## BNB کیا ہے؟

جولائی 2017 میں شروع کیا جانے والا Binance، روزمرہ کے ٹریڈنگ کے حجم کے اعتبار سے عالمی سطح پر موجود کرپٹو کرنسی کا سب سے بڑا ایکسچینج ہے۔ Binance یہ عزم رکھتا ہے کہ کرپٹو کرنسی ایکسچینجز کو عالمی سطح پر انجام دی جانے والی مالیاتی سرگرمیوں کا نمایاں حصہ بنایا جائے۔ Binance کے نام کے پیچھے موجود تصور یہ ہے کہ عالمی مالیات — بائنری مالیات، یا Binance پر اس نئے نمونے کو متعارف کروایا جائے۔

عالمی سطح پر موجود سب سے بڑا کرپٹو کرنسی ایکسچینج ہونے کے علاوہ، Binance نے اپنے صارفین کے لیے خصوصیات کے ایک مکمل ایکو سسٹم کا آغاز کیا ہے۔ Binance نیٹ ورک میں [BNB چین،](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-binance-smart-chain) Binance اکاڈیمی، ٹرسٹ والیٹ اور تحقیقاتی پراجیکٹس شامل ہیں، جو دنیا میں نئے دور کی مالیات متعارف کروانے کے لیے [بلاک چین](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) ٹیکنالوجی کی صلاحیتوں کو بروئے کار لاتے ہیں۔ BNB، Binance کے بہت سے ذیلی پراجیکٹس کے لیے کامیاب عمل در آمد کا ایک اہم جزو ہے۔

### BNB کے بانیان کون ہیں؟

Binance کے بانی اور CEO [Changpeng Zhao](https://www.linkedin.com/in/cpzhao/) ہیں۔ 2001 میں، Zhao نے ٹریڈ بُک برائے Futures ڈویلپمنٹ کے سربراہ کی حیثیت سے Bloomberg میں شمولیت اختیار کی۔ انہوں نے چار سال اس کمپنی میں گزارے اور بعد ازاں ایک شراکت دار کی حیثیت سے Fusion Systems میں شامل ہو گئے۔

2013 سے، Changpeng Zhao، فعال طور پر بلاک چین ٹیکنالوجی اور کرپٹو کرنسیز میں مشغول رہے ہیں۔ وہ Blockchain میں سربراہ کے عہدے پر فائز ہوئے، اور 2015 میں انہوں نے BijieTech کی بنیاد رکھی۔ 2017 میں، Zhao نے باضابطہ طور پر Binance کا آغاز کیا، اور اس وقت سے لے کر اب تک وہ اس کمپنی کے CEO ہیں۔

[He Yi](https://www.linkedin.com/in/yi-he-%E4%BD%95%E4%B8%80/) Binance کی شریک بانی ہیں، اور اس میں چیف مارکیٹنگ افسر کی حیثیت سے کام کرتی ہیں۔ انہوں نے 2012 میں China Travel پر ایک TV اینکر اور نمائندے کی حیثیت سے اپنی پیشہ ورانہ زندگی کا آغاز کیا۔ بعد ازاں، 2014 میں، Yi نے OKCoin کی بنیاد رکھنے میں اپنا کردار ادا کیا، جو اس وقت چین میں موجود فیاٹ سے کرپٹو کا سب سے بڑا ایکسچینج تھا۔ 2017 میں، انہوں نے Changpeng Zhao کے ساتھ شراکت داری قائم کی، اور ایک ساتھ مل کر انہوں نے عالمی سطح پر موجود سب سے بڑا کرپٹو ایکسچینج — یعنی Binance تخلیق کیا۔

### وہ کیا چیز ہے جو BNB کو منفرد بناتی ہے؟

Binance، غیر مرکزی، اور بلاک چین پر مبنی نیٹ ورکس کے لیے ایک منفرد ایکو سسٹم ہے۔ اب یہ کمپنی کئی ممالک میں ایک اولین کرپٹو ایکسچینج بن چکی ہے، اور ان کی ذیلی تنظیموں میں بھی کافی حد تک دلچسپی پیدا ہو رہی ہے۔

Binance کے سب سے بڑے مسابقتی فوائد میں سے ایک، اس کی ترقی کی لگن ہے۔ اگرچہ 2017 میں اس کمپنی کا آغاز محض ایک کرپٹو ایکسچینج کی حیثیت سے ہوا تھا، تاہم آج، Binance نے کئی مختلف شعبوں میں اپنی سروسز کی پیشکش شروع کر دی ہے۔ کمپنی کی ویب سائٹ کے مطابق، اس کا ہدف بلاک چین کے مکمل ایکو سسٹم کے لیے انفراسٹرکچر سروس کا فراہم کنندہ بننا ہے۔

BNB کے آغاز کے بعد سے، اس ایکسچینج کو، ٹوکن میں سرمایہ کاران کی بڑھتی ہوئی دلچسپی سے بھی فائدہ پہنچا ہے۔ 2021 کے آغاز میں BNB کی قیمت میں نمایاں طور پر اضافہ ہوا، جس نے اسے Enterprise Investors کے نقشے پر لا کھڑا کیا ہے۔

[BEP-95](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/how-binance-smart-chain-increased-bnb-s-value-the-bep-95-upgrade) جیسے اقدامات نے پہلے سے ہی قلت زر کا سبب بننے والی ٹوکنامکس کو اپ گریڈ کیا ہے تاکہ BNB کو مزید تفریطی بنایا جا سکے۔ اس پیشکش کے بعد سے، BNB چین پر گیس کی فیس میں بھی مزید کمی آئی ہے، جیسا کہ نیٹ ورک، مزید غیر مرکزیت کے لیے فیس کا کچھ حصہ ضائع کر دیتا ہے۔ اس پیشکش کا نمونہ Ethereum کے مقبول [EIP-1559](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/ethereums-london-hard-fork-goes-live) کے مطابق بنایا گیا تھا۔

یہ BNB چین پر پروٹوکولز کے استحصال کی روک تھام میں Binance کے لیے مددگار ثابت ہوا ہے، جیسے کہ [Pancake Bunny](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/pancake-bunny-price-crashes-after-defi-token-targeted-in-flash-loan-attack) پر [200$ ملین کا استحصال](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/pancakebunny/) اور [Cream Finance](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/cream-finance-suffers-another-flash-loan-attack) پر [متعدد ہیکس](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/cream-finance/) ان ہیکس کے باوجود، Binance کی کم فیس اور اس کے ایکو سسٹم میں موجود [منافع بخش میم کوائنز](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/baby-doge-coin-up-143-as-other-memecoins-bleed) کی وجہ سے صارفین لوٹ کر اسی کے پاس آتے ہیں۔

#### متعلقہ صفحات:

[Elrond](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/elrond-egld/) کے بارے میں مزید جانیں۔

[bZx پروٹوکول](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/bzx-protocol/) کے بارے میں مزید جانیں۔

[DApps](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/how-to-access-dapps-on-your-mobile-phone) کے بارے میں مزید جانیں۔

Binance ایک [NFT مارکیٹ پلیس](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/binance-is-launching-an-nft-marketplace-with-some-of-lowest-fees-in-the-industry) کا آغاز کر رہا ہے

کیا آپ BNB کی براہ راست قیمتوں پر نظر رکھنا چاہتے ہیں؟ [CoinMarketCap کی موبائل ایپ](https://coinmarketcap.com/mobile/) ڈاؤن لوڈ کریں!

کیا آپ آج ہی BNB کی قیمت کو اپنی مطلوبہ فیاٹ کرنسی پر تبدیل کرنا چاہتے ہیں؟ [CoinMarketCap کا زر مبادلہ کی شرح کا کیلکولیٹر](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/) ملاحظہ کریں۔

[کرپٹو کے ڈیبٹ کارڈز کیا ہوتے ہیں؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-crypto-debit-cards)

### فی الوقت کتنے BNB گردش میں ہیں؟

ابتدائی طور پر BNB کی زیادہ سے زیادہ رسد 200,000,000 کوائنز رہی ہے، جن میں سے ستمبر 2021 سے لے کر اب تک 168,137,036 زیر گردش ہیں۔

Binance سہ ماہی بنیادوں پر BNB کی رسد کو ضائع کرتا ہے، جس کا مقصد یہ ہے کہ کل رسد کو کم کر کے نصف کر دیا جائے — یا 100,000,000 BNB تک لایا جائے۔ 18 جولائی، 2021 کو، اس نے سولہویں مرتبہ سہ ماہی بنیاد پر ضیاع کے عمل کا اہتمام کیا، جس کی مالیت ضیاع کے وقت BNB کی قیمت میں 390$ ملین تھی۔ تاہم، یہ اب تک کا مہنگا ترین ضیاع نہ تھا — 16 اپریل، 2021 کو، اس ایکسچینج نے، ضیاع کے وقت BNB کی قیمت میں تقریباً 600$ ملین پر مشتمل مالیت ضائع کی۔

Binance کے [وائٹ پیپر](https://whitepaper.io/document/10/binance-whitepaper) کے مطابق، BNB ٹوکنز کی زیادہ سے زیادہ رسد کا عین نصف کوائن کی ابتدائی پیشکش (ICO) اور ٹوکن کی عوامی سیل کے لیے مختص کر دیا گیا تھا۔ جولائی 2017 میں ایکسچینج کے آغاز کے کچھ ہی عرصے بعد ICO کا اہتمام کیا گیا، جس میں ICO کے دوران BNB کی قیمت 0.10$ ہونے کے ساتھ Binance نے فنڈنگ کی صورت میں 15$ ملین اکٹھے کیے۔ اس وقت BNB کی قیمت کو لیتے ہوئے، جو کہ تقریباً 4200X پر مشتمل [سرمایہ کاری پر منافعے](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/roi) (ROI) کی عکاسی کرتی ہے۔ کل رسد میں سے مزید 40%، یا تقریباً 80,000,000 BNB کوائنز، بانیان اور ٹیم کے مابین تقسیم کر دیے گئے۔ بالآخر، زیادہ سے زیادہ رسد کا بقایا 10%، مالی معاونت کرنے والے سرمایہ کاران کے مابین بانٹ دیا گیا۔

### BNB نیٹ ورک کو کس طرح سے محفوظ بنایا جاتا ہے؟

ابتدائی طور پر، Bitcoin نے [Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20) بلاک چین پر ایک روایتی [ERC-20](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/ethereum/) ٹوکن کی حیثیت سے آغاز کیا۔ بعد ازاں، کمپنی نے اپنی ذاتی بلاک چین متعارف کروائی، اور یہ کوائنز، Binance کی بلاک چین سے جاری ہونا شروع ہو گئے، جسے Tendermint کے بائزنٹین فالٹ ٹولرنٹ ([BFT](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft)) نامی مفاہمتی میکانزم کا تحفظ حاصل تھا۔

جبکہ ERC-20 ٹوکنز پروف آف اسٹیک ([PoS](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-stake-pos)) نامی مفاہمتی پروٹوکول پر انحصار کرتے ہیں، جو انہیں معقول وسعت فراہم کرتا ہے، اور اسمارٹ معاہدات کی تخلیق کے قابل بناتا ہے۔ PoS کے برعکس، Binance بلاک چین، اسمارٹ معاہدے کی خصوصیات کی معاونت نہیں کرتی۔ اس کے برعکس، Bitcoin بلاک چین کو پروف آف ورک ([PoW](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-work-pow)) نامی مفاہمتی پروٹوکول کا تحفظ حاصل ہوتا ہے، جو کہ کہیں گنا محدود ہے اور برقی و کمپیوٹنگ پاور کا کثیر استعمال کرتا ہے۔

### آپ BNB کو کہاں سے خرید سکتے ہیں؟

Binance ایکسچینج کے مخصوص سہولتی ٹوکن کی حیثیت سے، BNB کوائنز کو حاصل کرنے کا سب سے آسان طریقہ انہیں Binance کے توسط سے خریدنا ہو گا۔ اصل ایکسچینج، BNB کے ساتھ ایک بڑے پیمانے پر ٹریڈنگ کے جوڑوں کی معاونت کرتا ہے، اور یہ کوائن کے لیے ٹریڈنگ کے بہترین ریٹس بھی فراہم کرتا ہے۔ Play2Earn گیمز کے آغاز کے بعد سے، [BNB سے PHP کی قیمت](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/binance-coin/bnb/php/) میں واضح طور پر اضافہ دیکھنے میں آیا ہے۔

اگر آپ ایسے متبادل ایکسچینجز کے متلاشی ہیں، جہاں سے آپ BNB خرید سکتے ہیں، تو اس صورت میں [FTX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/exchanges/ftx/) ایک اچھا انتخاب ہے۔ یہ بات اپنے ذہن میں رکھیں، کہ دیگر کسی بھی قسم کے اثاثے میں سرمایہ کاری کی طرح، کرپٹو کرنسی میں سرمایہ کاری بھی خطرے سے خالی نہیں۔

اپنی پسند کی فیاٹ کرنسی میں براہ راست BNB کی قیمت ملاحظہ کرنے کے لیے، آپ [BNB کرنسی کے صفحے](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/binance-coin/) پر جا کر براہ راست CoinMarketCap کا کنورٹر فیچر استعمال کر سکتے ہیں۔ متبادل کے طور پر، ایکسچینج ریٹ کے لیے مخصوص [کنورٹر کا صفحہ](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/) ملاحظہ کریں۔ BNB کے مقبول قیمت کے جوڑوں میں شامل ہیں: [BNB/USD](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/bnb/usd/)، [BNB/GBP](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/bnb/gbp/)، [BNB/AUD](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/binance-coin/bnb/aud/)، BNB/CNY، [BNB/JPY](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/bnb/jpy/) اور [BNB/EUR](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/binance-coin/bnb/eur/)۔

کرپٹو کرنسی پر نئے آئے ہیں؟ آپ CoinMarketCap کے معلوماتی پورٹل — [Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/) پر جا کر اس حوالے سے مزید پڑھ سکتے ہیں کہ مارکیٹ میں کیسے داخل ہوا جائے، اور BTC، یا BNB سمیت دیگر کوئی بھی ٹوکن کیسے خریدا جائے۔

ذیل میں ایسے چند مزید آرٹیکلز پیش ہیں جو شاید آپ کو دلچسپ معلوم ہوں:

* [کرپٹو Faucet کیا ہوتا ہے؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-crypto-faucet)
* [کرپٹو کے ڈیبٹ کارڈز کیا ہوتے ہیں؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-crypto-debit-cards)
* [ویب 3.0 کیا ہے؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-web-3-0)
* [منافع جاتی فارمنگ کیا ہوتی ہے؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-yield-farming)
* [کرپٹو ادھار میں دینے کا عمل کیا ہوتا ہے؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-crypto-lending)
* [میٹاورس کیا ہے؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-the-metaverse-an-overview-and-a-deep-dive-of-the-top-metaverses)
* [فین ٹوکنز کیا ہوتے ہیں؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-fan-tokens)
* [معلومات برائے نوآموز افراد: NFTs کی ا، ب۔](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/newbie-catchup-the-a-z-of-nfts)
* [خودکار مارکیٹ میکرز کیا ہوتے ہیں؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-automated-market-makers)
* [کرپٹو ETF کیا ہوتا ہے؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-crypto-etf)

Week in DeFi: Is Popular Stablecoin DAI At Risk?

Week in DeFi: Wormhole's W Token Launching on April 3

Week in DeFi: BlackRock Drops $100M USDC to Ethereum Address

Week in DeFi: Dencun Upgrade Makes L2s Cheap Again

Week in DeFi: Yield-Bearing Stablecoins Are In Right Now 

Ledger

Trezor

Trust Wallet

Math Wallet

Binance Chain Wallet

Safepal

HyperPay

Atomic wallet

Welcome to the official BNB Chain Community Channel.

BNB Smart Chain (BEP20)

PancakeSwap

Trust Wallet Token

SafePal

BinaryX

Venus BNB

Metars Genesis

Open Campus

TokenFi

Velo

Sleepless AI

Lista Staked BNB

Cheelee

Beldex

H2O DAO

Sora AI

King of Legends

EGGY

Vyvo Coin

Ents

Ethereum is a decentralized open-source blockchain system that features its own cryptocurrency, Ether. ETH works as a platform for numerous other cryptocurrencies, as well as for the execution of decentralized smart contracts.

Ethereum was first described in a 2013 whitepaper by Vitalik Buterin. Buterin, along with other co-founders, secured funding for the project in an online public crowd sale in the summer of 2014. The project team managed to raise $18.3 million in Bitcoin, and Ethereum’s price in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) was $0.311, with over 60 million Ether sold. Taking Ethereum’s price now, this puts the return on investment (ROI) at an annualized rate of over 270%, essentially almost quadrupling your investment every year since the summer of 2014.

The Ethereum Foundation officially launched the blockchain on July 30, 2015, under the prototype codenamed “Frontier.” Since then, there has been several network updates — “Constantinople” on Feb. 28, 2019, “Istanbul” on Dec. 8, 2019, “Muir Glacier” on Jan. 2, 2020, “Berlin” on April 14, 2021, and most recently on Aug. 5, 2021, the “London” hard fork.

Ethereum’s own purported goal is to become a global platform for decentralized applications, allowing users from all over the world to write and run software that is resistant to censorship, downtime and fraud.

Ethereum

Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency originally described in a 2008 whitepaper by a person, or group of people, using the alias Satoshi Nakamoto. It was launched soon after, in January 2009.

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer online currency, meaning that all transactions happen directly between equal, independent network participants, without the need for any intermediary to permit or facilitate them. Bitcoin was created, according to Nakamoto’s own words, to allow “online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.”

Some concepts for a similar type of a decentralized electronic currency precede BTC, but Bitcoin holds the distinction of being the first-ever cryptocurrency to come into actual use.

Bitcoin

Solana is a highly functional open source project that banks on blockchain technology’s permissionless nature to provide decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. While the idea and initial work on the project began in 2017, Solana was officially launched in March 2020 by the Solana Foundation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Solana.

The Solana protocol is designed to facilitate decentralized app (DApp) creation. It aims to improve scalability by introducing a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with the underlying proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus of the blockchain.

Because of the innovative hybrid consensus model, Solana enjoys interest from small-time traders and institutional traders alike. A significant focus for the Solana Foundation is to make decentralized finance accessible on a larger scale.

Solana

Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform that says its goal is to allow “changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about positive global change.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Cardano.

The open-source project also aims to “redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins to individuals” — helping to create a society that is more secure, transparent and fair.

Cardano was founded back in 2017, and named after the 16th century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano. The native ADA token takes its name from the 19th century mathematician Ada Lovelace, widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer. The ADA token is designed to ensure that owners can participate in the operation of the network. Because of this, those who hold the cryptocurrency have the right to vote on any proposed changes to the software.

The team behind the layered blockchain say that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow decentralized apps and smart contracts to be developed with modularity.

In August 2021, Charles Hoskinson announced the launch of the Alonzo hard fork, causing Cardano price to surge, gaining 116% in the following month. On Sept. 12, 2021, the Cardano ‘Alonzo’ hard fork officially launched, bringing smart contract functionality to the blockchain. Over 100 smart contracts were deployed in the following 24 hours after the launch.

Cardano is used by agricultural companies to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof way, and retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.

Cardano

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed  (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.

Dogecoin (DOGE) is based on the popular "doge" Internet meme and features a Shiba Inu on its logo. The open-source digital currency was created by Billy Markus from Portland, Oregon and Jackson Palmer from Sydney, Australia, and was forked from Litecoin in December 2013. Dogecoin's creators envisaged it as a fun, light-hearted cryptocurrency that would have greater appeal beyond the core Bitcoin audience, since it was based on a dog meme. Tesla CEO Elon Musk posted several tweets on social media that Dogecoin is his favorite coin.

Dogecoin

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

SHIB is a decentralized, community-led currency held by millions across the globe. Since its inception in late 2020, the Ethereum-based SHIB token has grown to become a worldwide phenomenon, and is now accepted as a form of payment at hundreds of locations, either directly or through third-party intermediaries.

Shiba Inu coin was created anonymously in August 2020 under the pseudonym "Ryoshi." Ryoshi says about himself that he is a nobody and not important and that the efforts to unmask his identity, even if successful, would be underwhelming.

This meme coin quickly gained speed and value as a community of investors was drawn in by the cute charm of the coin paired with headlines and tweets from personalities like Elon Musk and Vitalik Buterin.

Since release SHIB now trades on the ecosystem's proprietary DEX, ShibaSwap.

Shiba Inu

Founded in 2017, Chainlink is a blockchain abstraction layer that enables universally connected smart contracts. Through a decentralized oracle network, Chainlink allows blockchains to securely interact with external data feeds, events and payment methods, providing the critical off-chain information needed by complex smart contracts to become the dominant form of digital agreement.

The Chainlink Network is driven by a large open-source community of data providers, node operators, smart contract developers, researchers, security auditors and more. The company focuses on ensuring that decentralized participation is guaranteed for all node operators and users looking to contribute to the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Chainlink.

Chainlink

TRON (TRX) is a decentralized blockchain-based operating system developed by the Tron Foundation and launched in 2017. Originally TRX tokens were ERC-20-based tokens deployed on Ethereum, but a year later they were moved to their own network.

Initially, the project was created with the aim of providing full ownership rights to makers of digital content. The main goal is to help content creators (who receive only a small part of the income) and encourage them with more rewards for their work. How: invite content consumers to reward content makers directly (without intermediaries like YouTube, Facebook or Apple).

The TRON software supports smart contracts, various kinds of blockchain systems, and decentralized applications aka dApps. The cryptocurrency platform uses a transaction model similar to Bitcoin (BTC), namely UTXO. Transactions take place in a public ledger, where users can track the history of operations.

Therefore, the platform was built to create a decentralized Internet and serves as a tool for developers to create dApps, acting as an alternative to Ethereum. Anyone can create dApps on the TRON network, offer content, and in return receive digital assets as compensation for their efforts. The ability to create content and share it openly without hesitation regarding transaction fees is an undeniable advantage of TRON.

TRON

Litecoin (LTC) is a cryptocurrency that was designed to provide fast, secure and low-cost payments by leveraging the unique properties of blockchain technology.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Litecoin.

The cryptocurrency was created based on the Bitcoin (BTC) protocol, but it differs in terms of the hashing algorithm used, hard cap, block transaction times and a few other factors. Litecoin has a block time of just 2.5 minutes and extremely low transaction fees, making it suitable for micro-transactions and point-of-sale payments.

Litecoin was released via an open-source client on GitHub on Oct. 7, 2011, and the Litecoin Network went live five days later on Oct. 13, 2011. Since then, it has exploded in both usage and acceptance among merchants and has counted among the top ten cryptocurrencies by market capitalization for most of its existence.

The cryptocurrency was created by Charlie Lee, a former Google employee, who intended Litecoin to be a "lite version of Bitcoin," in that it features many of the same properties as Bitcoin—albeit lighter in weight.

Litecoin

Pancakeswap was originally built on the BNB Chain and allows users to trade tokens without using a centralized exchange. It provides an array of products, such as:

An exchange to swap tokens

A yield farm to earn rewards

Syrup pools to stake CAKE tokens

Ethereum liquid staking (wBETH) and simple staking

Pancake Protectors game

v3 position manager (new feature)

A prediction market

Initial Farm Offering (IFO) token launches

A bridge to bridge CAKE to Ethereum and Aptos

A lottery

An NFT marketplace

Pancakeswap innovates quickly and ships new products regularly. In April 2023, PancakeSwap voted to transition to a deflationary token model called "Ultrasound CAKE." The protocol passed a proposal called CAKE Tokenomics v2.5 to create a structure combining real yield (no supply impact) and reduced token emissions. Over 102% of minted CAKE is burned weekly. This is intended to provide a multi-year runway for emissions and incentivize locking up CAKE, making the token more valuable long-term.

PancakeSwap has an anonymous team of “Chefs,” working in the PancakeSwap “Kitchen.” The platform is open-source and has been audited by multiple reputable blockchain security firms like Peckshield and Slowmist.

Although the bear market has impacted TVL and trading volume for the protocol, PancakeSwap still boasts an annualized revenue of $27 million, with 42% of CAKE is staked:

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

Uniswap is a popular decentralized trading protocol, known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.

An example of an automated market maker (AMM), Uniswap launched in November 2018, but has gained considerable popularity this year thanks to the DeFi phenomenon and associated surge in token trading.

Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated and completely open to anyone who holds tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.

Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding the problems which plagued the first decentralized exchanges.

In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating and awarding its own governance token, UNI, to past users of the protocol. This added both profitability potential and the ability for users to shape its future — an attractive aspect of decentralized entities.

Uniswap

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

VeChainThor (VET) is a versatile enterprise-grade L1 smart contract platform whose origins began in 2015. VeChain is known as a pioneer of real-world enterprise applications, and built a distributed platform powered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, NFC chips and blockchain to help various industries solve data-related challenges.

VeChain solves major blockchain adoption hurdles. The platform uses an intelligent two token model, VET and VTHO, separating the protocol's Store of Value and gas fee payment mechanisms, ensuring costs can be kept low and stable. Fee delegation allows smart contracts to pay gas fees on behalf of business users, and an advanced transaction model allows data to be packaged more efficiently while ensuring finality of data.

VeChain is focused on delivering a wave of incentive-based sustainability dApps through its new platform, VeBetterDAO, working closely with Boston Consulting Group to achieve adoption across enterprise and individual users, and helping  onboard the next billion users to Web3 over the coming decade.

From supply chains to sustainability, VeChain has continuously demonstrated its leading role as a driver of blockchain in business, and is dedicated to its role as a pioneer of driving real world adoption of blockchain technology.

VeChain

Terra is a blockchain protocol that uses fiat-pegged stablecoins to power price-stable global payments systems. According to its white paper, Terra combines the price stability and wide adoption of fiat currencies with the censorship-resistance of Bitcoin (BTC) and offers fast and affordable settlements.

Development on Terra began in January 2018, and its mainnet officially launched in April 2019. As of September 2021, it offers stablecoins pegged to the U.S. dollar, South Korean won, Mongolian tugrik and the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Rights basket of currencies — and it intends to roll out additional options.

On May 28, 2022, the genesis block of the new chain was launched to conduct future transactions under the name Terra (LUNA), and the original Terra Chain was rebranded as Terra Classic. The original native token — LUNA has also been renamed as LUNA Classic (LUNC). Moreover, all network stablecoins (UST, KRT, EUT) have been renamed to Terra Classic stablecoins (USTC, KRTC, EUTC). There will be no Terra stablecoins on the new chain.

There is a theory that the additional term “classic” is a reference to the Ethereum / Ethereum Classic split in 2017. According to CEO, Do Kwon, the collapse of UST in the spring of 2022 is the equivalent moment of the Ethereum’s DAO hack that took place in 2017.

Terra Classic

Launched in 2011 by Pixowl, The Sandbox is a blockchain-based virtual world allowing users to create, build, buy and sell digital assets in the form of a game. By combining the powers of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), the Sandbox creates a decentralized platform for a thriving gaming community.

According to the official whitepaper, the Sandbox platform’s main mission is to introduce blockchain technology in mainstream gaming successfully. The platform focuses on facilitating a creative “play-to-earn” model, which allows users to be both creators and gamers simultaneously. The Sandbox employs the powers of blockchain technology by introducing the SAND utility token, which facilitates transactions on the platform.