## Aptos (APT) کیا ہے؟

Aptos ایک [پہلی پرت](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/layer-1-blockchain) پر کام کرنے والا [پروف آف سٹیک](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-stake-pos) یعنی (PoS) بلاک چین ہے، جوMove نامی ایک جدید [سمارٹ کونٹریکٹ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract) پروگرامنگ لینگویج استعمال کرتا ہے، جسکی بُنیاد Rust پر پر رکھی گئی، اور آزادانہ طور پر Meta (فیس بُک کے سابقہ) Deim بلاک چین انجنیئرز نے اسے ڈویلپ کیا۔

Aptos کا اوّلین مقصد ایک ایسا بلاک چین ہے جو [web3](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-web-3-0) میں مرکزی دھارے کا انتخاب کرے، اور [DApps](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps) کے ایکو سسٹم کو حقیقی دنیا کے صارف کے مسائل حل کرنے کے لیے بااختیاربنائے۔

PoS بلاک چین متوازی عملیات کے ذریعے 150,000 [لین-دین فی سیکنڈ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/transactions-per-second) (tps) کی رفتار سے بھی زیادہ تھیوریٹیکل لین-دین کا [ما حاصل](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/throughput) گرفت میں لا سکتا ہے۔

مارچ، سن 2022 کے دوران، Aptos نے وینچر کیپیٹل فرم Andreessen Horowitz (a16z) کی قیادت میں سیڈ راؤنڈ (seed round) میں $200 ملین اکٹھا کیا۔ دیگر کرپٹو ہیوی ویٹس (heavyweights) جیسے ٹائیگر گلوبل (Tiger Globa) اور ملٹی کوائن کیپٹل (Multicoin Capital) نے فنڈنگ راؤنڈ میں حصہ لیا۔ جولائی میں سٹارٹ اپ نے Sam Bankman-Fried's FTX Ventures اور FTX Ventures کی قیادت میں سیریز A راؤنڈ کے دوران نہایت تیزی سے، مزید $150 ملین اکھٹا کیا۔

دو ماہ بعد، Binance Labs نے Aptos میں ایک نامعلوم رقم کی اسٹریٹجک (strategic) سرمایہ کاری کی، جس نے ستمبر میں اس کی قدر و قیمت $4 بلین تک پہنچا دی۔

18 اکتوبر، سن 2022 کو، Aptos نے اپنے [مین نیٹ](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/mainnet) کے آغاز کا اعلان کیا، جبکہ Aptos کی پیدائش 12 اکتوبر، سن 2022 کو ہوئی۔

### Aptos کے بانی کون ہیں؟

Aptos میٹا (Meta) کے دو سابق ملازمین Mo Shaikh اورAvery Ching کے دماغ کی اختراع ہے۔ Mo، کمپنی کے موجودہ CEO، ایک ایسے بانی ہیں جن کے پاس کثیر القومی مالیاتی خدمات اور بلاک چین/کرپٹو کا وسیع تجربہ ہے۔ اپنی [LinkedIn پروفائل](https://www.linkedin.com/in/moalishaikh/details/experience/) کے مطابق، وہ پراڈکٹس کی پیمائش کرنے میں مہارت کے علاوہ، نجی ایکویٹی (private equity) اور وینچر کیپیٹل (venture capital) مارکیٹ میں تجربے کے حامل ہیں۔

دوسری جانب چنگ (Ching) اپٹوس (Aptos) کے CTO ہیں۔ وہ ایک سافٹ ویئر انجینئر ہیں، اور میٹا کے پرنسپل سافٹ ویئر انجینئرز میں سے بھی ایک رہ چُکے ہیں۔

دونوں ہی Meta میں Diem بلاک چین پراجیکٹ پر ایک ساتھ کام کرتے رہے۔ Shaikh اور Ching نے جنوری، 2022 میں ڈییم (Diem) پراجیکٹ کے خاتمے پر، اُن قوتوں میں شمولیت اختیارکرنے کا فیصلہ کیا، جنہوں نے Aptos Labs تخلیق کی۔ لہذا، Aptos میں Diem کی کچھ تکنیکی خصوصیات کا پایا جانا کوئی تعجب کی بات نہیں۔

Aptos ٹیم کے دیگر ارکان میں Diem ہی کے محققین، ڈیزائنرز اور انجینئرز شامل ہیں۔

### وہ کیا چیز ہے جو Aptos کو منفرد بناتی ہے؟

ابتداء Aptos ٹیم کے اس دعوے سے کرتے ہیں کہ اس کا نیٹ ورک 150,000 tps کی رفتار سے بھی زیادہ عملیات انجام دے سکتا ہے۔ مُسابقت کے حوالے سے، Ethereum کا مین نیٹ transmission per second تقریباً 12 سے 15 ہے۔

یہ اعلی لین-دین کا ما حاصل، ایک متوازی عمل پذیر انجن (Block-STM) کے ذریعے ممکن ہے — ایک [بازنطینی خطا پذیر](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft) (BFT) PoS [اتفاق رائے کا طریقہ کار](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus-mechanism). سیاق و سباق کے لیے، زیادہ تر بلاک چینز لین-دین کو ترتیب وار سر انجام دیتے ہیں، جس کا مطلب ہے کہ نیٹ ورک پر ایک ناکام لین-دین یا زیادہ ڈیمانڈ پوری چین میں رکاوٹ کا باعث بن سکتی ہے۔

Aptos کے معاملے میں، تمام لین دین پر ایک ساتھ کارروائی، اور بعد میں اس کی تصدیق کی جاتی ہے۔ سافٹ ویئر کی ٹرانزیکشنل میموری لائبریریوں کی بدولت، ناکام لین دین کو یا تو دہرایا جاتا ہے، یا وہیں پراُن کا اختتام کر دیا جاتا ہے۔ یہ لائبریریاں تنازعات کی نشاندہی، اور انکا تدارک کرتی ہیں۔

Aptos کو Move کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے بنایا گیا ہے، اور ایک نئی سمارٹ کنٹریکٹ پروگرامنگ لینگویج ہے، جو [Solidity](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/how-to-learn-solidity-for-beginners) کے لئے فوائد کا دعویٰ کرتی ہے۔ Solidity ای وی ایم (EVM) پر مبنی پروگرامینگ لینگویج ہے. اس میں بلاک چین کمانڈز شامل ہیں جن کی تصدیق کی جاسکتی ہے، نیز نجی کلید اور Aptos کے ماڈیولر(modular) ڈیزائن میں باآسانی ترامیم بھی کی جا سکتی ہیں۔

Aptos کی صلاحیتِ ارتقاء اور ترتیب بندی کے ذریعے استعمال کے نئے معاملات کو محسوس کیا جا سکتا ہے، جبکہ متوازی ما حاصل اسکیلیبلٹی (scalability) — مقامی طور پر نافذ کردہ خصوصیت [sharding](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/sharding) کے ذریعے — استعمال کا ایک بہتر تجربہ فراہم کرتا ہے۔ نوٹ: Sharding ایک ایسا عمل ہے جو بلاک چین تنظیم کے پورے نیٹ ورک کو کئی چھوٹے نیٹ ورکس میں تقسیم کر دیتا ہے۔

#### متعلقہ صفحات:

[Sui](https://coinmarketcap.com/ur/currencies/sui/) کے بارے میں مزید جانیے — Move پر مبنی پہلی پرت کا بلاک چین جو سابق Diem انجینئرز نے ہی بنایا تھا۔

[ماڈیولر اور مونولتھک بلا چینز](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/modular-vs-monolithic-blockchains-what-s-the-difference) کے ما بین فرق کے بارے میں پڑھیئے۔

کیا آپ APT کی قیمت پر براہ راست نظر رکھنا چاہتے ہیں؟ [CoinMarketCap موبائل ایپ ڈاؤن لوڈ کیجیے](https://coinmarketcap.com/mobile/)

کیا آپ کرپٹو کی دنیا میں دلچسپی رکھتے ہیں؟ ہمارا معلوماتی سیکشن — [Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria) پڑھیں۔

### کُل کتنے Aptos گردش میں ہیں؟

Aptos ،APT بلاک چین کی مقامی کرنسی ہے۔ اس کی ابتدائی کل سپلائی 1 بلین، جبکہ یہ تحریر لکھے جاتے وقت اس کی گردشی سپلائی 130 ملین APT پر مشتمل ہے۔

تقسیم درج ذیل ہے: کمیونٹی (51.02%) بنیادی شراکت دار (19.00%) فاؤنڈیشن (16.50%) سرمایہ کار (13.48%)

