## کارڈانو (ADA) کیا ہے؟

کارڈانو ایک [پروف آف اسٹیک](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake) بلاک چین پلیٹ فارم ہے جس کے مطابق اس کا نصب العین ہے کہ "تبدیلی کرنے والوں، اختراع کرنے والوں اور بڑا سوچنے والوں" کو مثبت عالمی تبدیلی لانے کے مواقع دیئے جائیں۔

اس پروجیکٹ کے بارے میں مزید جاننے کے لیے، ہمارے [Cardano](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/cardano) صفحہ کا بغور جائزہ لیں۔

اس اوپن سورس پروجیکٹ کا مقصد طاقت کے موجودہ نظام کی تعمیر نو بھی ہے۔ "موجودہ نظام میں طاقتور جواب دہی سے پاک ہے اوراوپن سورس کا مقصد طاقت فرد کو حصہ دینا ہے۔" اس سے ایک ایسا معاشرہ بنانے میں مدد ملتی ہے جو زیادہ محفوظ، شفاف اور منصفانہ ہو۔

کارڈانو کی بنیاد 2017 میں رکھی گئی تھی، اور اس کا نام 16ویں صدی کے اطالوی عالم جیرولامو کارڈانو کے نام پر رکھا گیا تھا۔ بنیادی ADA ٹوکن کا نام 19 ویں صدی کے ریاضی دان Ada Lovelace سے ماخوذ ہے، جنہیں دنیا کا پہلا کمپیوٹر پروگرامر مانا جاتا ہے۔ ADA ٹوکن اس بات کو یقینی بنانے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا گیا ہے کہ مالکان نیٹ ورک کو چلانے میں عملی طور پر حصہ لے سکیں۔ اسی کی وجہ سے، اس کرپٹو کرنسی کو رکھنے والوں کو سافٹ ویئر میں کسی بھی مجوزہ تبدیلی پر ووٹ دینے کا حق حاصل ہے۔

تہہ دار بلاک چین کی ٹیم کا کہنا ہے کہ ماضی میں اس کی ٹیکنالوجی کے پُرکشش استعمال کے کیسز سامنے آ چکے ہیں، جن کا مقصد ڈی سینٹرلائزڈ ایپس اور سمارٹ معاہدوں کوسہولت کے ساتھ تیار کرنا ہے۔

اگست 2021 میں، چارلس ہوسکنسن نے الونزو ہارڈ فورک (Alonzo hard fork) کے اجراء کا اعلان کیا، جس کی وجہ سے کارڈانو کی قیمت میں اضافہ ہوا، جو اگلے ماہ میں 116% بڑھ گئی۔ 12 ستمبر 2021 کو کارڈانو ‘[الونزو](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-cardanos-new-testnet-launch)‘ [ہارڈ فورک](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/hard-fork-blockchain) کو باضابطہ لانچ کیا گیا، جس نے بلاک چین میں [سمارٹ کنٹریکٹ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract) کو قابل استعمال بنایا۔ لانچ کے بعد اگلے 24 گھنٹوں میں 100 سے زیادہ سمارٹ کنٹریکٹس لگائے گئے۔

کارڈانو کو زرعی کمپنیاں پیداوارکو کھیت سے کھانے کی میز تک تازہ حالت میں پہنچانے کے لیے استعمال کرتی ہیں، جب کہ اس پلیٹ فارم پر تیار شدہ دیگر پروڈکٹس تعلیمی اسناد کو در اندازی سے پاک طریقے محفوظ رکھنے، اور خوردہ فروشوں کو جعلی اشیا کو روکنے کی اہلیت فراہم کرتے ہیں۔

### کارڈانو کے بانی کون ہیں؟

کارڈانو کی بنیاد چارلس ہوسکنسن نے رکھی تھی، جو ایتھریم (Ethereum) نیٹ ورک کے شریک بانیوں میں سے ایک تھے۔ وہ IOHK کے CEO ہیں، یہ وہ کمپنی ہے جس نے کارڈانو کا بلاک چین بنایا تھا۔

CoinMarketCap کی Crypto Titans سیریز کے لیے ایک انٹرویو میں ہوسکنسن نے کہا کہ وہ 2011 میں واپس کرپٹو کرنسیز کے ساتھ مشغول ہو گئے تھے، تب انھوں نے مائنگ اور ٹریڈنگ میں قسمت آزمائی کی۔ انھوں نے وضاحت کی کہ اس صنعت میں ان کی پہلی پیشہ ورانہ شمولیت 2013 میں ہوئی، جب انھوں نے Bitcoin کے بارے میں ایک کورس بنایا جس میں 80,000 طلبا نے حصہ لیا۔

ٹیکنالوجی کے کاروباری ہونے کے ساتھ ساتھ ہوسکنسن ایک ریاضی دان بھی ہیں۔ 2020 میں، اس کی ٹیکنالوجی کمپنی نے یونیورسٹی آف وومنگ کی بلاک چین ریسرچ اینڈ ڈویلپمنٹ لیب کو $500,000 مالیت کے ADA بطورعطیہ دیے۔

### کارڈانو کو کیا چیز منفرد بناتی ہے؟

کارڈانو ان سب سے بڑے بلاک چینز میں سے ایک ہے جو کامیابی کے ساتھ پروف آف اسٹیک کنسنسس میکانزم کا استعمال کرتی ہیں، یہ پروف آف ورک الگورتھم سے کم توانائی کی شدت کی حامل ہے جس پر بٹ کوائن منحصر ہے۔ اگرچہ نسبتاً بڑا Ethereum جلد ہی PoS میں اپ گریڈ ہونے جا رہا ہے، لیکن یہ منتقلی بتدریج عمل میں لائی جائے گی۔

اس پروجیکٹ کو یہ فخر بھی حاصل ہے کہ تیار شدہ ٹیکنالوجی ہم مرتبہ جائزہ و تحقیق کے عمل سے گزرتی ہے، مطلب یہ ہے کہ جرات مندانہ خیالات کو ان کی توثیق سے قبل بخوبی جانچا جا سکتا ہے۔ کارڈانو کی ٹیم کے مطابق، یہ تعلیمی جانچ پڑتال بلاک چین کو پائیدار اور مستحکم ہونے میں مدد دیتی ہے، یہ اس امکان کو بھی بڑھاتی ہے کہ ممکنہ نقصانات کا پہلے سے اندازہ لگایا جا سکے۔

2020 میں، کارڈانو نے شیلی اپ گریڈ کا انعقاد کیا جس کا مقصد اس کے بلاک چین کو دوسرے بڑے بلاک چینز کے مقابلے 50 سے 100 گنا زیادہ غیر مرکزی بنانا تھا۔ اس وقت ہوسکنسن نے پیش گوئی کی تھی کہ اس سے سینکڑوں اثاثوں کے لیے اس نیٹ ورک پر چلنے کی راہ ہموار ہوگی۔

ستمبر 2021 میں الونزو ہارڈ فورک کے لانچ سے شیلی دور کا خاتمہ ہو جائے گا اور گوگین کے دور کا آغاز ہو جائے گا۔ صارفین کارڈانو پر سمارٹ کنٹریکٹس تیار اور تعینات کر سکتے ہیں، جس سے مقامی غیر مرکزی ایپلی کیشنز (DApps) کو بلاک چین پر بنایا جا سکتا ہے۔ کارڈانو کی قیمت $3 تک جا پہنچی اور اس نے لانچ سے پہلے 2 ستمبر 2021 کو $3.101 کی بلند ترین سطح کو چھو لیا۔

#### متعلقہ صفحات:

[کارڈانو کے بانی چارلس ہوسکنسن کے ساتھ ہمارا انٹرویو پڑھیں](https://blog.coinmarketcap.com/2020/05/11/charles-hoskinson-on-the-power-of-crypto-working-from-home-and-mongolian-hunting-falcons-2/)

[Ethereum 2.0 کے پیچھے کی ٹیکنالوجی کے بارے میں مکمل تفصیلات](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/a-dive-into-ethereum-2-0)

[ہمارے فرہنگ کی مدد سے کریپٹو کی پیچیدہ اصطلاحات کے بارے میں جانیں۔](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary)

[کارڈانو کا ایک عمیق جائزہ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/a-deep-dive-into-cardano)

[ہماری کرپٹو اسٹیکنگ گائیڈ 2021 پڑھیں](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/crypto-staking-guide-2021)

کیا آپ کارڈانو کی لائیو قیمتوں پر نظر رکھنا چاہتے ہیں؟ CoinMarketCap موبائل ایپ ڈاؤن لوڈ کریں!

کیا آپ کارڈانو کی قیمت کو آج اپنی مطلوبہ رائج کرنسی میں تبدیل کرنا چاہتے ہیں؟ [CoinMarketCap ایکسچینج ریٹ کیلکولیٹر](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/) کو دیکھیں۔

### کتنے کارڈانو (ADA) سکے گردش میں ہیں؟

ADA کی زیادہ سے زیادہ فراہمی 45 بلین ہے — لیکن تا دم تحریر، تقریباً 31 بلین کی گردشی فراہمی تھی۔ ستمبر 2015 اور جنوری 2017 کے درمیان کارڈانو ٹوکنز کی عوامی فروخت کے پانچ راؤنڈز منعقد ہوئے۔ کارڈانو کی ما قبل لانچ فروخت قیمت $0.0024 تھی، جس نے اس کی موجودہ قیمت کے اعتبار سے 1000x سے زیادہ کا منافع فراہم کیا۔

نیٹ ورک کے شروع ہونے کے بعد IOHK کو تقریباً 2.5 بلین ADA الاٹ کیے گئے تھے۔ دریں اثناء، ایمورگو کو، جو کہ ایک عالمی بلاک چین ٹیکنالوجی کمپنی ہے، اضافی 2.1 بلین ADA دیا گیا، اس نے کارڈانو پروٹوکول کے بانی ادارے کے طور پر کام کیا تھا۔ 648 ملین ADA غیر منافع بخش کارڈانو فاؤنڈیشن کو دیے گئے، جس کا مقصد پلیٹ فارم کو فروغ دینا اور اپنانے کی سطح کو بڑھانا ہے۔

مجموعی طور پر، ADA کی کل سپلائی کا تقریباً 16% پروجیکٹ کے بانیوں کو گیا، جبکہ باقی 84% سرمایہ کاروں میں تقسیم ہو گیا۔

### کارڈانو نیٹ ورک کیسے محفوظ ہے؟

کارڈانو کو ایک "ماحولیاتی طور پر پائیدار اور قابل تصدیق طور پر محفوظ" PoS پروٹوکول کے ذریعہ محفوظ بنایا گیا ہے جسے Ouroboros کے بطور جانا جاتا ہے۔

پروجیکٹ کا کہنا ہے کہ Ouroboros حفاظتی ضمانتوں کو بہتر بناتا ہے جوکم طاقت استعمال کرتے ہوئے PoW اتفاق رائے کے طریقہ کار کے ذریعہ فراہم کی جاتی ہیں — ان کا دعویٰ ہے کہ یہ بٹ کوائن کے مقابلے میں چار گنا کم توانائی استعمال کرتی ہے۔

اسے منفرد ٹیکنالوجی اور ریاضیاتی طور پر تصدیق شدہ میکانزم کے امتزاج کے طور پر بیان کیا جاتا ہے، اس میں طرز عمل کی نفسیات اور معاشی فلسفہ کو اچھے مقاصد کے لیے شامل کیا گیا ہے۔ مجموعی طور پر Ouroboros کا مقصد پائیدار اور اخلاقی ترقی حاصل کرنا ہے۔

ایک ترغیبی طریقہ کار سے مراد یہ ہے کہ نیٹ ورک میں شرکت کرنے والوں کو ان کی شمولیت کے لیے انعام دیا جائے۔

### کارڈانو کے الونزو کا اپگریڈ کیا ہے؟

12 ستمبر کو، کارڈانو نے اپنا انتہائی متوقع الونزو اپگریڈ جاری کیا۔ اپگریڈ کے بعد، بلاک چین نیٹ ورک اب کرپٹو ایپلی کیشنز کی ایک وسیع رینج کی مدد کر سکتا ہے، بشمول نان فنجیبل ٹوکنز (NFTs) اور سمارٹ کنٹریکٹس۔

پروجیکٹ کے بانی چارلس ہوسکنسن کے مطابق، الونزو کا مقصد نیٹ ورک میں "پروگرام کیے جانے کی صلاحیت" متعارف کرانا ہے۔ انہوں نے اپگریڈ کو اس وقت سے جوڑا جب ویب براؤزر پر جاوا اسکرپٹ کو متعارف کرایا گیا تھا اور جامد ویب پیجز سے Facebook اور YouTube کی لائکس تک کی تبدیلی کے تناظر میں اس کا ذکر کیا۔

الونزو کا نام امریکی ریاضی دان الونزو چرچ کے نام پر رکھا گیا ہے، جنہیں کمپیوٹر سائنس کے بانیوں میں سے ایک سمجھا جاتا ہے۔

NFTs اور سمارٹ معاہدوں کو سپورٹ کرنے کے علاوہ، کارڈانو کو اب غیر مرکزی مبادلوں کے لیے استعمال کیا جا سکتا ہے۔

عمومی طور الونزو کارڈانو کو ایتھریم کے ہی درجہ میں رکھتا ہے، جو کہ دنیا کا معروف ترین بلاک چین ہے جو اپنے بنیادی ایتھر ٹوکن کے علاوہ دیگر ایپلی کیشنز کو بھی سپورٹ کرتا ہے۔ مثال کے طور پر، سمارٹ کنٹریکٹس غیر مرکزی مالیاتی شعبے کی بنیادوں میں سے ایک ہیں — اور کارڈانو اب سمارٹ کنٹریکٹس کو سپورٹ کرتا ہے۔

فروری 2022 میں، کارڈانو والیٹس کی تعداد نے تیس لاکھ کے سنگ میل کو توڑا۔ دسمبر 2020 سے، اس میں 1,200% کا اضافہ ہوا ہے، 190,000 سے 3,000,000 تک بلکہ اس سے بھی زیادہ۔ ایسا الونزو اپگریڈ کے بعد سمارٹ کنٹریکٹس میں اضافے کے ساتھ ہوا، اور کارڈانو نے 27 جنوری 2022 کو 1,000 سمارٹ کنٹریکٹس کے سنگ میل کو عبور کر لیا۔

اس کے ایکو سسٹم کی دھماکہ خیز نشوونما کا ایک اور اشارہ تخلیق کار کی سرگرمی ہے: کارڈانو نے اس کے Github میں حصہ لینے والے زیادہ تر تخلیق کاروں کو بڑھاوا دیا اور [سولانا](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/solana/) جیسے زیادہ ترقی یافتہ بلاک چین کو شکست دے رہے ہیں۔ ایک دن میں اوسطاً 50 سے زیادہ دو طرفہ شراکتیں جمع کرائی جاتی ہیں۔

تاہم، یہ نیٹ ورک اب بھی اپنے [سمارٹ کنٹریکٹس](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract) کو نافذ کرنے کی کوشش میں مصروف ہے، صارفین نے جنوری 2022 میں اس کے [SundaeSwap](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/sundaeswap/) غیر مرکزی ایکسچینج کے سست آغاز کے بارے میں شکایات کی تھی۔

### آپ کارڈانو (ADA) کہاں سے خرید سکتے ہیں؟

کارڈانومارکیٹ کیپٹلائزیشن کے لحاظ سے دنیا کی سب سے بڑی کرپٹو کرنسیوں میں سے ایک ہے، آپ کو [کارڈانو خریدنے](https://www.binance.com/en/buy-Cardano) کے لیے کوئی بڑا اکسچینج بشمول Binance، Bittrex، eToro، اور HitBTC تلاش کرنے میں دشواری نہیں ہونی چاہیے۔

اگر آپ کسی ایسے ٹریڈنگ پیئر کی تلاش کررہے ہیں جو ADA کو آپ کی مقامی کرنسی کے ساتھ جوڑتا ہے، تو [بٹ کوائن کو رائج کرنسی میں تبدیل کرنے کا طریقہ](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/) سے متعلق یہ گائیڈ ملاحظہ کریں — جو آپ کو altcoins خریدنے کا ایک کامیاب راستہ فراہم کرتا ہے۔

کارڈانو کی قیمت کو اپنی پسند کی رائج کرنسی میں لائیو دیکھنے کے لیے، آپ CoinMarketCap کے کنورٹر فیچر کا استعمال براہ راست [کارڈانو کرنسی صفحہ](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/cardano/) پر کر سکتے ہیں، یا پھر آپ وقف کردہ ایکسچینج ریٹ [کنورٹر صفحہ](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/) استعمال کر سکتے ہیں۔ کارڈانو کی قیمت کے مقبول جوڑوں میں درج ذیل شامل ہیں: [ADA/USD](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/ada/usd/)، [ADA/JPY](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/ada/jpy/)، [ADA/KRW](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/ada/krw/)، [ADA/CNY](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/ada/cny/)، [ADA/GBP](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/ada/gbp/) اور [ADA/AUD](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/ada/aud/)۔

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The Story of Crypto & CoinMarketCap: How Far We’ve Come

Evolution of Top-10 Coins in CoinMarketCap’s History (2013-2023)

Technical Analysis: BTC, ETH, NEAR, PEPE, LTC, ADA, XVG and DOGE (July W2)

Technical Analysis: BTC, ETH, NEAR, ADA, FTM and AVAX (July W1)

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Binance

Ledger

Trezor

Trust Wallet

Math Wallet

Exodus

Safepal

Binance Chain Wallet

Daedalus

Lace

MetaMask

Atomic wallet

A blockchain platform for changemakers, innovators, and visionaries, with the tools and technologies required to bring about positive global change

Snek

IAGON

Minswap

Book.io

Indigo Protocol

Hosky Token

KubeCoin

AdaSwap

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed  (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.

Ethereum is a decentralized open-source blockchain system that features its own cryptocurrency, Ether. ETH works as a platform for numerous other cryptocurrencies, as well as for the execution of decentralized smart contracts.

Ethereum was first described in a 2013 whitepaper by Vitalik Buterin. Buterin, along with other co-founders, secured funding for the project in an online public crowd sale in the summer of 2014. The project team managed to raise $18.3 million in Bitcoin, and Ethereum’s price in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) was $0.311, with over 60 million Ether sold. Taking Ethereum’s price now, this puts the return on investment (ROI) at an annualized rate of over 270%, essentially almost quadrupling your investment every year since the summer of 2014.

The Ethereum Foundation officially launched the blockchain on July 30, 2015, under the prototype codenamed “Frontier.” Since then, there has been several network updates — “Constantinople” on Feb. 28, 2019, “Istanbul” on Dec. 8, 2019, “Muir Glacier” on Jan. 2, 2020, “Berlin” on April 14, 2021, and most recently on Aug. 5, 2021, the “London” hard fork.

Ethereum’s own purported goal is to become a global platform for decentralized applications, allowing users from all over the world to write and run software that is resistant to censorship, downtime and fraud.

Ethereum

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency originally described in a 2008 whitepaper by a person, or group of people, using the alias Satoshi Nakamoto. It was launched soon after, in January 2009.

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer online currency, meaning that all transactions happen directly between equal, independent network participants, without the need for any intermediary to permit or facilitate them. Bitcoin was created, according to Nakamoto’s own words, to allow “online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.”

Some concepts for a similar type of a decentralized electronic currency precede BTC, but Bitcoin holds the distinction of being the first-ever cryptocurrency to come into actual use.

Bitcoin

Solana is a highly functional open source project that banks on blockchain technology’s permissionless nature to provide decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. While the idea and initial work on the project began in 2017, Solana was officially launched in March 2020 by the Solana Foundation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Solana.

The Solana protocol is designed to facilitate decentralized app (DApp) creation. It aims to improve scalability by introducing a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with the underlying proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus of the blockchain.

Because of the innovative hybrid consensus model, Solana enjoys interest from small-time traders and institutional traders alike. A significant focus for the Solana Foundation is to make decentralized finance accessible on a larger scale.

Solana

Dogecoin (DOGE) is based on the popular "doge" Internet meme and features a Shiba Inu on its logo. The open-source digital currency was created by Billy Markus from Portland, Oregon and Jackson Palmer from Sydney, Australia, and was forked from Litecoin in December 2013. Dogecoin's creators envisaged it as a fun, light-hearted cryptocurrency that would have greater appeal beyond the core Bitcoin audience, since it was based on a dog meme. Tesla CEO Elon Musk posted several tweets on social media that Dogecoin is his favorite coin.

Dogecoin

Founded in 2017, Chainlink is a blockchain abstraction layer that enables universally connected smart contracts. Through a decentralized oracle network, Chainlink allows blockchains to securely interact with external data feeds, events and payment methods, providing the critical off-chain information needed by complex smart contracts to become the dominant form of digital agreement.

The Chainlink Network is driven by a large open-source community of data providers, node operators, smart contract developers, researchers, security auditors and more. The company focuses on ensuring that decentralized participation is guaranteed for all node operators and users looking to contribute to the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Chainlink.

Chainlink

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

Launched in July 2017, Binance is the biggest cryptocurrency exchange globally based on daily trading volume. Binance aims to bring cryptocurrency exchanges to the forefront of financial activity globally. The idea behind Binance’s name is to show this new paradigm in global finance — Binary Finance, or Binance.

Aside from being the largest cryptocurrency exchange globally, Binance has launched a whole ecosystem of functionalities for its users. The Binance network includes the Binance Chain, Binance Smart Chain, Binance Academy, Trust Wallet and Research projects, which all employ the powers of blockchain technology to bring new-age finance to the world. BNB is an integral part of the successful functioning of many of the Binance sub-projects.

SHIB is a decentralized, community-led currency held by millions across the globe. Since its inception in late 2020, the Ethereum-based SHIB token has grown to become a worldwide phenomenon, and is now accepted as a form of payment at hundreds of locations, either directly or through third-party intermediaries.

Shiba Inu coin was created anonymously in August 2020 under the pseudonym "Ryoshi." Ryoshi says about himself that he is a nobody and not important and that the efforts to unmask his identity, even if successful, would be underwhelming.

This meme coin quickly gained speed and value as a community of investors was drawn in by the cute charm of the coin paired with headlines and tweets from personalities like Elon Musk and Vitalik Buterin.

Since release SHIB now trades on the ecosystem's proprietary DEX, ShibaSwap.

Shiba Inu

VeChainThor (VET) is a versatile enterprise-grade L1 smart contract platform whose origins began in 2015. VeChain is known as a pioneer of real-world enterprise applications, and built a distributed platform powered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, NFC chips and blockchain to help various industries solve data-related challenges.

VeChain solves major blockchain adoption hurdles. The platform uses an intelligent two token model, VET and VTHO, separating the protocol's Store of Value and gas fee payment mechanisms, ensuring costs can be kept low and stable. Fee delegation allows smart contracts to pay gas fees on behalf of business users, and an advanced transaction model allows data to be packaged more efficiently while ensuring finality of data.

VeChain is focused on delivering a wave of incentive-based sustainability dApps through its new platform, VeBetterDAO, working closely with Boston Consulting Group to achieve adoption across enterprise and individual users, and helping  onboard the next billion users to Web3 over the coming decade.

From supply chains to sustainability, VeChain has continuously demonstrated its leading role as a driver of blockchain in business, and is dedicated to its role as a pioneer of driving real world adoption of blockchain technology.

VeChain

Stellar (XLM) is a peer-to-peer (P2P) decentralized network created in 2014 by The Stellar Development Foundation or Stellar.org. The network officially launched in 2015 with the purpose of connecting the world's financial systems and ensuring a protocol for payment providers and financial institutions. The platform is designed to move financial resources swiftly and reliably at minimal cost. Stellar links people, banks, payment processors and allows users to create, send and trade multiple types of crypto.

The basis of the network is its native digital currency - XLM or Lumens. XLM acts as an intermediate currency for operations and is also used to pay transaction fees. How it works: the protocol converts money in a few seconds, first into XLM, and then into the requested currency.

The Stellar payment protocol is based on distributed ledger technology -- an open-source development, community-owned and distributed by community. The crypto asset of the Stellar platform helps with cross-border transactions, overcoming the problems of high fees and slow procedures. XLM is more focused on assisting individuals transfer money than they are with institutions. Thus, Stellar offers access to financial systems, and people can send money at low cost and promptly around the world.

Moreover, Stellar serves as a decentralized exchange and marketplace, with a built-in order book that tracks ownership of Stellar assets. Platform users can manage buy/sell orders, as well as select and set their preferred assets in settlements. XLM is a built-in coin that helps reduce transaction fees.

The network maintains a high level of security.  XLM holders must have at least one token in order to remain active on the network. This nuance performs a global goal - the execution of network transactions efficiently and with minimal time costs. Plus, Lumens offers protection against flood attacks by making microtransactions too expensive for hackers with no chance of profit, which keeps Stellar Network safe from serious threats.

The target audience of Stellar is the inhabitants of developing countries, ordinary users who are provided access to the global economy through fast, simple and inexpensive transactions. Stellar Network makes extensive use of Lumens to produce live convection as well as to send cash in multiple currencies; currency is sent from one peer, and the recipient can receive the amount in another currency. This feature is beneficial when a transaction is made between currencies without widely traded pairs.

Support for multi-currency transactions is another competitive advantage of Stellar, and the ability for cross-currency transactions has only enhanced processes with foreign operations. Moreover, stable speed and low transaction costs are a privilege that users receive.

This functionality is powered by a development called Anchors (a bridge between different currencies and the network), which simplifies the exchange within the network and helps speed up the whole process.

In summary, the benefits of Stellar (XLM) include:

Stellar

Litecoin (LTC) is a cryptocurrency that was designed to provide fast, secure and low-cost payments by leveraging the unique properties of blockchain technology.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Litecoin.

The cryptocurrency was created based on the Bitcoin (BTC) protocol, but it differs in terms of the hashing algorithm used, hard cap, block transaction times and a few other factors. Litecoin has a block time of just 2.5 minutes and extremely low transaction fees, making it suitable for micro-transactions and point-of-sale payments.

Litecoin was released via an open-source client on GitHub on Oct. 7, 2011, and the Litecoin Network went live five days later on Oct. 13, 2011. Since then, it has exploded in both usage and acceptance among merchants and has counted among the top ten cryptocurrencies by market capitalization for most of its existence.

The cryptocurrency was created by Charlie Lee, a former Google employee, who intended Litecoin to be a "lite version of Bitcoin," in that it features many of the same properties as Bitcoin—albeit lighter in weight.

Litecoin

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

Algorand is a self-sustaining, decentralized, blockchain-based network that supports a wide range of applications. These systems are secure, scalable and efficient, all critical properties for effective applications in the real world. Algorand will support computations that require reliable performance guarantees to create new forms of trust.

The Algorand mainnet became live in June 2019, and was able to handle almost 1 million transactions per day as of December 2020. Algorand transaction metrics can be viewed here. Algorand initial coin offering (ICO) was held in June 2019, with the Algorand price of $0.24 per token.

Algorand

TRON (TRX) is a decentralized blockchain-based operating system developed by the Tron Foundation and launched in 2017. Originally TRX tokens were ERC-20-based tokens deployed on Ethereum, but a year later they were moved to their own network.

Initially, the project was created with the aim of providing full ownership rights to makers of digital content. The main goal is to help content creators (who receive only a small part of the income) and encourage them with more rewards for their work. How: invite content consumers to reward content makers directly (without intermediaries like YouTube, Facebook or Apple).

The TRON software supports smart contracts, various kinds of blockchain systems, and decentralized applications aka dApps. The cryptocurrency platform uses a transaction model similar to Bitcoin (BTC), namely UTXO. Transactions take place in a public ledger, where users can track the history of operations.

Therefore, the platform was built to create a decentralized Internet and serves as a tool for developers to create dApps, acting as an alternative to Ethereum. Anyone can create dApps on the TRON network, offer content, and in return receive digital assets as compensation for their efforts. The ability to create content and share it openly without hesitation regarding transaction fees is an undeniable advantage of TRON.

TRON

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

Hedera is the most used, sustainable, enterprise-grade public network for the decentralized economy that allows individuals and businesses to create powerful decentralized applications (DApps).

It is designed to be a fairer, more efficient system that eliminates some of the limitations that older blockchain-based platforms face — such as slow performance and instability.

It was funded through an initial coin offering (ICO) in August 2018 and first launched open access to its mainnet just over a year later in September 2019. As part of the ICO, investors were able to purchase the platform’s native utility token (HBAR) at the lowest possible pricing.

The HBAR token has a dual role within the Hedera public network.

First and foremost, HBAR the fuel that powers Hedera services, such as smart contracts, file storage and regular transactions. Second, it's used to help secure the network, since HBAR users can stake their tokens to assist with maintaining the integrity of the platform.

Hedera (HBAR) is the native cryptocurrency of Hedera Hashgraph, a platform that is positioned as an alternative to traditional blockchain technology and aims to excel in speed, efficiency and security.

Older blockchains tend to use a consensus mechanism like proof-of-work (PoW) to validate transactions, while younger blockchains opted for proof-of-stake (PoS). The Hedera Hashgraph system has a structure that was created from scratch particularly for the project. Hedera is based on a PoS model that is believed to increase the efficiency of transaction verification in the network, provide a high level of security, and protect the network from hacker attacks. Its ecosystem has the underlying hashgraph consensus algorithm and the global enterprise governing body.

Hedera Hashgraph is a distributed ledger technology (DLT). According to the project website, Hedera differs from other blockchains because it uses a new consensus algorithm called hashgraph. It intends to process and execute transactions faster, eliminate delays, and smooth out the TPS (transactions per second) indicator. Hashgraph is claimed to be an upgrade in transaction speed, cost, and scalability.

Core network services by Hedera:

Consensus Service (HCS). With HCS, clients send messages to the network to negotiate consensus timestamping and order. In this case, the state is stored offline, and users can define privacy and access control.

Hedera Token Service (HTS). Thanks to HTS, token creation and management are available to customers. It supports built-in tokenization.

The goal of Hedera’s hashgraph is to increase the speed of transactions. Moreover, the network is also focused on high-volume operations: micropayments, data integrity and tokenization.

Like the EVM, the Hedera network maintains a virtual machine that writes smart contracts in the Solidity programming language. On top of that, Hedera offers a set of built-in KYC and AML checks.

From a technical point of view, Hedera is a form of distributed ledger technology. It is a hashgraph, or consensus algorithm, where users agree on the order in which transactions should be performed. However, Hedera is not exactly a blockchain. It has its own distinctiveness and works differently. With hashgraph, all transaction branches are merged, no block equivalent is thrown away, and each is used to reach consensus.

One of the most noticeable features of the network is the Gossip-about-Gossip protocol. According to Dr. Leemon Baird, Hedera's inventor, within the system nodes randomly transmit data about themselves to other nodes via hashgraph using the Gossip protocol. Soon, all nodes in a cluster become familiar with each other. Then a certain data structure is formed. It consists of a payload of transactions, a timestamp, a digital signature, and hashes to the previous structures.

HBAR is Hedera's native token that powers applications on the Hedera network. HBAR is utilized to pay for network services, transaction fees, in-app payments and micropayments. Developers can pay network fees with HBAR tokens, namely: work with smart contracts, file storage and currency exchange. HBAR is used to incentivize and pay network nodes.

Hedera Hashgraph has a decentralized governance system that is set apart. All critical decisions about pricing policy, software updates, and wealth management are made by the Governing Council.

Hedera

Uniswap is a popular decentralized trading protocol, known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.

An example of an automated market maker (AMM), Uniswap launched in November 2018, but has gained considerable popularity this year thanks to the DeFi phenomenon and associated surge in token trading.

Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated and completely open to anyone who holds tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.

Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding the problems which plagued the first decentralized exchanges.

In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating and awarding its own governance token, UNI, to past users of the protocol. This added both profitability potential and the ability for users to shape its future — an attractive aspect of decentralized entities.