## Polkadot (DOT) کیا ہے؟

Polkadot ایک اوپن سورس شارڈ کردہ ملٹی چین پروٹوکول ہے جو خصوصی بلاک چینز کے ایک نیٹ ورک کو مربوط کرتا ہے اور محفوظ بناتا ہے، نیز، ٹوکنز کے علاوہ، ڈیٹا یا اثاثے کی کسی بھی قسم کی اقسام کے کراس چین ٹرانسفر میں سہولت کاری فراہم کرتا ہے، جس سے بلاک چینز ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ باہم عمل انجام دینے کے قابل بن جاتی ہیں۔ Polkadot کو بلاک چینز کے ایک غیر مرکزی انٹرنیٹ کو بنیاد فراہم کرنے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا گیا تھا، جسے Web3 بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔

Polkadot کو لیئر-0 پر مشتمل میٹا پروٹوکول بھی کہا جاتا ہے کیونکہ اس میں لیئر 1 پر مبنی بلاک چیبز کے نیٹ ورک کے لیے ایک فارمیٹ پیش اور واضح کیا گیا ہے، جنہیں پیرا چینز (متوازی چینز) بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔ ایک میٹا پروٹوکول کی حیثیت سے، Polkadot اس قابل ہے، کہ اپنی ٹوکن ہولڈر کمیونٹی کی خواہش کے مطابق آن چین گورننس کے ذریعے اپنی ذاتی کوڈ بیس کو خودکار اور فورک سے عاری انداز میں اپ ڈیٹ کر سکے۔

Polkadot، ایک ایسی غیر مرکزی ویب کی معاونت کے لیے، جسے چلانے کا اختیار اس کے صارفین کے پاس ہے، اور نئی ایپلیکیشنز، ادارہ جات اور سروسز کی تخلیق کے لیے بنیاد فراہم کرتا ہے۔

Polkadot پروٹوکول، عوامی و نجی چینز، عوامی سطح پر دستیاب نیٹ ورکس، اوریکلز اور مستقبل کی ٹیکنالوجیز کو مربوط کر سکتا ہے، اور ان خودمختار بلاک چینز کو اس قابل بناتا ہے کہ وہ فریق ثالث پر انحصار کیے بغیر Polkadot ریلے چین (مزید تفصیل نیچے بیان کی گئی ہے) کے ذریعے معلومات اور ٹرانزیکشنز کا اشتراک کر سکیں۔

Polkadot کے مقامی DOT ٹوکن کے تین واضح مقاصد ہیں: عمل درآمد اور تحفظ کے لیے اسٹیک کرنا، نیٹ ورک کی گورننس کی سہولت کاری کرنا، اور پیرا چینز کو مربوط کرنے کے لیے ٹوکنز فراہم کرنا۔

Polkadot کے چار بنیادی اجزاء ہیں:

* ریلے چین: Polkadot کا "دل"، جو مفاہمت، باہم عمل کی قابلیت اور مختلف چینز کے حامل نیٹ ورک کے مابین مشترکہ تحفظ کی تخلیق میں مدد فراہم کرتی ہے؛
* [پیرا چینز: خودمختار چینز جن کے اپنے ذاتی ٹوکنز بھی ہو سکتے ہیں، اور جن سے استعمال کی مخصوص صورتوں کے لیے بھرپور فائدہ اٹھایا جا سکتا ہے۔](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-parachain-slot-auctions-and-crowdloans)
* پیرا تھریڈز: یہ بھی پیرا چینز کی طرح ہی ہوتی ہیں، تاہم سروس کے استعمال سے قبل ادائیگی پر مبنی اقتصادی ماڈل کے ساتھ اس کی مربوط کاری کی خصوصیت لچک پذیر ہوتی ہے؛
* برجز: پیرا چینز اور پیرا تھریڈز کو اس قابل بناتے ہیں کہ Ethereum جیسی بیرونی بلاک چینز کے ساتھ مربوط ہو سکیں اور مواصلت انجام دے سکیں۔

### Polkadot کے بانیان کون ہیں؟

Polkadot، Web3 Foundation کا فلیگ شپ پروٹوکول ہے، جو کہ ایک ایسی سوئس فاؤنڈیشن ہے جس کا مقصد ایک اوپن سورس، مکمل طور پر فعال اور صارف دوست غیر مرکزی ویب کی سہولت کاری کرنا ہے۔

Polkadot کے بانیان میں ڈاکٹر Gavin Wood، Robert Habermeier اور Peter Czaban شامل ہیں۔

Wood، جو کہ Web3 Foundation کے صدر ہیں، Ethereum کے شریک بانی، Parity Technologies کے بانی اور اسمارٹ معاہدے کی کوڈنگ لینگویج، Solidity کے تخلیق کار کی حیثیت سے اس انڈسٹری میں اپنے اثر و رسوخ کی بدولت ان تینوں میں سے سب سے زیادہ مقبول ہیں۔ Web3 کی اصطلاح پیش کرنے کا سہرا بھی Wood کو جاتا ہے۔

Habermeier، Thiel Fellow کا حصہ ہیں اور بلاک چین اور کرپٹو گرافی کے ماہر تحقیق کار اور ڈویلپر ہیں۔ Czaban، Web3 Foundation کے سابقہ ٹیکنالوجی ڈائیریکٹر رہ چکے ہیں، جنہیں انتہائی ماہرانہ فن ٹیک کی انڈسٹریز میں خاطر خواہ تجربہ حاصل ہے۔

### وہ کیا چیز ہے جو Polkadot کو منفرد بناتی ہے؟

Polkadot ایک شارڈ کردہ ملٹی چین نیٹ ورک ہے، جس کا مطلب ہے کہ یہ کئی متوازی چینز ("پیرا چینز") پر متعدد ٹرانزیکشنز پر عمل درآمد کر سکتا ہے۔ متوازی عمل کی یہ طاقت، مزید وسعت پیدا کرتی ہے۔

Substrate ڈھانچے کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے حسب منشاء بلاک چینز کو فوری اور آسان طریقے سے تشکیل دیا جا سکتا ہے، اور Substrate بلاک چینز کچھ اس طرح سے ڈیزائن کی جاتی ہیں کہ انہیں آسانی کے ساتھ Polkadot کے نیٹ ورک سے مربوط کیا جا سکے۔ یہ نیٹ ورک انتہائی لچک پذیر اور ہمہ گیر بھی ہے، جو شرکاء کے مابین معلومات کے اشتراک اور فعالیت کو ممکن بناتا ہے۔ نئے فیچرز کے اطلاق یا بگز کو ہٹانے کے لیے، فورک کی ضرورت کے بغیر بھی Polkadot کو خودکار طور پر اپ گریڈ کیا جا سکتا ہے۔

یہ نیٹ ورک، صارفین کی جانب سے چلائے جانے والے انتہائی منظم گورننس سسٹم کا حامل ہے جہاں تمام ٹوکن ہولڈرز کو اس حوالے سے اپنی رائے دینے کا اختیار حاصل ہوتا ہے کہ نیٹ ورک کو کس طرح سے چلایا جائے گا۔ ٹیمز، اپنی ضروریات اور بدلتے ہوئے حالات کے مطابق، Polkadot پر اپنی ذاتی بلاک چین کی گورننس کو حسب منشاء بنا سکتی ہیں۔ نامزد کنندگان، توثیق کاران، اور منتظمین، سب مل کر نیٹ ورک کو تحفظ فراہم کرنے اور اسے برقرار رکھنے، اور اس میں سے منفی سرگرمیوں کے اخراج کے لیے کئی فرائض انجام دیتے ہیں۔

2021 کے آخری ایام میں، Polkadot نے اپنی پہلی [پیرا چین کی نیلامیاں](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/polkadot-parachain-auctions-go-live) کامیابی کے ساتھ اختتام کو پہنچائیں۔ پیرا چین کی نیلامیوں کے بعد، کینڈل کی نیلامی کے اجازت سے پاک سسٹم کا آغاز ہوا۔ نیلامی کے اختتام کے غیر مقررہ وقت پر ہونے والی سب سے اونچی بولی ہی جیتنے والی بولی ہو گی۔

Polkadot نے پہلی پانچ سلاٹس نیلامی میں جیتنے والے مندرجہ ذیل افراد کے لیے مختص کر دی ہیں: [Acala](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/acala/)، [Moonbeam](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/moonbeam/)، [Astar](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/astar/)، [Parallel](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/parallel-finance/) اور [Clover](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/clover/)۔ یہ پراجیکٹس، اپنی پرا چین کی سلاٹس کو 96 ہفتوں کے لیے لاک کروا دیں گے، جو کہ DOT کی بولی لگانے والے افراد کی جانب سے دی جانے والی ضمانت کے مطابق، ایک مختص کردہ ضمانت کا کردار ادا کریں گے۔ Polkadot کی روایت کے مطابق، اس سے قبل تمام پراجیکٹس کو اس کے حقیقی ٹیسٹ نیٹ، [Kusama](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/kusama/) پر آزما کر دیکھا جا چکا ہے۔

#### متعلقہ صفحات:

[Cosmos (ATOM)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/cosmos/) کے بارے میں مزید جانیں۔

[Ethereum (ETH)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/ethereum/) کے بارے میں مزید جانیں۔

[Cardano (ADA)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/cardano/) کے بارے میں مزید جانیں۔

کیا آپ کرپٹو کی دنیا میں دلچسپی رکھتے ہیں؟ ہمارا معلوماتی سیکشن — [Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/) پڑھیں۔

کیا آپ Polkadot کی براہ راست قیمتوں پر نظر رکھنا چاہتے ہیں؟ [CoinMarketCap کی موبائل ایپ](https://coinmarketcap.com/mobile/) ڈاؤن لوڈ کریں!

کیا آپ آج ہی Polkadot کی قیمت کو اپنی مطلوبہ فیاٹ کرنسی پر تبدیل کرنا چاہتے ہیں؟ [CoinMarketCap کا زر مبادلہ کی شرح کا کیلکولیٹر](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/) ملاحظہ کریں۔

اس پراجیکٹ کے بارے میں مزید جاننے کے لیے، ہماری [Polkadot](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/a-deep-dive-into-polkadot) کی تفصیلات ملاحظہ کریں۔

Web3 فاؤنڈیشن سے [پیرا چینز](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-parachains-2) اور [بلاک چین برجز](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-blockchain-bridges) کے متعلق مزید جانیں۔

### فی الوقت کتنے Polkadot (DOT) ٹوکنز گردش میں ہیں؟

Polkadot پر ہونے والے ریفرنڈم میں [نیٹ ورک کی از سر نو تشکیل](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/en/redenomination) کے بعد، DOT کے بیلنسز میں 100 تک کا اضافہ ہوا، لہٰذا ایک پرانا DOT، نئے 100 DOT کے برابر ہے۔ اس کا مطلب تھا کہ اگست 2020 میں زیادہ سے زیادہ 10 ملین پرانے DOT کی ابتدائی رسد، نئے DOT ٹوکنز کی صورت میں 1 بلین کی شکل اختیار کر چکی تھی۔ از سر نو تشکیل کا یہ عمل محض اس لیے انجام دیا گیا تاکہ چھوٹے اعشاریوں کے استعمال سے بچا جا سکے اور حساب کتاب کا عمل آسان بنایا جا سکے۔ اگرچہ تمام بیلنسز میں سو گنا اضافہ ہو چکا تھا، تاہم، اس سے DOT کی تقسیم یا ہولڈر کے متناسب حصے پر کسی قسم کا اثر نہیں پڑا۔

Polkadot کی پہلی کوائن کی ابتدائی پیشکش (ICO) اکتوبر 2017 میں منعقد کی گئی، جس میں اس وقت 2.24 ملین ٹوکنز کی پیشکش کی گئی، جب Polkadot کی قیمت 0.29$ تھی۔ دوسری ICO کا اہتمام جولائی 2020 میں کیا گیا، جب Polkadot کی پیش کردہ قیمت 1.25$ تھی، جس میں 342,080 DOT ٹوکنز فروخت کیے گئے۔

### Polkadot نیٹ ورک کو کس طرح سے محفوظ بنایا جاتا ہے؟

یہ نیٹ ورک، توثیق کاران اور نامزد کنندگان کے ساتھ ایک NPoS (نامزد کردہ پروف آف اسٹیک) میکانزم کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔ نامزد کنندگان، اپنے ٹوکنز کے ذریعے توثیق کاران کو تقویت فراہم کرتے ہیں۔ یہ اسٹیک کردہ ٹوکنز، چین کو اس قدر مہنگا کرتے ہوئے محفوظ بنا دیتے ہیں کہ اس پر کسی قسم کے منفی رویے کی گنجائش نہیں بچتی۔

توثیق کاران کو ریلے چین پرا سٹیک کیا جاتا ہے، اور یہ مختلف پیرا چینز سے آنے والی ٹرانزیکشنز کی تصدیق کرتے ہیں۔ یہ منفرد توثیقی اسکیم، چینز کو اس قابل بناتی ہے کہ یکساں اصولوں کے تحت ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ تعامل انجام دے سکیں، تاہم، ان کی نگرانی خودمختارانہ طور پر کی جاتی ہے۔

### آپ Polkadot (DOT) کو کہاں سے خرید سکتے ہیں؟

فی الوقت Polkadot (DOT) ٹریڈنگ کے اولین ایکسچینجز میں [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/binance/)، [Huobi Global](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/huobi-global/)، [OKEx](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/okex/)، [Coinbase](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/coinbase-exchange/)، [KuCoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/kucoin/) اور مزید شامل ہیں۔ آپ CoinMarketCap پر [Polkadot کی مارکیٹس کے صفحے](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/polkadot-new/markets/) پر شامل فہرست دیگر کو بھی ملاحظہ کر سکتے ہیں۔

اب آپ اپنی پسند کی فیاٹ کرنسی میں کریڈٹ کارڈ کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے براہ راست Bitcoin اور Ethereum جیسی کرپٹو کرنسیز بھی خرید سکتے ہیں۔ اس کا طریقہ جاننے کے لیے، [یہاں پر مزید پڑھیں](https://www.binance.com/en/buy-sell-crypto)۔

اپنی پسند کی فیاٹ کرنسی میں براہ راست Polkadot کی قیمت ملاحظہ کرنے کے لیے، آپ [Polkadot کرنسی کے صفحے](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/polkadot-new/) پر جا کر براہ راست CoinMarketCap کا کنورٹر فیچر استعمال کر سکتے ہیں۔

ذیل میں ایسے چند مزید آرٹیکلز پیش ہیں جو شاید آپ کو دلچسپ معلوم ہوں:

* [کرپٹو Faucet کیا ہوتا ہے؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-crypto-faucet)
* [کرپٹو کے ڈیبٹ کارڈز کیا ہوتے ہیں؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-crypto-debit-cards)
* [ویب 3.0 کیا ہے؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-web-3-0)
* [منافع جاتی فارمنگ کیا ہوتی ہے؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-yield-farming)
* [کرپٹو ادھار میں دینے کا عمل کیا ہوتا ہے؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-crypto-lending)

 Polkadot App... a secure hardware wallet application for the entire Polkadot ecosystem.

🙌 Works with the relay chain and parachains that have made the necessary runtime upgrade (RFC#78).

🔐 The app enhances security by including metadata in transaction signatures so users can verify transaction details.

✂️ A Merkle tree is used to make the metadata's size more manageable for devices with limited RAM.

🤝 Funded by the Polkadot Treasury, and built through collaboration between 

 and the software development team at Alzymologist Oy.

Stay tuned for details and the release date.

🚨 INCOMING: A new @Ledger Polkadot App... a secure hardware wallet application for the entire Polkadot ecosystem.

Here's what you need to know 👇

🙌 Works with the relay chain and parachains that have made the necessary runtime upgrade (RFC#78).

🔐 The app enhances security by including metadata in transaction signatures so users can verify transaction details.

✂️ A Merkle tree is used to make the metadata's size more manageable for devices with limited RAM.

🤝 Funded by the Polkadot Treasury, and built through collaboration between @_zondax_, @paritytech and the software development team at Alzymologist Oy.

Stay tuned for details and the release date.

Tune in Thursday for insights into the flexibility + advantages of building on Polkadot.

📢 Builders Assemble!

Tune in Thursday for insights into the flexibility + advantages of building on Polkadot.

Meet pioneering project leaders @fjagosti of @TanssiNetwork, @toni_mateos of @laosnetwork  Dudley Needham of @Kiltprotocol, w/ moderator @AlexandraD_PBA 🙌 

ICYMI 900+ devs were active on Polkadot, while the number of code commits grew to 5.7K+ weekly commits per month.

👉 Read on for tech updates, governance activity, coretime metrics, & more! 

🚨 This just in: May Eco Insights by @paritytech

ICYMI 900+ devs were active on Polkadot, while the number of code commits grew to 5.7K+ weekly commits per month.

👉 Read on for tech updates, governance activity, coretime metrics, & more! https://polkadot.network/blog/polkadot-may-ecosystem-insights/

Polkadot Spent $87M on Ecosystem Development in 2024, Concerns Over Treasury Runway

What Makes Bull Market Winners So Successful?

What Is an Application-Specific Blockchain (AppChain)?

Technical Analysis: LINK, HIVE, DOT, BAT, FLUX and APT (Mar. W5) 

Layer 0 Blockchains: Closing the Gaps Between Blockchains

P2P.org

Binance

Polkadot

Ledger

Trezor

Trust Wallet

Math Wallet

Fairy-wallet

Parity Signer

Safepal

Ownbit

Dharma

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Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform that says its goal is to allow “changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about positive global change.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Cardano.

The open-source project also aims to “redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins to individuals” — helping to create a society that is more secure, transparent and fair.

Cardano was founded back in 2017, and named after the 16th century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano. The native ADA token takes its name from the 19th century mathematician Ada Lovelace, widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer. The ADA token is designed to ensure that owners can participate in the operation of the network. Because of this, those who hold the cryptocurrency have the right to vote on any proposed changes to the software.

The team behind the layered blockchain say that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow decentralized apps and smart contracts to be developed with modularity.

In August 2021, Charles Hoskinson announced the launch of the Alonzo hard fork, causing Cardano price to surge, gaining 116% in the following month. On Sept. 12, 2021, the Cardano ‘Alonzo’ hard fork officially launched, bringing smart contract functionality to the blockchain. Over 100 smart contracts were deployed in the following 24 hours after the launch.

Cardano is used by agricultural companies to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof way, and retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.

Cardano

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Founded in 2017, Chainlink is a blockchain abstraction layer that enables universally connected smart contracts. Through a decentralized oracle network, Chainlink allows blockchains to securely interact with external data feeds, events and payment methods, providing the critical off-chain information needed by complex smart contracts to become the dominant form of digital agreement.

The Chainlink Network is driven by a large open-source community of data providers, node operators, smart contract developers, researchers, security auditors and more. The company focuses on ensuring that decentralized participation is guaranteed for all node operators and users looking to contribute to the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Chainlink.

Chainlink

Solana is a highly functional open source project that banks on blockchain technology’s permissionless nature to provide decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. While the idea and initial work on the project began in 2017, Solana was officially launched in March 2020 by the Solana Foundation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Solana.

The Solana protocol is designed to facilitate decentralized app (DApp) creation. It aims to improve scalability by introducing a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with the underlying proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus of the blockchain.

Because of the innovative hybrid consensus model, Solana enjoys interest from small-time traders and institutional traders alike. A significant focus for the Solana Foundation is to make decentralized finance accessible on a larger scale.

Solana

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

Ethereum is a decentralized open-source blockchain system that features its own cryptocurrency, Ether. ETH works as a platform for numerous other cryptocurrencies, as well as for the execution of decentralized smart contracts.

Ethereum was first described in a 2013 whitepaper by Vitalik Buterin. Buterin, along with other co-founders, secured funding for the project in an online public crowd sale in the summer of 2014. The project team managed to raise $18.3 million in Bitcoin, and Ethereum’s price in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) was $0.311, with over 60 million Ether sold. Taking Ethereum’s price now, this puts the return on investment (ROI) at an annualized rate of over 270%, essentially almost quadrupling your investment every year since the summer of 2014.

The Ethereum Foundation officially launched the blockchain on July 30, 2015, under the prototype codenamed “Frontier.” Since then, there has been several network updates — “Constantinople” on Feb. 28, 2019, “Istanbul” on Dec. 8, 2019, “Muir Glacier” on Jan. 2, 2020, “Berlin” on April 14, 2021, and most recently on Aug. 5, 2021, the “London” hard fork.

Ethereum’s own purported goal is to become a global platform for decentralized applications, allowing users from all over the world to write and run software that is resistant to censorship, downtime and fraud.

Ethereum

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency originally described in a 2008 whitepaper by a person, or group of people, using the alias Satoshi Nakamoto. It was launched soon after, in January 2009.

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer online currency, meaning that all transactions happen directly between equal, independent network participants, without the need for any intermediary to permit or facilitate them. Bitcoin was created, according to Nakamoto’s own words, to allow “online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.”

Some concepts for a similar type of a decentralized electronic currency precede BTC, but Bitcoin holds the distinction of being the first-ever cryptocurrency to come into actual use.

Bitcoin

Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed  (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.

Launched in July 2017, Binance is the biggest cryptocurrency exchange globally based on daily trading volume. Binance aims to bring cryptocurrency exchanges to the forefront of financial activity globally. The idea behind Binance’s name is to show this new paradigm in global finance — Binary Finance, or Binance.

Aside from being the largest cryptocurrency exchange globally, Binance has launched a whole ecosystem of functionalities for its users. The Binance network includes the Binance Chain, Binance Smart Chain, Binance Academy, Trust Wallet and Research projects, which all employ the powers of blockchain technology to bring new-age finance to the world. BNB is an integral part of the successful functioning of many of the Binance sub-projects.

Uniswap is a popular decentralized trading protocol, known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.

An example of an automated market maker (AMM), Uniswap launched in November 2018, but has gained considerable popularity this year thanks to the DeFi phenomenon and associated surge in token trading.

Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated and completely open to anyone who holds tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.

Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding the problems which plagued the first decentralized exchanges.

In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating and awarding its own governance token, UNI, to past users of the protocol. This added both profitability potential and the ability for users to shape its future — an attractive aspect of decentralized entities.

Uniswap

VeChainThor (VET) is a versatile enterprise-grade L1 smart contract platform whose origins began in 2015. VeChain is known as a pioneer of real-world enterprise applications, and built a distributed platform powered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, NFC chips and blockchain to help various industries solve data-related challenges.

VeChain solves major blockchain adoption hurdles. The platform uses an intelligent two token model, VET and VTHO, separating the protocol's Store of Value and gas fee payment mechanisms, ensuring costs can be kept low and stable. Fee delegation allows smart contracts to pay gas fees on behalf of business users, and an advanced transaction model allows data to be packaged more efficiently while ensuring finality of data.

VeChain is focused on delivering a wave of incentive-based sustainability dApps through its new platform, VeBetterDAO, working closely with Boston Consulting Group to achieve adoption across enterprise and individual users, and helping  onboard the next billion users to Web3 over the coming decade.

From supply chains to sustainability, VeChain has continuously demonstrated its leading role as a driver of blockchain in business, and is dedicated to its role as a pioneer of driving real world adoption of blockchain technology.

VeChain

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

NEAR Protocol is a layer-one blockchain that was designed as a community-run cloud computing platform and that eliminates some of the limitations that have been bogging competing blockchains, such as low transaction speeds, low throughput and poor interoperability. This provides the ideal environment for DApps and creates a developer and user-friendly platform. For instance, NEAR uses human-readable account names, unlike the cryptographic wallet addresses common to Ethereum. NEAR also introduces unique solutions to scaling problems and has its own consensus mechanism called “Doomslug.”

NEAR Protocol is being built by the NEAR Collective, its community that is updating the initial code and releasing updates to the ecosystem. Its declared goal is to build a platform that is “secure enough to manage high value assets like money or identity and performant enough to make them useful for everyday people.”

Flux, a protocol that allows developers to create markets based on assets, commodities, real-world events, and Mintbase, an NFT minting platform are examples of projects being built on NEAR Protocol.

NEAR Protocol

Dogecoin (DOGE) is based on the popular "doge" Internet meme and features a Shiba Inu on its logo. The open-source digital currency was created by Billy Markus from Portland, Oregon and Jackson Palmer from Sydney, Australia, and was forked from Litecoin in December 2013. Dogecoin's creators envisaged it as a fun, light-hearted cryptocurrency that would have greater appeal beyond the core Bitcoin audience, since it was based on a dog meme. Tesla CEO Elon Musk posted several tweets on social media that Dogecoin is his favorite coin.

Dogecoin

Algorand is a self-sustaining, decentralized, blockchain-based network that supports a wide range of applications. These systems are secure, scalable and efficient, all critical properties for effective applications in the real world. Algorand will support computations that require reliable performance guarantees to create new forms of trust.

The Algorand mainnet became live in June 2019, and was able to handle almost 1 million transactions per day as of December 2020. Algorand transaction metrics can be viewed here. Algorand initial coin offering (ICO) was held in June 2019, with the Algorand price of $0.24 per token.

Algorand

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

Launched in 2011 by Pixowl, The Sandbox is a blockchain-based virtual world allowing users to create, build, buy and sell digital assets in the form of a game. By combining the powers of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), the Sandbox creates a decentralized platform for a thriving gaming community.

According to the official whitepaper, the Sandbox platform’s main mission is to introduce blockchain technology in mainstream gaming successfully. The platform focuses on facilitating a creative “play-to-earn” model, which allows users to be both creators and gamers simultaneously. The Sandbox employs the powers of blockchain technology by introducing the SAND utility token, which facilitates transactions on the platform.

The Sandbox

Litecoin (LTC) is a cryptocurrency that was designed to provide fast, secure and low-cost payments by leveraging the unique properties of blockchain technology.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Litecoin.

The cryptocurrency was created based on the Bitcoin (BTC) protocol, but it differs in terms of the hashing algorithm used, hard cap, block transaction times and a few other factors. Litecoin has a block time of just 2.5 minutes and extremely low transaction fees, making it suitable for micro-transactions and point-of-sale payments.

Litecoin was released via an open-source client on GitHub on Oct. 7, 2011, and the Litecoin Network went live five days later on Oct. 13, 2011. Since then, it has exploded in both usage and acceptance among merchants and has counted among the top ten cryptocurrencies by market capitalization for most of its existence.

The cryptocurrency was created by Charlie Lee, a former Google employee, who intended Litecoin to be a "lite version of Bitcoin," in that it features many of the same properties as Bitcoin—albeit lighter in weight.

Litecoin

Stellar (XLM) is a peer-to-peer (P2P) decentralized network created in 2014 by The Stellar Development Foundation or Stellar.org. The network officially launched in 2015 with the purpose of connecting the world's financial systems and ensuring a protocol for payment providers and financial institutions. The platform is designed to move financial resources swiftly and reliably at minimal cost. Stellar links people, banks, payment processors and allows users to create, send and trade multiple types of crypto.

The basis of the network is its native digital currency - XLM or Lumens. XLM acts as an intermediate currency for operations and is also used to pay transaction fees. How it works: the protocol converts money in a few seconds, first into XLM, and then into the requested currency.

The Stellar payment protocol is based on distributed ledger technology -- an open-source development, community-owned and distributed by community. The crypto asset of the Stellar platform helps with cross-border transactions, overcoming the problems of high fees and slow procedures. XLM is more focused on assisting individuals transfer money than they are with institutions. Thus, Stellar offers access to financial systems, and people can send money at low cost and promptly around the world.

Moreover, Stellar serves as a decentralized exchange and marketplace, with a built-in order book that tracks ownership of Stellar assets. Platform users can manage buy/sell orders, as well as select and set their preferred assets in settlements. XLM is a built-in coin that helps reduce transaction fees.

The network maintains a high level of security.  XLM holders must have at least one token in order to remain active on the network. This nuance performs a global goal - the execution of network transactions efficiently and with minimal time costs. Plus, Lumens offers protection against flood attacks by making microtransactions too expensive for hackers with no chance of profit, which keeps Stellar Network safe from serious threats.

The target audience of Stellar is the inhabitants of developing countries, ordinary users who are provided access to the global economy through fast, simple and inexpensive transactions. Stellar Network makes extensive use of Lumens to produce live convection as well as to send cash in multiple currencies; currency is sent from one peer, and the recipient can receive the amount in another currency. This feature is beneficial when a transaction is made between currencies without widely traded pairs.

Support for multi-currency transactions is another competitive advantage of Stellar, and the ability for cross-currency transactions has only enhanced processes with foreign operations. Moreover, stable speed and low transaction costs are a privilege that users receive.

This functionality is powered by a development called Anchors (a bridge between different currencies and the network), which simplifies the exchange within the network and helps speed up the whole process.

In summary, the benefits of Stellar (XLM) include: