Real-World Assets (RWA): Bridging the Gap Between DeFi and TradFi

$200M Euler Finance DeFi Exploit May Have Been North Korea's Lazarus Group

6 Crypto Innovations That Cannot Be Uninvented

The Role of Crypto in Cross-Border Payments: The Ultimate Comparison

CoinMarketCap News, August 4: We're Starting to Get Answers on What Caused Two Major Hack Attacks

## DAI (DAI) کیا ہے؟

DAI ایک Ethereum پر مبنی [اسٹیبل کوائن](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-stablecoin) (مستحکم قیمت کی کرپٹو کرنسی) ہے جس کے اجراء اور ڈویلپمنٹ کی نظم کاری Maker Protocol اور MakerDAO کی غیر مرکزی خود مختار تنظیم کرتی ہے۔

DAI کی قیمت U.S. ڈالر سے سافٹ پیگڈ ہے اور اسے مختلف قسم کی دیگر کرپٹو کرنسیز سے ضمانت یافتہ بنایا جاتا ہے، جو ہر مرتبہ نئے DAI کے منٹ ہونے پر [اسمارٹ معاہدے](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract) کے والٹس میں ڈپازٹ کی جاتی ہیں۔

یہ بات قابلِ غور ہے کہ کثیر ضمانتی DAI اور واحد ضمانتی DAI کے مابین فرق کو ملحوظ خاطر رکھنا چاہیئے، ثانی الذکر اس ٹوکن کا ابتدائی ورژن ہے جسے صرف ایک کرپٹو کرنسی کے ذریعے ضمانت یافتہ بنایا جا سکتا ہے؛ SAI DAI کے سیونگز ریٹ کی معاونت بھی نہیں کرتا جو صارفین کو DAI ٹوکنز ہولڈ کرتے ہوئے سیونگز کمانے کا موقع دیتا ہے۔

کثیر ضمانتی DAI کا آغاز نومبر 2019 میں ہوا تھا۔

### DAI کے بانیان کون ہیں؟

DAI کی نمایاں خصوصیات میں سے ایک یہ بھی ہے کہ اسے کسی ایک شخص یا شریک بانیوں کے مختصر گروپ نے نہیں بنایا تھا۔ بلکہ، اسے تقویت دینے والے سافٹ ویئر کی ڈویلپمنٹ اور نئے ٹوکنز کا اجراء MakerDAO اور Maker Protocol کے ذریعے انجام دیا جاتا ہے۔

MakerDAO ایک [غیر مرکزی خود مختار تنظیم](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-autonomous-organizations-dao) ہے — اس قسم کی کمپنی جو اسمارٹ معاہدوں کو استعمال کرتے ہوئے از خود ایک غیر مرکزی طریقے پر کام کرتی ہے — سافٹ ویئر کوڈ میں ظاہر کردہ یہ معاہدے از خود نافذ ہوتے ہیں اور Ethereum [بلاک چین](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) پر انجام دیے جاتے ہیں۔

اس تنظیم کے Maker (MKR) گورننس ٹوکنز کے ہولڈرز ایک جمہوری انداز میں اس کی نظم کاری کرتے ہیں، جو روایتی کمپنی کے اسٹاک کی طرح کام کرتے ہیں؛ MKR کے ہولڈرز MakerDAO، Maker Protocol اور DAI کی ڈویلپمنٹ کے حوالے سے اہم فیصلوں پر ووٹ دے سکتے ہیں، جبکہ ان کی ووٹنگ کی طاقت ان کے پاس موجود Maker ٹوکنز کی مقدار سے متناسب ہوتی ہے۔

بذات خود MakerDAO کی بنیاد 2015 میں ڈنمارک کی ایک کاروباری شخصیت Rune Christensen نے رکھی تھی۔ Christensen نے Maker ایکو سسٹم پر کام شروع کرنے سے پہلے، کوپن ہیگن میں بائیو کیمسٹری اور بین الاقوامی کاروبار کے شعبے میں تعلیم حاصل کی اور بین الاقوامی بھرتی کی فرم Try China قائم کی۔

### وہ کیا چیز ہے جو DAI کو منفرد بناتی ہے؟

DAI کا بنیادی فائدہ امریکی ڈالر کی قیمت سے اس کا سافٹ پیگ ہونا ہے۔

کرپٹو مارکیٹ اس حوالے سے معروف ہے کہ اس میں [Bitcoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/bitcoin/) جیسے سب سے بڑے، انتہائی [لیکویڈ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/liquidity) کوائنز بھی اتار چڑھاؤ کا شکار ہوتے ہیں، جہاں ایک ہی دن میں قیمتیں 10% (کم یا زیادہ دونوں صورتیں) یا اس سے بھی زیادہ تبدیل ہوتی ہیں۔ ان حالات میں، تاجر اور سرمایہ کار فطری طور پر اپنے پورٹ فولیو میں محفوظ اثاثے شامل کرنے کے لیے پہلے سے تیار ہوتے ہیں، جن کی مستحکم قیمت مارکیٹ کے نمایاں تغیرات کو دور کرنے میں مدد کر سکتی ہے۔

اسٹیبل کوائنز انہیں اثاثوں کی ایک قسم ہے، جس کی ایک مثال DAI ہے۔ یہ ایسی کرپٹو کرنسیز ہیں جن کی قیمت نسبتاً مستحکم مالیتی قدر کے حامل اثاثوں پر رکھی جاتی ہے — اور اس سلسلے میں عام طور پر USD یا EUR جیسی فیاٹ کرنسیاں رائج ہیں۔

DAI کا ایک اور اہم فائدہ یہ ہے کہ اس کی نظم کاری کسی نجی کمپنی کے بجائے، ایک غیر مرکزی خود مختار تنظیم سافٹ ویئر پروٹوکول کے ذریعے کرتی ہے۔ جس کے نتیجے میں، ٹوکنز کے اجراء اور ضیاع کے تمام واقعات Ethereum کے زیرِ انتطام اسمارٹ معاہدوں کے ذریعے نظم کی جاتی ہیں اور یہ عوامی طور پر ریکارڈ ہوتی ہیں، جس سے مکمل سسٹم زیادہ شفاف اور کرپشن سے کم زدپذیر ہوتا ہے۔

اس کے علاوہ، ٹوکن کے ایکو سسٹم کے باضابطہ شرکاء کے ذریعے براہ راست ووٹنگ کرواتے ہوئے — DAI سافٹ ویئر تیار کرنے کے عمل کو زیادہ جمہوری طریقے سے کنٹرول کیا جاتا ہے۔

#### متعلقہ صفحات:

Tether ([USDT](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/tether/)) کے بارے میں پڑھیں — ایک اور مقبول اسٹیبل کوائن جس کی قیمت USD سے پیگ شدہ ہے۔

CoinMarketCap کا [بلاگ](https://blog.coinmarketcap.com/) ملاحظہ کریں۔

CMC [Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/categories/crypto-basics) پر کرپٹو اسپیس کے بارے میں مزید جانیں۔

### فی الوقت کُل کتنے DAI (DAI) کوائنز گردش میں ہیں؟

نئے DAI ٹوکن Bitcoin ([BTC](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/bitcoin/)) اورEthereum ([ETH](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/ethereum/)) کی طرح [مائننگ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/how-long-does-it-take-to-mine-one-bitcoin) کے ذریعے تیار نہیں کیے جاتے ہیں، اور نہ ہی وہ Tether ([USDT](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/tether/)) جیسی ذاتی اجراء کی پالیسی کے مطابق کسی نجی کمپنی کے ذریعے تیار کیے جاتے ہیں۔ بلکہ، Maker Protocol کو استعمال کرتے ہوئے کوئی بھی صارف نیا DAI منٹ کر سکتا ہے۔

Ethereum بلاک چین کے زیرِ انتظام چلنے والا Maker Protocol، وہ سافٹ ویئر ہے جو DAI کے اجراء کا انتظام کرتا ہے۔ U.S. ڈالر کے ساتھ قیمت کے سافٹ پیگ کو برقرار رکھنے کے لیے، Maker Protocol اس بات کو یقینی بناتا ہے کہ ہر DAI ٹوکن دیگر کرپٹو کرنسیز کی مناسب مقدار کے ساتھ ضمانت یافتہ رہے۔ اس عمل کے حصے کے طور پر، یہ پروٹوکول کسی بھی صارف کو موقع دیتا ہے کہ وہ اپنی کرپٹو کو بطور ضمانت کسی والٹ میں ڈپازٹ کرے — جو Ethereum بلاک چین پر ایک اسمارٹ معاہدہ ہے — اور نئے DAI ٹوکنز کی ایک متعلقہ رقم کو منٹ کرے۔

DAI کی کل سپلائی کی کوئی بالائی حد نہیں ہے — سپلائی متحرک ہے اور اس بات پر منحصر ہے کہ کسی بھی دیۓ گۓ وقت کے اندر والٹس میں کتنی ضمانت محفوظ ہے۔ نومبر 2020 تک، تقریباً 940 ملین DAI گردش میں ہیں۔

### DAI نیٹ ورک کس طرح محفوظ ہے؟

DAI Ethereum پر مبنی، [ERC-20](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20) سے مطابقت پذیر ٹوکن ہے۔ اس طرح، Ethereum کے Ethash الگورتھم کے ذریعے اسے محفوظ کیا جاتا ہے۔

### آپ DAI (DAI) کو کہاں سے خرید سکتے ہیں؟

DAI ٹوکنز کی خریداری متعدد آن لائن پلیٹ فارمز پر دستیاب ہے۔ ان میں غیر مرکزی فنانس ([DeFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-decentralized-finance)) ٹوکن سواپ پروٹوکرلز شامل ہیں:

* [Uniswap](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/uniswap-v2/)
* [کمپاؤنڈ](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/compound/)

اور روایتی کرپٹو کرنسی ایکسچینجز:

* [Coinbase Pro](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/coinbase-pro/)
* [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/binance/)
* [OKEx](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/okex/)
* [HitBTC](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/hitbtc/)

Ledger

Coinbase

Safepal

HyperPay

Trust Wallet

MetaMask

Binance Chain Wallet

SolFlare

Backpack

Phantom

Atomic wallet

Ethereum

Shiba Inu

Chainlink

UNUS SED LEO

Uniswap

Aave

Render

Wormhole

Pepe

The Sandbox

SingularityNET

Worldcoin

FLOKI

The Graph

Gala

Ten Best Coins

Pastel

Oracle AI

xx network

Panther Protocol

USDC is a stablecoin that is pegged to the U.S. dollar on a 1:1 basis. Every unit of this cryptocurrency in circulation is backed up by $1 that is held in reserve, in a mix of cash and short-term U.S. Treasury bonds. The Centre consortium, which is behind this asset, says USDC is issued by regulated financial institutions.

The stablecoin originally launched on a limited basis in September 2018. Put simply, USDC’s mantra is “digital money for the digital age” — and the stablecoin is designed for a world where cashless transactions are becoming more common.

Several use cases have been unveiled for the USDC. As well as providing a safe haven for crypto traders in times of volatility, those behind the stablecoin say it can also allow businesses to accept payments in digital assets, and shake up an array of sectors including decentralized finance and gaming.

Overall, the goal is to create an ecosystem where USDC is accepted by as many wallets, exchanges, service providers and dApps as possible.

USDC

TUSD is the first digital asset with live on-chain attestations by independent third-party institutions and is backed 1:1 with the U.S. dollar (USD). So far, it has been listed on more than 100 trading platforms such as Binance and Huobi and is live on 12 mainstream public chains, including Ethereum, TRON, Avalanche, BSC, Fantom, and Polygon.

TrueUSD is attested to in real-time by an independent, industry-specialized accounting firm in the U.S., to ensure the 1:1 ratio of its USD reserve to the circulating token supply and the 100% collateral rate. With the integration of Chainlink PoR, TrueUSD becomes the first USD-Backed stablecoin to secure minting and further ensure transparency and reliability. Users can access the relevant data via the official website tusd.io at any time. TUSD is granted statutory status as authorized digital currency and medium of exchange in the Commonwealth of Dominica, a country in the Caribbean, effective on October 7th 2022.

TrueUSD

Binance USD (BUSD) is a 1:1 USD-backed stable coin issued by Binance (in partnership with Paxos), Approved and regulated by the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS), The BUSD Monthly Audit Report can be viewed from the official website. Launched on 5 Sep 2019, BUSD aims to meld the stability of the dollar with blockchain technology. It is a digital fiat currency, issued as ERC-20 and supports BEP-2.

BUSD

Launched in 2014, Tether is a blockchain-enabled platform designed to facilitate the use of fiat currencies in a digital manner. Tether works to disrupt the conventional financial system via a more modern approach to money. Tether has made headway by giving customers the ability to transact with traditional currencies across the blockchain, without the inherent volatility and complexity typically associated with a digital currency. As the first blockchain-enabled platform to facilitate the digital use of traditional currencies (a familiar, stable accounting unit), Tether has democratised cross-border transactions across the blockchain.

Tether USDt

Founded in September of 2018, Pax Dollar is a flat-collateralized stablecoin. Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies that are designed to minimize the volatility of the price of the stablecoin, relative to a certain stable asset or a basket of assets.

A stablecoin can be pegged to a cryptocurrency or flat money. In some cases, it can even be traded for commodities. Pax Dollar offers the advantage of transacting with blockchain assets through minimized price risk. The Pax Dollar tokens (USDP) are issued asERC-20 tokens on the Ethereum blockchain and are collateralized 1:1 through the USD held in Paxos-owned US bank accounts.

Pax Dollar

TRON (TRX) is a decentralized blockchain-based operating system developed by the Tron Foundation and launched in 2017. Originally TRX tokens were ERC-20-based tokens deployed on Ethereum, but a year later they were moved to their own network.

Initially, the project was created with the aim of providing full ownership rights to makers of digital content. The main goal is to help content creators (who receive only a small part of the income) and encourage them with more rewards for their work. How: invite content consumers to reward content makers directly (without intermediaries like YouTube, Facebook or Apple).

The TRON software supports smart contracts, various kinds of blockchain systems, and decentralized applications aka dApps. The cryptocurrency platform uses a transaction model similar to Bitcoin (BTC), namely UTXO. Transactions take place in a public ledger, where users can track the history of operations.

Therefore, the platform was built to create a decentralized Internet and serves as a tool for developers to create dApps, acting as an alternative to Ethereum. Anyone can create dApps on the TRON network, offer content, and in return receive digital assets as compensation for their efforts. The ability to create content and share it openly without hesitation regarding transaction fees is an undeniable advantage of TRON.

TRON

Monero was launched in 2014, and its goal is simple: to allow transactions to take place privately and with anonymity. Even though it’s commonly thought that BTC can conceal a person’s identity, it’s often easy to trace payments back to their original source because blockchains are transparent. On the other hand, XMR is designed to obscure senders and recipients alike through the use of advanced cryptography.

The team behind Monero say privacy and security are their biggest priorities, with ease of use and efficiency coming second. It aims to provide protection to all users — irrespective of how technologically competent they are.

Overall, XMR aims to allow payments to be made quickly and inexpensively without fear of censorship.

Monero

Bitcoin Cash (BCH) is a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that aims to become sound global money with fast payments, micro fees, privacy and larger block size. As a permissionless, decentralized cryptocurrency, Bitcoin Cash requires no trusted third parties.

Bitcoin Cash was created as an alternative to the first and most valuable cryptocurrency — Bitcoin (BTC). In 2017, BCH developers modified the BTC code, releasing their software version and a full-fledged competitive product, which split Bitcoin into two blockchains: Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash. Bitcoin Cash is a result of a hard fork in the blockchain due to differences in the community over Bitcoin scaling and the SegWit upgrade. Moreover, another hard fork, which divided Bitcoin Cash into two parts, Bitcoin ABC and Bitcoin SV, took place in the fall of 2018.

The scaling debate involved two sides: small block supporters opposed increasing block size as it could lead to blockchain centralization and vulnerability by making it harder to host full nodes. Large block supporters, however, advocated for a faster solution, concerned that rising transaction fees could hinder growth.

Bitcoin Cash

Uniswap is a popular decentralized trading protocol, known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.

An example of an automated market maker (AMM), Uniswap launched in November 2018, but has gained considerable popularity this year thanks to the DeFi phenomenon and associated surge in token trading.

Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated and completely open to anyone who holds tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.

Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding the problems which plagued the first decentralized exchanges.

In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating and awarding its own governance token, UNI, to past users of the protocol. This added both profitability potential and the ability for users to shape its future — an attractive aspect of decentralized entities.

Litecoin (LTC) is a cryptocurrency that was designed to provide fast, secure and low-cost payments by leveraging the unique properties of blockchain technology.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Litecoin.

The cryptocurrency was created based on the Bitcoin (BTC) protocol, but it differs in terms of the hashing algorithm used, hard cap, block transaction times and a few other factors. Litecoin has a block time of just 2.5 minutes and extremely low transaction fees, making it suitable for micro-transactions and point-of-sale payments.

Litecoin was released via an open-source client on GitHub on Oct. 7, 2011, and the Litecoin Network went live five days later on Oct. 13, 2011. Since then, it has exploded in both usage and acceptance among merchants and has counted among the top ten cryptocurrencies by market capitalization for most of its existence.

The cryptocurrency was created by Charlie Lee, a former Google employee, who intended Litecoin to be a "lite version of Bitcoin," in that it features many of the same properties as Bitcoin—albeit lighter in weight.

Litecoin

Maker (MKR) is the governance token of the MakerDAO and Maker Protocol — respectively a decentralized organization and a software platform, both based on the Ethereum blockchain — that allows users to issue and manage the DAI stablecoin.

Initially conceived in 2015 and fully launched in December 2017, Maker is a project whose task is to operate DAI, a community-managed decentralized cryptocurrency with a stable value soft-pegged to the US dollar.

MKR tokens act as a kind of voting share for the organization that manages DAI; while they do not pay dividends to their holders, they do give the holders voting rights over the development of Maker Protocol and are expected to appreciate in value in accordance with the success of DAI itself.

The Maker ecosystem is one of the earliest projects on the decentralized finance (DeFi) scene: the industry that seeks to build decentralized financial products on top of smart-contract-enabled blockchains, such as Ethereum.

Maker

Ethereum Classic (ETC) is the original Ethereum (ETH) blockchain that launched in July 2015. Its main function is as a smart contract network, with the ability to host and support decentralized applications (DApps). Its native token is ETC.

Since its launch, Ethereum Classic has sought to differentiate itself from Ethereum, with the two networks’ technical roadmap diverging further and further from each other with time.

Ethereum Classic first set out to preserve the integrity of the existing Ethereum blockchain after a major hacking event led to the theft of 3.6 million ETH.

Ethereum Classic

OKB is a cryptocurrency released by the OK Blockchain Foundation and Maltese crypto exchange, OKEx. The exchange is one of the largest in the world andcurrently ranks third in liquidity, fourth in trading volume, and provides a wide selection of trading pairs. OKEx is similar in many aspects to the cryptocurrency exchange giantBinance, but there are a few key differences. The OKEx platform has its owncloud mining service, and the company has a more focused reach in providing options trading for users. Meanwhile, Binance strives to offer a broad range of crypto services globally.

OKB is the OKEx utility token that enables users to access the crypto exchange's special features. The coin is used to calculate and pay trading fees, grant users access to voting and governance on the platform, and reward users for holding OKB.

OKEx has become a world-leading trading floor since its launch in 2017. The platform launched in the spring of 2017 and emerged as an offshoot from the original OKCoin platform (operating since 2013 in China). OKCoin now focuses on exchanging fiat for crypto, while OKEx focuses on crypto trading with a built-inAPI for algorithmic trading. The exchange also gives users access to a multi-currency wallet and functions formargin trading.

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

USDD is a stablecoin issued by the TRON DAO Reserve. It’s pegged to the value of the US dollar and aims to provide a reliable, decentralized cryptocurrency for blockchain transactions. USDD can be used for payments, trading, staking and as a value store.

USDD is backed by a number of cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, Ethereum and TRON. To ensure stability and security, the reserve is over-collateralized, meaning that it holds more assets than the amount of USDD currently in circulation.

USDD

Stellar (XLM) is a peer-to-peer (P2P) decentralized network created in 2014 by The Stellar Development Foundation or Stellar.org. The network officially launched in 2015 with the purpose of connecting the world's financial systems and ensuring a protocol for payment providers and financial institutions. The platform is designed to move financial resources swiftly and reliably at minimal cost. Stellar links people, banks, payment processors and allows users to create, send and trade multiple types of crypto.

The basis of the network is its native digital currency - XLM or Lumens. XLM acts as an intermediate currency for operations and is also used to pay transaction fees. How it works: the protocol converts money in a few seconds, first into XLM, and then into the requested currency.

The Stellar payment protocol is based on distributed ledger technology -- an open-source development, community-owned and distributed by community. The crypto asset of the Stellar platform helps with cross-border transactions, overcoming the problems of high fees and slow procedures. XLM is more focused on assisting individuals transfer money than they are with institutions. Thus, Stellar offers access to financial systems, and people can send money at low cost and promptly around the world.

Moreover, Stellar serves as a decentralized exchange and marketplace, with a built-in order book that tracks ownership of Stellar assets. Platform users can manage buy/sell orders, as well as select and set their preferred assets in settlements. XLM is a built-in coin that helps reduce transaction fees.

The network maintains a high level of security.  XLM holders must have at least one token in order to remain active on the network. This nuance performs a global goal - the execution of network transactions efficiently and with minimal time costs. Plus, Lumens offers protection against flood attacks by making microtransactions too expensive for hackers with no chance of profit, which keeps Stellar Network safe from serious threats.

The target audience of Stellar is the inhabitants of developing countries, ordinary users who are provided access to the global economy through fast, simple and inexpensive transactions. Stellar Network makes extensive use of Lumens to produce live convection as well as to send cash in multiple currencies; currency is sent from one peer, and the recipient can receive the amount in another currency. This feature is beneficial when a transaction is made between currencies without widely traded pairs.

Support for multi-currency transactions is another competitive advantage of Stellar, and the ability for cross-currency transactions has only enhanced processes with foreign operations. Moreover, stable speed and low transaction costs are a privilege that users receive.

This functionality is powered by a development called Anchors (a bridge between different currencies and the network), which simplifies the exchange within the network and helps speed up the whole process.

In summary, the benefits of Stellar (XLM) include: