## Cronos (CRO) (کرونوس) کیا ہے؟

کرونوس (CRO)، کرونوس چین (Cronos Chain) کا مقامی کرپٹو کرنسی ٹوکن ہے — کرونوس چین ایک غیر مرکزی، اوپن-سورس [بلاک چین](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) ہے، جسے، ادائیگی، تجارتی اور مالیاتی خدمات فراہم کرنے والی کمپنی Crypto.com نے تیار کیا ہے۔

کرونوس چین اُن مصنوعات میں سے ایک ہے، جو Crypto.com میں، پیسے پر ذاتی کنٹرول کو بڑھانے, صارف کے ڈیٹا کو تحفظ دینے، اور شناخت چُھپانے کے ایک وسیلے کی حیثیت سے، حلوں (solutions) کی قطار لگائے کھڑی ہیں، جنہیں عالمی سطح پر کرپٹو کرنسیوں کی قبولیت کے عمل کو تیزتر کرنے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا گیا ہے۔ بنیادی طور پر CRO بلاک چین ایک گاڑی کی حیثیت سے کام کرتا ہے، جو Crypto.com Pay موبائل-ادائیگیوں کی ایپ کو توانائی فراہم کرتا ہے۔

Crypto.com مستقبل میں، اپنی دیگر مصنوعات کو چلانے کے لیے بھی CRO پلیٹ فارم کی پہنچ کو وسعت دینے کا ارادہ رکھتا ہے۔

CRO نومبر-دسمبر سن 2018 میں فعّال ہوا۔

### کرونوس کے بانی کون ہیں؟

کمپنی نے کرونوس Crypto.com کا آغاز، اپنے نظریے یعنی "ہر بٹوے میں کریپٹو کرنسی ڈالنے" کے تحت شروع کیا تھا۔ “Monaco Technologies GmbH“ کے نام سے آغاز کرنے والی Crypto.com کی بُنیاد، جون سن 2016 میں Kris Marszalek, Rafael Melo, Gary Or اور Bobby Bao نے رکھی۔

Polish Adam Mickiewicz University کے سابق طالب علم Kris Marszalek نے Crypto.com کا آغاز کرنے سے پہلے جن تین کمپنیوں کی بنیاد رکھی اور ان کی سربراہی بھی کی کُچھ یوں ہیں: کنزیومر الیکٹرانکس ڈیزائن اور مینوفیکچرنگ بزنس Starline Polska، لوکیشن پر مبنی سروس موبائل ایپ اور پلیٹ فارم YIYI، اور ای کامرس فرم BEECRAZY۔

Rafael Melo نے PUC-Rio سے انجینئرنگ میں بیچلر کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔ مالیاتی امور میں اپنے 15 سال سے زیادہ پر مُحیط پیشہ ورانہ دور میں، میلو نے ایشیا کی بڑی کمپنیوں کے ساتھ کام کیا ہے اور Ensogo (سماجی تجارت کی ویب-سائٹ) کے لیے 50 ملین AUD سے زیادہ کی فنڈنگ حاصل کرنے میں مدد فراہم کی۔

Gary Or ایک سافٹ ویئر انجینئر ہیں، جو انجنیرنگ میں نو سال سے زیادہ پر مبنی کُل وقتی تجربے کے حامل ہیں۔ Crypto.com کی مشترکہ بُنیاد رکھنے سے پہلے، Or نے Ensogo میں پلیٹ فارم کے معمار کی حیثیت سے خدمات سر انجام دیں، اور موبائل ایپ ڈویلپمنٹ فرم Foris کی مشترکہ بنیاد رکھی۔ اُنہوں نے University of Hong Kong سے انجینئرنگ، کمپیوٹر سائنس میں بیچلر کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔

Crypto.com کے آغاز میں مدد فراہم کرنے سے پہلے، Bobby Bao نے سرمایہ کاری بینک China Renaissance کے M&A شعبے میں کام کیا۔ Bao نے University of Melbourne، نیز NYU Stern School of Business، اور College of William & Mary میں تعلیم حاصل کی۔

### کیا چیز کرونوس کو منفرد بناتی ہے؟

CRO بلاک چین بنیادی طور پر Crypto.com کے صارفین کو یہ سہولتیں فراہم کرنے پر مرکوز ہے۔ ادائیگی، تجارت اور مالیاتی خدمات سے متعلق حل۔

CRO مالکان ایک توثیق کار کے طور پر کام کرنے، اور نیٹ-ورک پر لین-دین کی کارروائی کرنے کے لیے فیس کمانے کی غرض سے، Crypto.com چین پر اپنے کوائن کی اسٹیکنگ کر سکتے ہیں۔ مزید یہ کہ، کرونوس چین پر لین-دین کی فیس طے کرنے کے لیے CRO کوائنز استعمال کیے جا سکتے ہیں۔

Crypto.com Pay ادائیگی ایپ کے فریم ورک کے اندر رہ کر، صارفین تاجروں کو CRO میں ادائیگی کرتے ہوئے 20% تک؛ گفٹ کارڈز خرید کر, اور دوسرے صارفین کو پیئر-ٹو-پیئر (peer-to-peer) ٹرانسفر کر کے 10% تک کیش-بیک (cashback) حاصل کر سکتے ہیں۔

جب تجارتی استعمال کے معاملات کی بات ہو، تو Crypto.com ایپ، صارفین کو CRO کی [اسٹیکنگ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/staking) کے ذریعے منتخب فہرستوں کے لیے ٹوکن انعامات حاصل کرنے کی اجازت دیتی ہے۔

مزید برآں، صارفین اپنے Crypto.com کوائن پر 10-12% تک سالانہ مُنافع حاصل کر سکتے ہیں۔ Crypto.com کوائن کی یہ اسٹیکنگ Crypto.com ایکسچینج ایپ پر کی جا سکتی ہے، یا پھر Crypto.com کے میٹل Visa کارڈ پر۔

بحیثیت مجموعی، CRO کا طرز عمل ایک ایسے آلے کی مانند ہے، جو Crypto.com کی اُس مُہم کو توانائی بخشتا ہے، جو کرپٹو کرنسیوں کی عالمی قبولیت میں اضافہ کرنے کے لئے چلائی جا رہی ہے۔ اسطرح، کمپنی استعمال کے اُن نئے معاملات کی تلاش میں سرگرداں ہے نیز اُنہیں ڈویلپ کرنے پر کام کر رہی ہے، جو صارفین کو کرپٹو کرنسی کا فائدہ اٹھانے کی اجازت دیںگے، تاکہ وہ اپنے پیسے، ڈیٹا اور شناخت پرذاتی کنٹرول کو بڑھا سکیں۔

### Cronos Chain (کرونوس چین)

Cronos Chain، جو [Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/ethereum/) سے مُطابقت رکھنے والا ایک بلاک چین ہے۔ اسکا آغاز حال ہی میں Crypto.org بلاک چین کے متوازی کام کے لیے کیا گیا۔ یہ Binance Chain اور [Binance Smart Chain](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-binance-smart-chain)(EVM-ہم آہنگ) سے موازنے کے قابل ہے۔ کرونوس چین کا مین-نیٹ بیٹا (beta), جسے [پروف-آف-اتھارٹی](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-authority-poa) (PoA) [اتفاق رائے میکنزم](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus-mechanism) استعمال کرتے ہوئے Cosmos SDK پر بنایا گیا ہے، 8 نومبر، سن 2021 کو عمل پذیر ہوا. [Ethereum Virtual Machine](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/ethereum-virtual-machine-evm) یعنی (EVM) مطابقت کا مطلب ہے کہ Ethereum پر بنائے گئے ہزاروں [DApps](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps) کو کرونوس چین پر منتقل کیا جا سکتا ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ، یہ انٹر-بلاک چین کمیونیکیشنز (IBC) پروٹوکول کو بھی سپورٹ کرتا ہے، جسکے سبب، اسے DApps کے [کوزموس](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/cosmos/) ایکو سسٹم تک رسائی حاصل ہو جاتی ہے۔

کُچھ ہی عرصہ پہلے آغاز کے باوجود، [کُل مُقفل شدہ قدر](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/total-value-locked-tvl) (TVL) میں بڑھوتری آسمان سے باتیں کر رہی ہے، جو 3 ماہ سے بھی کم مُدّت میں [US$2B امریکی ڈالر سے زیادہ کی بلندی](https://defillama.com/chain/Cronos) پر پہنچ چُکی ہے۔ اسے جزوی طور پر [پارٹیکل بی 100M$ CRO EVM فنڈ](https://blog.crypto.com/particle-b-accelerator-launches-the-cro-evm-fund/) سے منسوب کیا جا سکتا ہے، جو ڈویلپرز کو کرونوس پر تعمیر کرنے کی ترغیب دیتا ہے۔ اپنے آغاز کے بعد سے، 0.96$ کی بلندی تک پہنچنے تک، CRO$ ٹوکن کی قیمتوں میں 350% اضافہ ہوا۔ مستقبل قریب میں، Ethereum اور کوزموس کے درمیان کسی پُل کی توقّع ہے۔

#### متعلقہ صفحات:

[BNB](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/binance-coin/) اور [HT](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/huobi-token/)، یعنی دو دیگر مقبول ٹوکنز کے بارے میں جانیے، جنہیں انکے پیرنٹ (parent) پلیٹ فارمز کو چلانے، اور انکے استعمال کی ترغیب دینے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا گیا۔

CMC [الیگزینڈریا](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/categories/crypto-basics)، CoinMarketCap کا تعلیمی پورٹل (portal) دیکھیے۔

### کُل کتنے کرونوس (CRO) کوائنز گردش میں ہیں؟

سن 2021 میں 70 بلین CRO جلا دینے کے بعد، انکی کل سپلائی 30 بلین کوائنز تک محدود ہے، جو سب کے سب اُس وقت تخلیق کیے گئے جب بلاک چین لائیو (live) ہوا — یہ اسے ایک نان-مائن-ایبل کریپٹو کرنسی بنا دیتا ہے۔

CRO کی کل فراہمی پانچ مختلف مقاصد کے لیے مختص کی جائے گی:

* 30% — ثانوی تقسیم اور ابتدائی ترغیبات کے لیے - 14 نومبر سن 2018 سے پانچ سالوں کے دوران روزانہ کی بنیاد پر مختلف دستوں کی شکل میں جاری کیے گئے۔
* 20% — سرمائے کے ذخیرے میں - 7 نومبر سن 2022 تک منجمد؛
* 20% — نیٹ-ورک کی طویل مدتی مراعات کے لیے - 7 نومبر سن 2022 تک منجمد؛
* 20% — ایکو سسٹم گرانٹس کے لیے - Crypto.com چین مین نیٹ کے آغاز تک منجمد؛
* 10% - کمیونٹی کی ترقی کے لیے۔

### Crypto.com کوائن نیٹ-ورک کو کیسے محفوظ بنایا جات ہے؟

CRO کو Ethereum یعنی [ETH](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/ethereum/) بلاک چین کے عین اوپر[ERC-20](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20) سے مطابقت رکھنے والے معیار کو مدّنظر رکھ کر بنایا گیا ہے، یعنی اس کے نیٹ-ورک کو Ethash فنکشن کے ذریعے تحفّظ حاصل ہے۔

### آپ Cronos (CRO) کہاں سے خرید سکتے ہیں؟

CRO کوائنز متعدد کرپٹو کرنسی ایکسچینجز پر دستیاب ہیں، جن میں سے کچھ یہ ہیں:

* [Bittrex](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/bittrex/)
* [OKEx](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/okex/)
* [Huobi Global](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/huobi-global/)

Cronos

🎉 Cronos zkEVM, the first Layer-2 ZK chain alongside ZKsync Era, has officially launched “alpha” mainnet! This marks a monumental step in scaling Ethereum and the broader ZK chain ecosystems, bringing the most advanced DeFi dApps to the masses.

Pioneer Program Mainnet Missions are Live: Start collecting loyalty points and unlock rewards across a growing network of dApps.

🤝 Collaborative Strength: Cronos zkEVM, developed with Matter Labs, crypto.com, Veno Finance, FulcromFinance and 20+ partners, is set to enhance scalability and mainstream adoption.

⏳ Alpha Phase: From now till September 2024, 

 is invited to provide feedback that will help fine-tune the network.

🔗 Learn more in the full announcement: 

⚙️ Cronos zkEVM "Alpha" Mainnet Network Configuration

Cronos is the first EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain built on Cosmos, supported by Crypto.com's 80+ million users, >400 app developers & partners globally.

🎉 Cronos zkEVM, the first Layer-2 ZK chain alongside ZKsync Era, has officially launched “alpha” mainnet! This marks a monumental step in scaling Ethereum and the broader ZK chain ecosystems, bringing the most advanced DeFi dApps to the masses.  Pioneer Program Mainnet Missions are Live: Start collecting loyalty points and unlock rewards across a growing network of dApps. 👉 Begin your first mission: https://zkevm.cronos.org/missions   🤝 Collaborative Strength: Cronos zkEVM, developed with Matter Labs, crypto.com, Veno Finance, FulcromFinance and 20+ partners, is set to enhance scalability and mainstream adoption.  ⏳ Alpha Phase: From now till September 2024, #CROFam  is invited to provide feedback that will help fine-tune the network.  🔗 Learn more in the full announcement: https://blog.cronos.org/p/cronos-zkevm-launches-its-alpha-mainnet   ⚙️ Cronos zkEVM "Alpha" Mainnet Network Configuration Name: Cronos zkEVM Mainnet New RPC URL:  https://mainnet.zkevm.cronos.org  Chain ID: 388 Symbol: zkCRO Block explorer URL: https://explorer.zkevm.cronos.org

How to Add Cronos to MetaMask

Podcast: Crypto.com's Huge Mistake, Tether Furious, OneCoin Extradition, Buterin's New Book

How to Stake Cronos (CRO)

What Is Crypto.com and How To Use It?

Staking and Savings on Crypto.com - Everything You Need to Know

Ledger

Trust Wallet

MetaMask

SolFlare

Backpack

Phantom

Atomic wallet

crow with knife

Tectonic

Veno Finance

Fulcrom Finance

VeChainThor (VET) is a versatile enterprise-grade L1 smart contract platform whose origins began in 2015. VeChain is known as a pioneer of real-world enterprise applications, and built a distributed platform powered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, NFC chips and blockchain to help various industries solve data-related challenges.

VeChain solves major blockchain adoption hurdles. The platform uses an intelligent two token model, VET and VTHO, separating the protocol's Store of Value and gas fee payment mechanisms, ensuring costs can be kept low and stable. Fee delegation allows smart contracts to pay gas fees on behalf of business users, and an advanced transaction model allows data to be packaged more efficiently while ensuring finality of data.

VeChain is focused on delivering a wave of incentive-based sustainability dApps through its new platform, VeBetterDAO, working closely with Boston Consulting Group to achieve adoption across enterprise and individual users, and helping  onboard the next billion users to Web3 over the coming decade.

From supply chains to sustainability, VeChain has continuously demonstrated its leading role as a driver of blockchain in business, and is dedicated to its role as a pioneer of driving real world adoption of blockchain technology.

VeChain

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform that says its goal is to allow “changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about positive global change.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Cardano.

The open-source project also aims to “redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins to individuals” — helping to create a society that is more secure, transparent and fair.

Cardano was founded back in 2017, and named after the 16th century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano. The native ADA token takes its name from the 19th century mathematician Ada Lovelace, widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer. The ADA token is designed to ensure that owners can participate in the operation of the network. Because of this, those who hold the cryptocurrency have the right to vote on any proposed changes to the software.

The team behind the layered blockchain say that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow decentralized apps and smart contracts to be developed with modularity.

In August 2021, Charles Hoskinson announced the launch of the Alonzo hard fork, causing Cardano price to surge, gaining 116% in the following month. On Sept. 12, 2021, the Cardano ‘Alonzo’ hard fork officially launched, bringing smart contract functionality to the blockchain. Over 100 smart contracts were deployed in the following 24 hours after the launch.

Cardano is used by agricultural companies to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof way, and retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.

Cardano

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

Algorand is a self-sustaining, decentralized, blockchain-based network that supports a wide range of applications. These systems are secure, scalable and efficient, all critical properties for effective applications in the real world. Algorand will support computations that require reliable performance guarantees to create new forms of trust.

The Algorand mainnet became live in June 2019, and was able to handle almost 1 million transactions per day as of December 2020. Algorand transaction metrics can be viewed here. Algorand initial coin offering (ICO) was held in June 2019, with the Algorand price of $0.24 per token.

Algorand

Launched in 2011 by Pixowl, The Sandbox is a blockchain-based virtual world allowing users to create, build, buy and sell digital assets in the form of a game. By combining the powers of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), the Sandbox creates a decentralized platform for a thriving gaming community.

According to the official whitepaper, the Sandbox platform’s main mission is to introduce blockchain technology in mainstream gaming successfully. The platform focuses on facilitating a creative “play-to-earn” model, which allows users to be both creators and gamers simultaneously. The Sandbox employs the powers of blockchain technology by introducing the SAND utility token, which facilitates transactions on the platform.

The Sandbox

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

Founded in 2017, Chainlink is a blockchain abstraction layer that enables universally connected smart contracts. Through a decentralized oracle network, Chainlink allows blockchains to securely interact with external data feeds, events and payment methods, providing the critical off-chain information needed by complex smart contracts to become the dominant form of digital agreement.

The Chainlink Network is driven by a large open-source community of data providers, node operators, smart contract developers, researchers, security auditors and more. The company focuses on ensuring that decentralized participation is guaranteed for all node operators and users looking to contribute to the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Chainlink.

Chainlink

Stellar (XLM) is a peer-to-peer (P2P) decentralized network created in 2014 by The Stellar Development Foundation or Stellar.org. The network officially launched in 2015 with the purpose of connecting the world's financial systems and ensuring a protocol for payment providers and financial institutions. The platform is designed to move financial resources swiftly and reliably at minimal cost. Stellar links people, banks, payment processors and allows users to create, send and trade multiple types of crypto.

The basis of the network is its native digital currency - XLM or Lumens. XLM acts as an intermediate currency for operations and is also used to pay transaction fees. How it works: the protocol converts money in a few seconds, first into XLM, and then into the requested currency.

The Stellar payment protocol is based on distributed ledger technology -- an open-source development, community-owned and distributed by community. The crypto asset of the Stellar platform helps with cross-border transactions, overcoming the problems of high fees and slow procedures. XLM is more focused on assisting individuals transfer money than they are with institutions. Thus, Stellar offers access to financial systems, and people can send money at low cost and promptly around the world.

Moreover, Stellar serves as a decentralized exchange and marketplace, with a built-in order book that tracks ownership of Stellar assets. Platform users can manage buy/sell orders, as well as select and set their preferred assets in settlements. XLM is a built-in coin that helps reduce transaction fees.

The network maintains a high level of security.  XLM holders must have at least one token in order to remain active on the network. This nuance performs a global goal - the execution of network transactions efficiently and with minimal time costs. Plus, Lumens offers protection against flood attacks by making microtransactions too expensive for hackers with no chance of profit, which keeps Stellar Network safe from serious threats.

The target audience of Stellar is the inhabitants of developing countries, ordinary users who are provided access to the global economy through fast, simple and inexpensive transactions. Stellar Network makes extensive use of Lumens to produce live convection as well as to send cash in multiple currencies; currency is sent from one peer, and the recipient can receive the amount in another currency. This feature is beneficial when a transaction is made between currencies without widely traded pairs.

Support for multi-currency transactions is another competitive advantage of Stellar, and the ability for cross-currency transactions has only enhanced processes with foreign operations. Moreover, stable speed and low transaction costs are a privilege that users receive.

This functionality is powered by a development called Anchors (a bridge between different currencies and the network), which simplifies the exchange within the network and helps speed up the whole process.

In summary, the benefits of Stellar (XLM) include:

Stellar

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

Gala is a web3 ecosystem powered by a layer-1 blockchain (GalaChain) built to power the Gala entertainment ecosystem that originally included Gala Games, Gala Music and Gala Film. More recently however, GalaChain has opened its doors to external developers and projects from any applicable industry, providing open source developer resources to simplify the process.

On a mission to empower users and creators across multiple industries throughout the world, Gala’s goal is to become the first billion user blockchain in the world. Innovators can extend the benefits of web3 to their users and communities more easily than ever before by leveraging open source tools like the GalaChain SDK and Creator Portal.

By elevating their ideas to web3 through GalaChain, developers can create custom tokens, smart contracts, reward opportunities and node networks for their communities and projects. Assets built on GalaChain can also be bridged to other blockchains, such as Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain and more. Developers who wish to learn more about getting involved with GalaChain are welcome to reach out via GalaChain.com.

The core of GalaChain is powered by its DePIN (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network) of Founder’s Nodes, whose operators earn daily $GALA rewards for actively providing resources to the ecosystem and enjoy governance voting rights on certain core Gala decisions. In addition to the Founder’s Node network’s foundational workload, individual projects can also create Node networks on GalaChain with more specific workloads.

Gala.com
News.Gala.com
Games.Gala.com
Music.Gala.com
Film.Gala.com

Gala

Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed  (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.

Solana is a highly functional open source project that banks on blockchain technology’s permissionless nature to provide decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. While the idea and initial work on the project began in 2017, Solana was officially launched in March 2020 by the Solana Foundation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Solana.

The Solana protocol is designed to facilitate decentralized app (DApp) creation. It aims to improve scalability by introducing a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with the underlying proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus of the blockchain.

Because of the innovative hybrid consensus model, Solana enjoys interest from small-time traders and institutional traders alike. A significant focus for the Solana Foundation is to make decentralized finance accessible on a larger scale.

Solana

Hedera is the most used, sustainable, enterprise-grade public network for the decentralized economy that allows individuals and businesses to create powerful decentralized applications (DApps).

It is designed to be a fairer, more efficient system that eliminates some of the limitations that older blockchain-based platforms face — such as slow performance and instability.

It was funded through an initial coin offering (ICO) in August 2018 and first launched open access to its mainnet just over a year later in September 2019. As part of the ICO, investors were able to purchase the platform’s native utility token (HBAR) at the lowest possible pricing.

The HBAR token has a dual role within the Hedera public network.

First and foremost, HBAR the fuel that powers Hedera services, such as smart contracts, file storage and regular transactions. Second, it's used to help secure the network, since HBAR users can stake their tokens to assist with maintaining the integrity of the platform.

Hedera (HBAR) is the native cryptocurrency of Hedera Hashgraph, a platform that is positioned as an alternative to traditional blockchain technology and aims to excel in speed, efficiency and security.

Older blockchains tend to use a consensus mechanism like proof-of-work (PoW) to validate transactions, while younger blockchains opted for proof-of-stake (PoS). The Hedera Hashgraph system has a structure that was created from scratch particularly for the project. Hedera is based on a PoS model that is believed to increase the efficiency of transaction verification in the network, provide a high level of security, and protect the network from hacker attacks. Its ecosystem has the underlying hashgraph consensus algorithm and the global enterprise governing body.

Hedera Hashgraph is a distributed ledger technology (DLT). According to the project website, Hedera differs from other blockchains because it uses a new consensus algorithm called hashgraph. It intends to process and execute transactions faster, eliminate delays, and smooth out the TPS (transactions per second) indicator. Hashgraph is claimed to be an upgrade in transaction speed, cost, and scalability.

Core network services by Hedera:

Consensus Service (HCS). With HCS, clients send messages to the network to negotiate consensus timestamping and order. In this case, the state is stored offline, and users can define privacy and access control.

Hedera Token Service (HTS). Thanks to HTS, token creation and management are available to customers. It supports built-in tokenization.

The goal of Hedera’s hashgraph is to increase the speed of transactions. Moreover, the network is also focused on high-volume operations: micropayments, data integrity and tokenization.

Like the EVM, the Hedera network maintains a virtual machine that writes smart contracts in the Solidity programming language. On top of that, Hedera offers a set of built-in KYC and AML checks.

From a technical point of view, Hedera is a form of distributed ledger technology. It is a hashgraph, or consensus algorithm, where users agree on the order in which transactions should be performed. However, Hedera is not exactly a blockchain. It has its own distinctiveness and works differently. With hashgraph, all transaction branches are merged, no block equivalent is thrown away, and each is used to reach consensus.

One of the most noticeable features of the network is the Gossip-about-Gossip protocol. According to Dr. Leemon Baird, Hedera's inventor, within the system nodes randomly transmit data about themselves to other nodes via hashgraph using the Gossip protocol. Soon, all nodes in a cluster become familiar with each other. Then a certain data structure is formed. It consists of a payload of transactions, a timestamp, a digital signature, and hashes to the previous structures.

HBAR is Hedera's native token that powers applications on the Hedera network. HBAR is utilized to pay for network services, transaction fees, in-app payments and micropayments. Developers can pay network fees with HBAR tokens, namely: work with smart contracts, file storage and currency exchange. HBAR is used to incentivize and pay network nodes.

Hedera Hashgraph has a decentralized governance system that is set apart. All critical decisions about pricing policy, software updates, and wealth management are made by the Governing Council.

Hedera

Terra is a blockchain protocol that uses fiat-pegged stablecoins to power price-stable global payments systems. According to its white paper, Terra combines the price stability and wide adoption of fiat currencies with the censorship-resistance of Bitcoin (BTC) and offers fast and affordable settlements.

Development on Terra began in January 2018, and its mainnet officially launched in April 2019. As of September 2021, it offers stablecoins pegged to the U.S. dollar, South Korean won, Mongolian tugrik and the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Rights basket of currencies — and it intends to roll out additional options.

On May 28, 2022, the genesis block of the new chain was launched to conduct future transactions under the name Terra (LUNA), and the original Terra Chain was rebranded as Terra Classic. The original native token — LUNA has also been renamed as LUNA Classic (LUNC). Moreover, all network stablecoins (UST, KRT, EUT) have been renamed to Terra Classic stablecoins (USTC, KRTC, EUTC). There will be no Terra stablecoins on the new chain.

There is a theory that the additional term “classic” is a reference to the Ethereum / Ethereum Classic split in 2017. According to CEO, Do Kwon, the collapse of UST in the spring of 2022 is the equivalent moment of the Ethereum’s DAO hack that took place in 2017.

Terra Classic

Ethereum is a decentralized open-source blockchain system that features its own cryptocurrency, Ether. ETH works as a platform for numerous other cryptocurrencies, as well as for the execution of decentralized smart contracts.

Ethereum was first described in a 2013 whitepaper by Vitalik Buterin. Buterin, along with other co-founders, secured funding for the project in an online public crowd sale in the summer of 2014. The project team managed to raise $18.3 million in Bitcoin, and Ethereum’s price in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) was $0.311, with over 60 million Ether sold. Taking Ethereum’s price now, this puts the return on investment (ROI) at an annualized rate of over 270%, essentially almost quadrupling your investment every year since the summer of 2014.

The Ethereum Foundation officially launched the blockchain on July 30, 2015, under the prototype codenamed “Frontier.” Since then, there has been several network updates — “Constantinople” on Feb. 28, 2019, “Istanbul” on Dec. 8, 2019, “Muir Glacier” on Jan. 2, 2020, “Berlin” on April 14, 2021, and most recently on Aug. 5, 2021, the “London” hard fork.

Ethereum’s own purported goal is to become a global platform for decentralized applications, allowing users from all over the world to write and run software that is resistant to censorship, downtime and fraud.

Ethereum

SHIB is a decentralized, community-led currency held by millions across the globe. Since its inception in late 2020, the Ethereum-based SHIB token has grown to become a worldwide phenomenon, and is now accepted as a form of payment at hundreds of locations, either directly or through third-party intermediaries.

Shiba Inu coin was created anonymously in August 2020 under the pseudonym "Ryoshi." Ryoshi says about himself that he is a nobody and not important and that the efforts to unmask his identity, even if successful, would be underwhelming.

This meme coin quickly gained speed and value as a community of investors was drawn in by the cute charm of the coin paired with headlines and tweets from personalities like Elon Musk and Vitalik Buterin.

Since release SHIB now trades on the ecosystem's proprietary DEX, ShibaSwap.

Shiba Inu

Enjin Coin is a project of Enjin, a company that provides an ecosystem of interconnected, blockchain-based gaming products. Enjin's flagship offering is the Enjin Network, a social gaming platform through which users can create websites and clans, chat, and host virtual item stores.

Enjin allows game developers to tokenize in-game items on the Ethereum blockchain. It uses Enjin Coin, an ERC-20 token, to back the digital assets issued using its platform, meaning that items can be bought, sold and traded with real-world value.

Enjin Coin was first announced in July 2017, and it launched on the Ethereum mainnet in June 2018.

Enjin Coin (ENJ) is a digital store of value used to back the value of blockchain assets like non-fungible tokens (NFTs).
Every asset minted with the Enjin Platform contains ENJ, a minting resource which is locked inside NFTs and removed from circulation. Minting blockchain assets with ENJ provides a variety of benefits to creators and users:

Infuses them with a reserve value

Ensures their transparency and scarcity

Gives them instant liquidity

Provides utility in games and apps

Anti-inflationary

Enjin's "melting" functionality allows users to destroy their blockchain assets at any time to retrieve the ENJ value from within.

The Enjin blockchain ecosystem aims to offer software products that make it easy for everyone to develop, trade, monetize, and market with blockchain.

Founded in 2009, Enjin has roots in the gaming industry, with the company’s first product, a gaming community platform called the Enjin Network, growing to 20 million users over the course of a decade.

In 2017 following an ICO, Enjin established itself as a leading blockchain ecosystem developer, building a suite of software products that enable anyone to easily mint, manage, trade, distribute, and integrate blockchain assets.

Enjin’s co-founder Witek Radomski wrote the code for one of the first ever non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and is also the co-author of the ERC-1155 Ethereum token standard.

Built on top of an on-chain infrastructure, the Enjin ecosystem enables game developers and businesses of all sizes to use tokenized digital assets as part of their acquisition, retention, engagement, and monetization strategies. The Enjin ecosystem is fueled by Enjin Coin (ENJ), a cryptocurrency used to back the value of blockchain assets.