATIC اُن آن لائن ایکسچینجز میں مقبول ہے جو DeFi پر مرکوز ہیں۔ سرفہرست ایکسچینجز جہاں آپ فی الحال MATIC خرید، فروخت اور ٹریڈ کر سکتے ہیں، یہ ہیں:

* [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/binance/)
* [Coinbase Pro](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/coinbase-pro/)
* [Huobi Global](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/huobi-global/)
* [FTX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/ftx/)
* [KuCoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/kucoin/)

پولی گون کی قیمت کو اپنی پسند کی رائج کرنسی میں لائیو چیک کرنے کے لیے، آپ CoinMarketCap کے کنورٹر فیچر کو براہ راست [پولی گون پرائس صفحہ](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/polygon/) پر استعمال کر سکتے ہیں۔ متبادل کے طور پر، وقف شدہ شرح مبادلہ [کنورٹر صفحہ](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/) استعمال کریں۔ مقبول MATIC کی قیمت کے جوڑوں میں شامل ہیں: [MATIC/USD](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/matic/usd/)، [MATIC/GBP](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/matic/gbp/)، [MATIC/AUD](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/matic/aud/)، [MATIC/EUR](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/matic/eur/) اور [MATIC/JPY](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/matic/jpy/)۔

اگر آپ نئے ہیں تو [CoinMarketCap Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/) پر کرپٹو کی خریداری کے بارے میں سادہ معلومات، پروجیکٹ سے متعلق گہری معلومات اور مزید تعلیمی مواد ملاحظہ کر سکتے ہیں۔



Ledger

Trust Wallet

MetaMask

Binance Chain Wallet

SolFlare

Backpack

Phantom

BORA

Nakamoto Games

Gains Network

DIMO

ViciCoin

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Pigcoin

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

Solana is a highly functional open source project that banks on blockchain technology’s permissionless nature to provide decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. While the idea and initial work on the project began in 2017, Solana was officially launched in March 2020 by the Solana Foundation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Solana.

The Solana protocol is designed to facilitate decentralized app (DApp) creation. It aims to improve scalability by introducing a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with the underlying proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus of the blockchain.

Because of the innovative hybrid consensus model, Solana enjoys interest from small-time traders and institutional traders alike. A significant focus for the Solana Foundation is to make decentralized finance accessible on a larger scale.

Solana

Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform that says its goal is to allow “changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about positive global change.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Cardano.

The open-source project also aims to “redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins to individuals” — helping to create a society that is more secure, transparent and fair.

Cardano was founded back in 2017, and named after the 16th century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano. The native ADA token takes its name from the 19th century mathematician Ada Lovelace, widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer. The ADA token is designed to ensure that owners can participate in the operation of the network. Because of this, those who hold the cryptocurrency have the right to vote on any proposed changes to the software.

The team behind the layered blockchain say that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow decentralized apps and smart contracts to be developed with modularity.

In August 2021, Charles Hoskinson announced the launch of the Alonzo hard fork, causing Cardano price to surge, gaining 116% in the following month. On Sept. 12, 2021, the Cardano ‘Alonzo’ hard fork officially launched, bringing smart contract functionality to the blockchain. Over 100 smart contracts were deployed in the following 24 hours after the launch.

Cardano is used by agricultural companies to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof way, and retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.

Cardano

Founded in 2017, Chainlink is a blockchain abstraction layer that enables universally connected smart contracts. Through a decentralized oracle network, Chainlink allows blockchains to securely interact with external data feeds, events and payment methods, providing the critical off-chain information needed by complex smart contracts to become the dominant form of digital agreement.

The Chainlink Network is driven by a large open-source community of data providers, node operators, smart contract developers, researchers, security auditors and more. The company focuses on ensuring that decentralized participation is guaranteed for all node operators and users looking to contribute to the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Chainlink.

Chainlink

Ethereum is a decentralized open-source blockchain system that features its own cryptocurrency, Ether. ETH works as a platform for numerous other cryptocurrencies, as well as for the execution of decentralized smart contracts.

Ethereum was first described in a 2013 whitepaper by Vitalik Buterin. Buterin, along with other co-founders, secured funding for the project in an online public crowd sale in the summer of 2014. The project team managed to raise $18.3 million in Bitcoin, and Ethereum’s price in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) was $0.311, with over 60 million Ether sold. Taking Ethereum’s price now, this puts the return on investment (ROI) at an annualized rate of over 270%, essentially almost quadrupling your investment every year since the summer of 2014.

The Ethereum Foundation officially launched the blockchain on July 30, 2015, under the prototype codenamed “Frontier.” Since then, there has been several network updates — “Constantinople” on Feb. 28, 2019, “Istanbul” on Dec. 8, 2019, “Muir Glacier” on Jan. 2, 2020, “Berlin” on April 14, 2021, and most recently on Aug. 5, 2021, the “London” hard fork.

Ethereum’s own purported goal is to become a global platform for decentralized applications, allowing users from all over the world to write and run software that is resistant to censorship, downtime and fraud.

Ethereum

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency originally described in a 2008 whitepaper by a person, or group of people, using the alias Satoshi Nakamoto. It was launched soon after, in January 2009.

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer online currency, meaning that all transactions happen directly between equal, independent network participants, without the need for any intermediary to permit or facilitate them. Bitcoin was created, according to Nakamoto’s own words, to allow “online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.”

Some concepts for a similar type of a decentralized electronic currency precede BTC, but Bitcoin holds the distinction of being the first-ever cryptocurrency to come into actual use.

Bitcoin

Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed  (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

Launched in July 2017, Binance is the biggest cryptocurrency exchange globally based on daily trading volume. Binance aims to bring cryptocurrency exchanges to the forefront of financial activity globally. The idea behind Binance’s name is to show this new paradigm in global finance — Binary Finance, or Binance.

Aside from being the largest cryptocurrency exchange globally, Binance has launched a whole ecosystem of functionalities for its users. The Binance network includes the Binance Chain, Binance Smart Chain, Binance Academy, Trust Wallet and Research projects, which all employ the powers of blockchain technology to bring new-age finance to the world. BNB is an integral part of the successful functioning of many of the Binance sub-projects.

Dogecoin (DOGE) is based on the popular "doge" Internet meme and features a Shiba Inu on its logo. The open-source digital currency was created by Billy Markus from Portland, Oregon and Jackson Palmer from Sydney, Australia, and was forked from Litecoin in December 2013. Dogecoin's creators envisaged it as a fun, light-hearted cryptocurrency that would have greater appeal beyond the core Bitcoin audience, since it was based on a dog meme. Tesla CEO Elon Musk posted several tweets on social media that Dogecoin is his favorite coin.

Dogecoin

NEAR Protocol is a layer-one blockchain that was designed as a community-run cloud computing platform and that eliminates some of the limitations that have been bogging competing blockchains, such as low transaction speeds, low throughput and poor interoperability. This provides the ideal environment for DApps and creates a developer and user-friendly platform. For instance, NEAR uses human-readable account names, unlike the cryptographic wallet addresses common to Ethereum. NEAR also introduces unique solutions to scaling problems and has its own consensus mechanism called “Doomslug.”

NEAR Protocol is being built by the NEAR Collective, its community that is updating the initial code and releasing updates to the ecosystem. Its declared goal is to build a platform that is “secure enough to manage high value assets like money or identity and performant enough to make them useful for everyday people.”

Flux, a protocol that allows developers to create markets based on assets, commodities, real-world events, and Mintbase, an NFT minting platform are examples of projects being built on NEAR Protocol.

NEAR Protocol

SHIB is a decentralized, community-led currency held by millions across the globe. Since its inception in late 2020, the Ethereum-based SHIB token has grown to become a worldwide phenomenon, and is now accepted as a form of payment at hundreds of locations, either directly or through third-party intermediaries.

Shiba Inu coin was created anonymously in August 2020 under the pseudonym "Ryoshi." Ryoshi says about himself that he is a nobody and not important and that the efforts to unmask his identity, even if successful, would be underwhelming.

This meme coin quickly gained speed and value as a community of investors was drawn in by the cute charm of the coin paired with headlines and tweets from personalities like Elon Musk and Vitalik Buterin.

Since release SHIB now trades on the ecosystem's proprietary DEX, ShibaSwap.

Shiba Inu

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

Uniswap is a popular decentralized trading protocol, known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.

An example of an automated market maker (AMM), Uniswap launched in November 2018, but has gained considerable popularity this year thanks to the DeFi phenomenon and associated surge in token trading.

Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated and completely open to anyone who holds tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.

Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding the problems which plagued the first decentralized exchanges.

In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating and awarding its own governance token, UNI, to past users of the protocol. This added both profitability potential and the ability for users to shape its future — an attractive aspect of decentralized entities.

Uniswap

VeChainThor (VET) is a versatile enterprise-grade L1 smart contract platform whose origins began in 2015. VeChain is known as a pioneer of real-world enterprise applications, and built a distributed platform powered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, NFC chips and blockchain to help various industries solve data-related challenges.

VeChain solves major blockchain adoption hurdles. The platform uses an intelligent two token model, VET and VTHO, separating the protocol's Store of Value and gas fee payment mechanisms, ensuring costs can be kept low and stable. Fee delegation allows smart contracts to pay gas fees on behalf of business users, and an advanced transaction model allows data to be packaged more efficiently while ensuring finality of data.

VeChain is focused on delivering a wave of incentive-based sustainability dApps through its new platform, VeBetterDAO, working closely with Boston Consulting Group to achieve adoption across enterprise and individual users, and helping  onboard the next billion users to Web3 over the coming decade.

From supply chains to sustainability, VeChain has continuously demonstrated its leading role as a driver of blockchain in business, and is dedicated to its role as a pioneer of driving real world adoption of blockchain technology.

VeChain

Launched in 2011 by Pixowl, The Sandbox is a blockchain-based virtual world allowing users to create, build, buy and sell digital assets in the form of a game. By combining the powers of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), the Sandbox creates a decentralized platform for a thriving gaming community.

According to the official whitepaper, the Sandbox platform’s main mission is to introduce blockchain technology in mainstream gaming successfully. The platform focuses on facilitating a creative “play-to-earn” model, which allows users to be both creators and gamers simultaneously. The Sandbox employs the powers of blockchain technology by introducing the SAND utility token, which facilitates transactions on the platform.

The Sandbox

Algorand is a self-sustaining, decentralized, blockchain-based network that supports a wide range of applications. These systems are secure, scalable and efficient, all critical properties for effective applications in the real world. Algorand will support computations that require reliable performance guarantees to create new forms of trust.

The Algorand mainnet became live in June 2019, and was able to handle almost 1 million transactions per day as of December 2020. Algorand transaction metrics can be viewed here. Algorand initial coin offering (ICO) was held in June 2019, with the Algorand price of $0.24 per token.

Algorand

Gala is a web3 ecosystem powered by a layer-1 blockchain (GalaChain) built to power the Gala entertainment ecosystem that originally included Gala Games, Gala Music and Gala Film. More recently however, GalaChain has opened its doors to external developers and projects from any applicable industry, providing open source developer resources to simplify the process.

On a mission to empower users and creators across multiple industries throughout the world, Gala’s goal is to become the first billion user blockchain in the world. Innovators can extend the benefits of web3 to their users and communities more easily than ever before by leveraging open source tools like the GalaChain SDK and Creator Portal.

By elevating their ideas to web3 through GalaChain, developers can create custom tokens, smart contracts, reward opportunities and node networks for their communities and projects. Assets built on GalaChain can also be bridged to other blockchains, such as Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain and more. Developers who wish to learn more about getting involved with GalaChain are welcome to reach out via GalaChain.com.

The core of GalaChain is powered by its DePIN (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network) of Founder’s Nodes, whose operators earn daily $GALA rewards for actively providing resources to the ecosystem and enjoy governance voting rights on certain core Gala decisions. In addition to the Founder’s Node network’s foundational workload, individual projects can also create Node networks on GalaChain with more specific workloads.

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