کمیونٹی ایلوکیشن کے تحت، لگ بھگ 80% Aptos فاؤنڈیشن کے پاس، اور بقیہ رقم Aptos Labs کے باس موجود ہے۔ اسے کمیونٹی کی ترقی، اور Aptos فاؤنڈیشن کی پیشقدمی میں مدد کے لیے استعمال کیا جائے گا۔ بقیہ اگلے دس سالوں کے دوران ماہانہ بنیاد پر جاری کردیا جائے گا۔

سرمایہ کاروں اور بنیادی شراکت داروں کو مین نیٹ لانچ سے چار سالہ [استحکامی](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-does-vesting-mean-in-crypto) شیڈول کے تابع کیا جاتا ہے۔ Aptos ٹیم نے 19 اکتوبر، سن 2022 کو ابتدائی ٹیسٹ نیٹ صارفین کے لیے 20 ملین APT ٹوکنز کے ایئر ڈراپ کا اعلان کیا۔

Aptos [ٹوکن نومکس tokenomics](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/tokenomics) کے خلاصے کے لئے [یہاں](https://aptosfoundation.org/currents/aptos-tokenomics-overview) دیکھیئے۔

#### Aptos کے مین نیٹ کا آغاز

جیسا کہ پہلے بتایا گیا، سرمایہ کاروں سے لاکھوں ڈالر اکٹھے کرنے کے باوجود، Aptos نے اکتوبر، سن 2022 تک اپنا مین نیٹ لانچ نہیں کیا تھا۔ مین نیٹ کے آغاز سے پہلے، اس کی ٹیسٹ نیٹ مہم جسے "Aptos Incentivized Testnet (AIT)" کا نام دیا گیا، مئی کے مہینے سے چل رہی تھی۔

ٹیسٹ نیٹ کو ان چار مراحل میں تقسیم کیا گیا تھا - پہلا [AIT1](https://medium.com/aptoslabs/completing-ait1-ait2-in-hot-pursuit-3f159f4bfb8b)، دوسرا [AIT2](https://medium.com/aptoslabs/aptos-incentivized-testnet-2-highlights-and-updates-ee478eace33c)، تیسرا [AIT3](https://medium.com/aptoslabs/welcome-to-aptos-incentivized-testnet-3-9d7ce888205c) اور چوتھا مرحلہ [AIT4](https://aptoslabs.medium.com/the-journey-from-ait3-to-longevity-testnet-6d888885a7d0)۔ اس مہم کا ہدف مین نیٹ کے آغاز سے پہلے ڈویلپرز، نوڈ آپریٹرز (node operators)، اور آڈیٹرز(auditors) کو ایپلی کیشنز لانچ کرنے، اور نیٹ ورک پر دباؤ کی جانچ پڑتال کرنے کی دعوت، اور ترغیب دینا تھا۔

9 ستمبر، سن 2022 کو، نیٹ ورک نے اپنی AIT3 مہم مکمل کر لی، جس کے سبب حتمی ٹیسٹ نیٹ کے لیے راستہ ہموار ہو گیا۔ ٹیسٹ نیٹس کے ایک سلسلے کے ذریعے، Aptos نے 100 سے زیادہ پراجیکٹس کو آن بورڈ کیا، بشمول Solrise Finance، PayMagic، Pontem Network، اور MartianDAO۔

18 اکتوبر 2022 کو، Aptos اپنے مین نیٹ لانچ کے ساتھ لائیو ہوا، جس نے اسے Move ٹیکنالوجی پر ابتداء کرنے والا پہلا بلاک چین بنا دیا۔ جس وقت یہ مواد شائع ہوا، مین نیٹ AptosBFT کا تازہ ترین ورژن (version 4) استعمال کر رہا تھا، جو بازنطینی فالٹ ٹولرنس Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)) کے متفقہ پروٹوکول سے استفادہ کرتا ہے۔ تاہم، کمپنی پہلے ہی AptosBFT (ورژن 5) پر کام کر رہی ہے۔

#### Aptos Bridge کیا ہے؟

آن چین صارف ایپلیکیشن پروٹوکول جسے LayerZero Labs کہا جاتا ہے؛ نے Aptos Bridge کا آغاز اُنّیس اکتوبر، سن 2022 کو کیا۔

یہ بلاک چین پُل صارفین کو Ethereum، USDC، اور USDT سے Ethereum، BNB Chain، Polygon، Avalanche، اور Optimism کو Aptos میں منتقل کرنے کی اجازت دے گا۔

### Aptos نیٹ ورک کو کس طرح محفوظ بنایا جاتا ہے؟

Aptos دو متفقہ پروٹوکول استعمال کرتا ہے - پروف آف اسٹیک اور AptosBFT۔

AptosBFT بالکل DiemBFT سے ملتا جلتا ہے. یہ دراصل تیار ہی Diem کے لیے کیا گیا تھا۔ "BFT" کا مطلب ہے 'بازنطینی فالٹ ٹولرنٹ' یعنی 'Byzantine Fault-Tolerant‘۔ کسی نیٹ ورک کوتب بازنطینی فالٹ ٹولرنٹ کہا جاتا ہے جب وہ اپنے کُچھ صارفین کے آف لائن ہونے، یا انُکے ضرر رساں بن جانے کے باوجود معمول کے مطابق کام جاری رکھے۔

AptosBFT ہاٹ سٹف HotStuff پروٹوکول پر مبنی حسب ضرورت بنایا گیا، اتفاق رائے والا الگورتھم ہے۔ پروٹوکول نیٹ ورک کومحفوظ بنانے کے لئے، پس منظر میں متفرق تکنیکی معاملات موجود ہوا کرتے ہیں۔ مختصراً یہ کہ الگورتھم آن چین حالت کا تجزیہ کرتا ہے، اور خودکار طور پر لیڈر روٹیشنز(leader rotations) کو اپ ڈیٹ کرتا ہے، تاکہ بغیر کسی انسانی مداخلت کے، جواب نہ دینے والے توثیق کنندگان کو ایڈجسٹ کیا جا سکے۔

### میں Aptos کہاں سے خرید سکتا ہوں؟

APT ٹوکن کی خرید و فروخت متعدد ایکسچینجز پرکی جا سکتی ہے، بشمول 1Binance1، 2FTX2، 3Huobi3، 4KuCoin4، 5Coinbase5 وغیرہ۔

Aptos Labs Partners with NBCUniversal for Web3 Fan Experiences

Aptos Blockchain Sets New Daily User Transaction Record, Surpassing Solana

Technical Analysis: LINK, HIVE, DOT, BAT, FLUX and APT (Mar. W5) 

Technical Analysis: LINK, HIVE, DOT, BAT, FLUX and APT (Mar. W1) 

Technical Analysis: LINK, HIVE, DOT, BAT, FLUX and APT (Feb. W4) 

Binance

P2P.org

Aptos

Propbase

BlueMove

Token IN

Doodoo

Cellana Finance

Arbitrum is an Ethereum layer-two (L2) scaling solution. It uses optimistic rollups to achieve its goal of improving speed, scalability and cost-efficiency on Ethereum. Arbitrum benefits from the security and compatibility of Ethereum. Another benefit is the higher throughput and lower fees compared to Ethereum. That is made possible thanks to moving most of the computation and storage load off-chain.

Arbitrum’s native token is called ARB and is used for governance. Offchain Labs, the developers behind Arbitrum, announced the shift to a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) structure — the Arbitrum DAO. ARB holders can vote on proposals that affect the features, protocol upgrades, funds allocation and election of a Security Council.

Arbitrum has an ambitious roadmap for 2023, which includes: Launching its own layer-three solution called Orbit; Enabling developers to deploy programs written in popular programming languages like Rust, C++, and more using Stylus; Expanding its validator set to include more independent institutional validators; Moving its protocol to layer two with Arbitrum One.

On March 16, 2023,  Arbitrum announced their highly anticipated airdrop of ARB. The token will be airdropped to early users and DAOs building on Arbitrum, with 12.75% of the total supply to be distributed. Recipients were rewarded on a point-based system depending on their interaction with the Arbitrum network until a cutoff date of March 1, 2023. The token generation event is on March 23, 2023.

Arbitrum

Optimism (OP) is a layer-two blockchain on top of Ethereum. Optimism benefits from the security of the Ethereum mainnet and helps scale the Ethereum ecosystem by using optimistic rollups. That means transactions are trustlessly recorded on Optimism but ultimately secured on Ethereum.

Optimism is one of the biggest scaling solutions for Ethereum with over $500 million in TVL. It is home to 97 protocols, the biggest being Synthetix (SNX), a derivatives exchange, Uniswap (UNI), a DEX, and Velodrome (VELO), an AMM. Users can begin their journey on Optimism by adding the chain on their Metamask and bridging tokens like ETH to the L2. On May 31, 2022, Optimism conducted a highly anticipated airdrop of its OP token.

Optimism

Sui is a groundbreaking layer-1 blockchain platform designed to support the needs of global adoption by offering a secure, powerful, and scalable development platform. At its core, Sui leverages a novel object-centric data model and the secure Move programming language to address inefficiencies prevalent in existing blockchain architectures.

On top of strong technical foundations, Sui prioritizes user experience by eliminating barriers commonly associated with blockchain interactions. Through innovations like zkLogin, sponsored transactions, and programmable transaction blocks, Sui creates a higher standard for user experience within Web3 by ensuring applications are accessible and user-friendly.

NEAR Protocol is a layer-one blockchain that was designed as a community-run cloud computing platform and that eliminates some of the limitations that have been bogging competing blockchains, such as low transaction speeds, low throughput and poor interoperability. This provides the ideal environment for DApps and creates a developer and user-friendly platform. For instance, NEAR uses human-readable account names, unlike the cryptographic wallet addresses common to Ethereum. NEAR also introduces unique solutions to scaling problems and has its own consensus mechanism called “Doomslug.”

NEAR Protocol is being built by the NEAR Collective, its community that is updating the initial code and releasing updates to the ecosystem. Its declared goal is to build a platform that is “secure enough to manage high value assets like money or identity and performant enough to make them useful for everyday people.”

Flux, a protocol that allows developers to create markets based on assets, commodities, real-world events, and Mintbase, an NFT minting platform are examples of projects being built on NEAR Protocol.

NEAR Protocol

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

Celestia

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

Injective (INJ) is a blockchain built for finance. It is an open, interoperable layer-one blockchain powering next-generation DeFi applications, including decentralized spot and derivatives exchanges, prediction markets, lending protocols, and more.

Injective uniquely provides powerful core financial infrastructure primitives that applications can leverage, including a fully decentralized MEV-resistant on-chain orderbook. In addition, all forms of financial markets such as spot, perpetual, futures and options are fully on-chain. The decentralized cross-chain bridging infrastructure is compatible with Ethereum, IBC-enabled blockchains, and non EVM chains such as Solana.

Injective also provides a next-generation, highly interoperable smart contract platform based on CosmWasm, with advanced interchain capabilities. Injective is custom built with the Cosmos SDK and utilizes Tendermint-based Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanism, providing instant transaction finality with the ability to sustain lightning-fast performance (25,000+ TPS).

The Injective ecosystem includes 100+ projects and over 150,000 community members globally. Injective is backed by a group of prominent investors such as Binance, Pantera Capital, Jump Crypto and Mark Cuban.

Injective

Immutable positions itself as the first layer-two scaling solution for NFTs on Ethereum. According to Immutable, its blockchain does away with Ethereum’s limitations like low scalability, a poor user experience, illiquidity, and a slow developer experience. Instead, users benefit from instant trading and massive scalability while enjoying zero gas fees for minting and trading NFTs without compromising user or asset security.

Thanks to this technology, users will be able to create and distribute assets like ERC-20 and ERC-721 tokens on a massive scale. Chris Clay, the game Director of Gods Unchained, a project already building on Immutable, stated that Immutable allows Gods Unchained to implement a new meta-system that was previously impossible. In this fashion, Immutable aims to create a world-class experience for users and developers alike.

Immutable

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

RenderToken (RNDR) is a distributed GPU rendering network built on top of the Ethereum blockchain, aiming to connect artists and studios in need of GPU compute power with mining partners willing to rent their GPU capabilities out. Conceived in 2009 by OTOY, inc. CEO Jules Urbach and launched in 2017, RNDR held its first public token sale in October of that same year, followed by a private sale period lasting from January 2018 – May 2018, wherein a total of 117,843,239 RNDR were sold at a price of 1 RNDR = $0.25 USD equivalent of token.
During the private sale period, early adopters were onboarded onto the RNDR Beta Testnet, where beta node operators and artists worked collaboratively with the RNDR team in building and testing the network, up until its public launch on April 27th 2020.

Render

Starknet

Filecoin is a decentralized storage system that aims to “store humanity’s most important information.” The project raised $205 million in an initial coin offering (ICO) in 2017, and initially planned a launch date for mid-2019. However, the launch date for the Filecoin mainnet was pushed back until block 148,888, which is expected in mid-October 2020.

The project was first described back in 2014 as an incentive layer for the Interplanetary File System (IPFS), a peer-to-peer storage network where users pay for data storage and distribution services in $FIL. Filecoin is open protocol and backed by a blockchain that records commitments made by the network’s participants, with transactions made using FIL, the blockchain’s native currency. The blockchain is based on both proof-of-replication and proof-of-spacetime.

Filecoin is open-source and decentralized, which means that all governance is in the hands of the community. On the Filecoin platform, developers have the opportunity to create cloud file storage services like Dropbox or iCloud. Anyone can join Filecoin and start storing their data or earn money by providing space for someone else's funds. The creators of Filecoin opted for their blockchain technology to run the network and their token with their own consensus.

$FIL is the native currency of Filecoin that powers the entire network and all processes. Clients pay for transactions in FIL tokens. Miners place FIL as collateral, guaranteeing their services.

The developers claim that Filecoin solves the problem of inefficient file storage and retrieval. Customers can find the right solution with an efficient set of tools and its core development, IPFS.

Filecoin

Founded in 2017, Chainlink is a blockchain abstraction layer that enables universally connected smart contracts. Through a decentralized oracle network, Chainlink allows blockchains to securely interact with external data feeds, events and payment methods, providing the critical off-chain information needed by complex smart contracts to become the dominant form of digital agreement.

The Chainlink Network is driven by a large open-source community of data providers, node operators, smart contract developers, researchers, security auditors and more. The company focuses on ensuring that decentralized participation is guaranteed for all node operators and users looking to contribute to the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Chainlink.

Chainlink

The Internet Computer blockchain incorporates a radical rethink of blockchain design, powered by innovations in cryptography. It provides the first “World Computer” blockchain that can be used to build almost any online system or service, including demanding web social media, without need for traditional IT such as cloud computing services. As such it can enable full end-to-end decentralization.

Internet Computer

Mina Protocol is a minimal “succinct blockchain” built to curtail computational requirements in order to run DApps more efficiently. Mina has been described as the world’s lightest blockchain since its size is designed to remain constant despite growth in usage. Furthermore, it remains balanced in terms of security and decentralization. The project was rebranded from Coda Protocol to Mina in October 2020.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Mina Protocol.

The Mina network has a size of only 22 KB, which is miniscule when compared to Bitcoin’s 300 GB blockchain.

Mina

Toncoin (TON) is the native cryptocurrency of the decentralized layer-1 blockchain, The Open Network (TON). The TON blockchain is open-sourced and supported by many network contributors, including the Switzerland-based non-profit organization, the TON Foundation.

Since 2017, the Telegram team had been developing the codebase for a blockchain network, then named Telegram Open Network (TON), with a native cryptocurrency named 'Gram.' In May 2020, Telegram founder and CEO Pavel Durov announced the end of Telegram's involvement with the TON Blockchain following a court order by the SEC. The Gram token was never issued.

Since 2020, the technology has been developed by an independent community of developers and blockchain enthusiasts. The non-profit TON Foundation is the most prominent of these supporters. The blockchain was renamed from "Telegram Open Network" to "The Open Network," with Toncoin now the native cryptocurrency of the TON network.
The whitepaper contains part of the original codebase written by Dr. Nikolai Durov, co-founder of Telegram and brother of Pavel Durov. Toncoin utilizes the proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus model for network scalability and reliability.

TON Foundation's vision is to empower 500 million users to own their digital identity, data, and assets by 2028 by empowering developers to build a Web3 ecosystem in Telegram Messenger.

Toncoin

Solana is a highly functional open source project that banks on blockchain technology’s permissionless nature to provide decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. While the idea and initial work on the project began in 2017, Solana was officially launched in March 2020 by the Solana Foundation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Solana.

The Solana protocol is designed to facilitate decentralized app (DApp) creation. It aims to improve scalability by introducing a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with the underlying proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus of the blockchain.

Because of the innovative hybrid consensus model, Solana enjoys interest from small-time traders and institutional traders alike. A significant focus for the Solana Foundation is to make decentralized finance accessible on a larger scale.