The U2U Network combines Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) algorithms with the Inter-ledger Protocol (ILP) to create a platform for decentralized application development. It aims to deliver scalability, security, and interoperability. The platform integrates advanced technologies like the DAG algorithm for high throughput and low latency, and ILP for interoperability with other blockchain networks and traditional financial systems. Additionally, the U2U Network supports EVM-compatible smart contracts and tokenization.
Helios Consensus: The Helios Consensus is at the core of U2U's blockchain infrastructure, designed to provide scalability, security, and efficient consensus. Built on DAG technology, Helios addresses the scalability limitations of traditional blockchains. It leverages Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (aBFT) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) to achieve efficient and secure consensus among network participants. The aBFT provides security against malicious actors, while DPoS elects trusted validators to improve transaction speed and scalability.
To enhance scalability, U2U employs consensus-based sharding, which divides validators into clusters to improve transactions’ validation process. Security is reinforced by combining dPOS, aBFT, and TEE (Trusted Execution Environment), providing a multi-layered protection system as it scales to accommodate various DePIN applications.
Its unique architecture, combining Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) technology with the Helios Consensus protocol, allows the network to achieve 17,000 TPS per shard (73,000 TPS with ideally testing environment) with a transaction finality time under 650 milliseconds. Additionally, its modular subnet design enables enterprises to create customized decentralized, non-invasive applications without compromising security and scalability.
Subnets: U2U Subnet is a set of peer-to-peer cryptography computers. It inherits the consensus and security layers of U2U Network . Subnet utilizes the U2VM, which is a high-speed graph reduction virtual machine designed to perform Subnet DApps (Subnet Decentralized Applications). The U2VM compiles code written in various languages such as Python, Go, Rust, and TypeScript into a Runtime. This Runtime allows formally verified applications to run natively on the network, ensuring maximum mathematical security. Subnets inherit the security and consensus properties of the U2U Network while also allowing node operators to contribute computing resources such as CPU, GPU, RAM, Storage and Internet. There are three types of subnet nodes:
Master Nodes: Responsible for transaction management, data availability, and cross-network operations. Master Nodes are compensated through transaction fees and proof rewards.
Verifier Nodes: Leverage Trusted Execution Environment and Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) to validate data integrity and ensure privacy.
Edge Nodes: Provide computational resources and are rewarded based on their contributions to network capacity and protocol-specific operations.
This is possible thanks to 2 innovative technologies used by U2U Subnet: Universal Message Verification and U2VM.
U2U's Subnet technology is the cornerstone of its innovative approach to expanding blockchain capabilities. First of all, U2U Subnets are designed to cater to specific industry needs, ensuring that data handling is efficient and secure. Each Subnet is customized to provide the necessary features and support for its targeted niche, whether it be IoT, cloud storage, or other sectors. This makes U2U an attractive platform for industries that rely heavily on real-time data processing and analytics.
Besides, one of the most compelling features of U2U Subnets is their ability to operate independently from the mainnet. This means that even if the U2U Mainnet experiences downtime, the Subnets can continue to function without interruption. This feature ensures service continuity and enhances the reliability of the network.
As well as, transaction verification occurs directly on the Subnets, bypassing the need for packing as seen in other scaling solutions. This direct approach improves transaction speed and efficiency, enhancing the overall performance of the network. On-subnet verification enhances the security of transactions by reducing points of failure and ensuring localized consensus. This approach minimizes the risk of malicious attacks and ensures the integrity of the network.
Moreover, U2U provides users with the freedom to create an unlimited number of Subnets. This scalability is essential for fostering innovation and accommodating a wide range of use cases. Whether for testing new business models, developing specialized applications, or conducting research, the ability to create multiple Subnets offers unparalleled flexibility. The unlimited creation of Subnets allows for a versatile and dynamic development environment. Developers can experiment with different configurations, protocols, and blockchain technologies to find the best solutions for their specific needs.
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U2U Subnet's unlimited scalability empowers Decentralization on Demand (DoD), enabling every real-world application and service on demand to be built in a decentralized manner. Such services can be: