## ما هي تيرا 2.0 (LUNA)؟

[تيرا (LUNA)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/terra-luna-v2/) عبارة عن بروتوكول عام [لسلسلة الكتل](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) وجد من [تيرا كلاسيك](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/terra-luna/). وتشغل تيرا كلاسيك [خوارزمية للعملة المستقرة](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/algorithmic-stablecoin)، [دولار تيرا كلاسيك (UST)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/terrausd/). ويطلق عليه الآن اسم دولار UST المرتبط بـ LUNC، حيث انهار بعد قرصنة بنكية في مايو 2022. مما أدى إلى خفض قيمة لونا إلى الصفر تقريباً ليتم بعد ذلك إطلاق سلسلة جديدة — فأصبح لدينا تيرا كلاسيك، وتيرا. [اقرأ تحليلاً كاملاً حول انهيار تيرا هنا](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/are-algorithmic-stablecoins-dead-already-a-full-breakdown-of-the-terra-crash).

تم البدء بتطوير تيرا كلاسيك في يناير 2018 وفيما تم إطلاق السلسلة في أبريل 2019. حاولت الشبكة [الجمع](https://terra.money/Terra_White_paper.pdf) ما بين ميزة استقرار أسعار العملات الورقية والتبني الواسع لها وبين ميزة التخلص من الرقابة في [البيتكوين](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/bitcoin) (BTC)، كلّ هذا إلى جانب توفير معاملات سريعة وبأسعار معقولة من خلال عملتها المستقرة UST. ولتحقيق تلك الغاية، [وفّرت](https://medium.com/terra-money/announcing-terrausd-ust-the-interchain-stablecoin-53eab0f8f0ac) تيرا كلاسيك عملة مستقرة مرتبطة بالدولار الأمريكي، الوون الكوري الجنوبي، والتوغريك المنغولي، وسلة من العملات الأخرى.

ورثت سلسلة كتل تيرا الجديدة سلفها تيرا كلاسيك لكن دون عملة UST المستقرة. وستواصل البناء بمساعدة مجتمع لونا المسمى "LUNAtics" وتقوم بتطوير كل من تجربة المستخدم وواجهات التطبيقات ذات المستوى العالمي الذي سبق له أن جعل تيرا كلاسيك تحتل المرتبة الثانية في إجمالي القيمة المقفلة (TVL) حينما كانت في ذروتها. كما وافقت العديد من [التطبيقات اللامركزية](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps) على الانتقال إلى تيرا الجديدة لمواصلة وظائفها.

### من هم مؤسسو تيرا؟

تأسست تيرا في يناير 2018 من قبل دانيال شين، ودو كون. حيث كان [تصوّر](https://medium.com/kucoinexchange/kucoin-ama-series-terra-luna-full-transcript-a3019e664195) الاثنان عن المشروع كونه وسيلة لتعزيز التبنّي السريع لتقنية سلسلة الكتل و[العملات المشفرة](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-cryptocurrencies) من خلال التركيز على استقرار الأسعار وقابلية الاستخدام. تولى كوون منصب الرئيس التنفيذي لمختبرات تيرافورم، الشركة التي تقف وراء تيرا.

قبل تطوير تيرا، شارك شين [في تأسيس](https://www.inc.com/magazine/201112/the-returnees.html) وترأس تيكت ماونستر، والمعروفة اختصاراً باسم TMON — وهي منصة تجارة إلكترونية رائدة في كوريا الجنوبية. كما شارك لاحقاً [في تأسيس](https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2020/03/133_162546.html) فاست تراك آسيا، حاضنة الشركات الناشئة التي تعمل مع رواد الأعمال لبناء الشركات ووضعها في العمل.

بينما أسس كوون وشغل منصب الرئيس التنفيذي لشركة أنيفي، وهي شركة ناشئة تقدم حلول شبكات لاسلكية لامركزية. كما عمل كمهندس برمجيات لصالح كلّ من مايكروسوفت، وآبل.

بعد انهيار تيرا كلاسيك، أعلن دو كوون عن [خطة إحياء](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/crypto-news-may-16-do-kwon-s-revival-plan-doesn-t-impress-lfg-wallet-out-of-btc) أدت في نهاية المطاف إلى تنفيذ انقسام ثابت في السلسلة أنتج كلاً من تيرا كلاسيك، وتيرا. لكن خطته هذه [تعرضت لانتقادات من مؤسس بينانس، تشانغبنغ تشاو، ومن فيتاليك بوتيران](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/do-kwon-publishes-revival-plan-for-luna-buterin-and-cz-skeptical)، إلى جانب [مستثمري UST الساخطين](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/terra-s-blockchain-to-be-revived-but-some-investors-are-furious-with-do-kwon). تم التصويت على [اقتراحه](https://agora.terra.money/t/terra-ecosystem-revival-plan-2-passed-gov/18498) من قبل المجتمع وتم تنفيذ الانقسام الثابت الذي أنتج سلسلة كتل تيرا الجديدة في 27 مايو 2022.

### ما الذي يميّز تيرا 2.0؟

بدءاً من لحظة الانقسام، ستواصل تيرا مسيرتها بدون عملتها المستقرة UST، وجلّ تركيزها هو الحفاظ على النظام البيئي لتيرا الذي يضمّ مئات المطورين الذين يعملون على تطبيقات لامركزية متنوعة. وسيتم توزيع رموز LUNA المشفرة على صائغي لونا كلاسيك، وحامليها، وحاملي UST المتبقين ومطوري تطبيقات تيرا كلاسيك الأساسيين. فيما ألغت تيرا محفظة مختبرات مؤسسة تيرا من عملية التوزيع، وهو ما يجعل تيرا سلسلة مملوكة بالكامل للمجتمع.

سيتم التوزيع بناء على سجل الشبكة قبل تحطم تيرا كلاسيك (7 مايو) وكذلك يوم الانهيار في (27 مايو). على أن تكون أهلية التوزيع على النحو التالي:

#### الاحتفاظ بالأصول التالية بحلول 7 مايو:

* لونا كلاسيك (LUNC) (بما في ذلك عقود المشتقات المخزنة مؤقتاً)
* أقل من 500 ألف aUST (وهي عملة UST المودعة في بروتوكول أنكور)

#### الاحتفاظ بالأصول التالية بحلول 27 مايو:

* لونا كلاسيك (LUNC) (بما في ذلك عقود المشتقات المخزنة مؤقتاً)
* UST

لحظة التوزيع، ستكون 30% من عملات LUNA المخصصة متاحة على الفور لمستخدمي ما قبل الهجوم الذين لديهم محافظ تحتوي على أقل من 10 آلاف لونا (بما في ذلك عقود المشتقات المخزنة) أو يو إس تي المودعة في بروتوكول أنكور، ولمستخدمي ما بعد الهجوم الذين لديهم أي كمية من LUNA (بما في ذلك عقود المشتقات المخزنة)، أو يو إس تي، أو كليهما.

علاوة على ذلك، سيتم تخزين عملات LUNA المؤجلة تلقائياً لدى مدققي تيرا. سيكون يمقدور المستخدمين تغيير المدقق كما سيكسبون مكافآت التخزين المؤقت لعملاتهم، لكن الإفراج عنها سيكون وفق خط زمني مدته ستة أشهر. يمكنك قراءة التفاصيل الكاملة حول توزيع تيرا (LUNA) [في هذه المقالة التوضيحية بواسطة تيرا](https://medium.com/terra-money/terra-2-0-luna-airdrop-cd08a6d9cfcd).

#### صفحات ذات صلة:

* تعرف على [USD Coin](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/usd-coin/)، وهي واحدة من أكثر العملات المستقرة موثوقية في السوق.
* تعرف على [أفالانش](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/avalanche/)، سلسلة كتل قائمة على الطبقة-1.
* اقرأ [الدليل المفصّل حول النظام البيئي لتيرا](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-terra-a-guide-to-terra-s-ecosystem) في Alexandria، وهي منصة تعليمية توفرها CoinMarketCap.
* هل تريد أن تكون على اطلاع دائم بأسعار لونا (LUNA) لحظة بلحظة؟ حمِّل [تطبيق CoinMarketCap للهاتف](https://coinmarketcap.com/mobile/)!
* هل تريد معرفة سعر لونا (LUNA) مقابل أي عملة ورقية؟ جرِّب [حاسبة سعر الصرف الخاصة بـ CoinMarketCap](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/).
* اطلع على كيفية فيام العملات المستقرة بتغيير صناعة المدفوعات في بوابة CoinMarketCap التعليمية — [Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/).

### كم عدد عملات لونا (LUNA) الموجودة في التداول؟

يبلغ المعروض الكلي من تيرا (LUNA) مليار رمز مشفّر. وستوزع على النحو التالي:

* برنامج تعدين المطورين: 8% 
* يكسب مطورو التطبيقات الأساسيون حصة من هذا البرنامج تتناسب طرداً مع إجمالي القيمة المقفلة كل ربع سنة لمدة 4 سنوات.

* برنامج التزام المطورين: 1.5% 
* تتقاسم فرق البروتوكول التي كانت تعمل في تيرا كلاسيك هذه الحصة كلّ حسب إجمالي القيمة المقفلة لدى تطبيقه خلال 30 يوماً الأخيرة قبل الهجوم - يتم الإفراج عنها وفق خط زمني لمدة عام، قم بعد 3 سنوات. كما سيتم عمل تعديلات بالنسبة للتطبيقات التي لا ينطبق عليها شرط إجمالي القيمة المقفلة.

* حصة الطوارئ لمطوري التطبيقات: 0.5% 
* مباشرة بعد إطلاق الشبكة لمنح المطورين ما يعينهم على بناء المنتج. مع التزم بإعادة الأموال إذا لم يتم إطلاق المنتج خلال عام واحد.

* مجمّع السيولة الخاص بالمجتمع: 20% 
* يخضع للحوكمة حسب قيمة التخزين المؤقت

* حاملي عملة لونا قبل الهجوم: 35% 
* جميع عملات لونا المخزنة/غير المخزنة، ناقص TFL في لحظة "ما قبل الهجوم" ؛ بما فيها عقود المشتقات المخزنة
* بالنسبة للمحافظ التي تحتوي على أقل من 10 آلاف لونا: 30% فوراً عند التوزيع؛ 70% سيتم الإفراج عنها على مدار عامين مع خط انحدار زمني لمدة 6 أشهر
* بالنسبة للمحافظ التي تحتوي على أقل من مليون لونا: وفق خط انحدار زمني لمدة عام، ثم عامين استحقاق
* بالنسبة للمحافظ التي تحتوي على أكثر من مليون لونا: وفق خط انحدار زمني لمدة عام، ثم أربع أعوام استحقاق

* حاملو عملات aUST قبل الهجوم: 10% 
* تحت سقف 500 ألف - يغطي ما يصل إلى 99.7% من جميع الحاملين ولكن 26.72% فقط من حاملي aUST
* 30% فوراً عند التوزيع؛ 70% سيتم الإفراج عنها على مدار عامين مع خط انحدار زمني لمدة 6 أشهر

* حاملي لونا بعد الهجوم: 10% 
* بما فيها عقود المشتقات المخزنة مؤقتاً
* 30% فوراً عند التوزيع؛ 70% سيتم الإفراج عنها على مدار عامين مع خط انحدار زمني لمدة 6 أشهر

* حاملات عملات UST بعد الهجوم: 15% 
* 30% فوراً عند التوزيع؛ 70% سيتم الإفراج عنها على مدار عامين مع خط انحدار زمني لمدة 6 أشهر

التعريفات:

* سجل الشبكة "ما قبل الهجوم" سيتم التقاطه في تيرا كلاسيك عند الكتلة 7544910 (بتاريخ 7 مايو 2022 الساعة 22:59:37 بتوقيت +08:00)
* سجل الشبكة "ما بعد الهجوم" سيتم التقاطه في تيرا كلاسيك عند الكتلة 7790000 (بتاريخ 27 مايو 2022 الساعة 00:38:08 بتوقيت +08:00)

جميع الرموز المشفرة المحجوزة أو مؤجلة الاستحقاق ستكون مخزنة في التكوين، ويجب أن يتم الإفراج عنها لتصبح متاحة.

علاوة على ذلك، [التزمت تيرا بحرق مليار UST المتبقية](https://agora.terra.money/t/burn-the-remaining-ust-in-the-community-pool-cross-chain-liquidity-incentive-ust/6837) في مجمّع السيولة الخاص بالمجتمع لتقليل الديون المستحقة على النظام البيئي لتيرا. تم تنفيذ توزيع لونا بتاريخ 28 مايو 2022 عند الساعة 06:00 بتوقيت جرينتش.

### كيف يتم تأمين شبكة تيرا؟

يتم تأمين سلسلة كتل تيرا باستخدام [خوارزمية إجماع](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus) [إثبات الحصة](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake) المستندة على Tendermint، حيث يقوم حاملو عملة LUNA [بتخزين](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/staking) رموزهم المشفرة كضمان يساعد في عملية التحقق من صحة المعاملات، ويحصلون مقابل ذلك على مكافآت تتناسب طرداً مع كمية LUNA المخزنة. ستقوم تيرا بتعزيز أمن الشبكة من خلال تقديم مكافآت على التخزين المؤقت تصل إلى 7% على أساس سنوي. ويوافق هذا ما بين أرباح المدققين وبين النجاح طويل الأجل للنظام البيئي لتيرا.

### أين يمكن شراء تيرا 2.0 (LUNA)؟

التزمت العديد من منصات التداول المركزية بالتعامل مع رمز LUNA المشفر الجديد، بما فيها [Huobi](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/huobi-global/)، [Bitrue](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/bitrue/)، [Bitfinex](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/bitfinex/)، [FTX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/ftx/)، [KutCoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/kucoin/)، [Gate.io](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/gate-io/)، [Bybit](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/bybit/) و[LBank](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/lbank/). ومن المتوقع أن يتبعها آخرون قريبا.

هل أنت مهتم بشراء لونا أو غيرها من العملات المشفرة مثل بيتكوين؟ تضم CoinMarketCap منصة تعليمية — [Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/) — حيث يمكنك تعلّم المزيد عن العملات المشفرة، وكيفية شراء أول عملاتك المشفرة.

وفيما يلي بعض المقالات الأخرى، التي قد تهمك:

* [ما هو صنبور العملات المشفرة؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-crypto-faucet)
* [ما هي بطاقات السحب المصرفية للعملات المشفرة؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-crypto-debit-cards)
* [ما هو Web 3.0؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-web-3-0)
* [ماذا تعني زراعة الغلال (Yield Farming)؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-yield-farming)
* [ما هو إقراض العملات المشفرة؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-crypto-lending)
* [ما هو الميتافيرس؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-the-metaverse-an-overview-and-a-deep-dive-of-the-top-metaverses)
* [ما هي رموز FAN المميزة؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-fan-tokens)
* [ملخص المبتدئين: الرموز غير القابلة للاستبدال، من الألف إلى الياء](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/newbie-catchup-the-a-z-of-nfts)
* [ما هو صانع السوق الآلي (AMM)؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-automated-market-makers)
* [ما هو صندوق العملات المشفرة المتداول في البورصة (ETF)؟](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-crypto-etf)

Binance

Terra

Terra is a blockchain protocol that uses fiat-pegged stablecoins to power price-stable global payments systems. According to its white paper, Terra combines the price stability and wide adoption of fiat currencies with the censorship-resistance of Bitcoin (BTC) and offers fast and affordable settlements.

Development on Terra began in January 2018, and its mainnet officially launched in April 2019. As of September 2021, it offers stablecoins pegged to the U.S. dollar, South Korean won, Mongolian tugrik and the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Rights basket of currencies — and it intends to roll out additional options.

On May 28, 2022, the genesis block of the new chain was launched to conduct future transactions under the name Terra (LUNA), and the original Terra Chain was rebranded as Terra Classic. The original native token — LUNA has also been renamed as LUNA Classic (LUNC). Moreover, all network stablecoins (UST, KRT, EUT) have been renamed to Terra Classic stablecoins (USTC, KRTC, EUTC). There will be no Terra stablecoins on the new chain.

There is a theory that the additional term “classic” is a reference to the Ethereum / Ethereum Classic split in 2017. According to CEO, Do Kwon, the collapse of UST in the spring of 2022 is the equivalent moment of the Ethereum’s DAO hack that took place in 2017.

Terra Classic

SHIB is a decentralized, community-led currency held by millions across the globe. Since its inception in late 2020, the Ethereum-based SHIB token has grown to become a worldwide phenomenon, and is now accepted as a form of payment at hundreds of locations, either directly or through third-party intermediaries.

Shiba Inu coin was created anonymously in August 2020 under the pseudonym "Ryoshi." Ryoshi says about himself that he is a nobody and not important and that the efforts to unmask his identity, even if successful, would be underwhelming.

This meme coin quickly gained speed and value as a community of investors was drawn in by the cute charm of the coin paired with headlines and tweets from personalities like Elon Musk and Vitalik Buterin.

Since release SHIB now trades on the ecosystem's proprietary DEX, ShibaSwap.

Shiba Inu

ApeCoin is an ERC-20 governance and utility token used within the APE Ecosystem to empower and incentivize a decentralized community building at the forefront of web3.

ApeCoin holders govern themselves via the decentralized governance framework controlling the ApeCoin DAO, and vote on how the ApeCoin DAO Ecosystem Fund should be used. The APE Foundation administers proposals agreed upon by ApeCoin holders.

ApeCoin

Dogecoin (DOGE) is based on the popular "doge" Internet meme and features a Shiba Inu on its logo. The open-source digital currency was created by Billy Markus from Portland, Oregon and Jackson Palmer from Sydney, Australia, and was forked from Litecoin in December 2013. Dogecoin's creators envisaged it as a fun, light-hearted cryptocurrency that would have greater appeal beyond the core Bitcoin audience, since it was based on a dog meme. Tesla CEO Elon Musk posted several tweets on social media that Dogecoin is his favorite coin.

Dogecoin

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform that says its goal is to allow “changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about positive global change.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Cardano.

The open-source project also aims to “redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins to individuals” — helping to create a society that is more secure, transparent and fair.

Cardano was founded back in 2017, and named after the 16th century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano. The native ADA token takes its name from the 19th century mathematician Ada Lovelace, widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer. The ADA token is designed to ensure that owners can participate in the operation of the network. Because of this, those who hold the cryptocurrency have the right to vote on any proposed changes to the software.

The team behind the layered blockchain say that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow decentralized apps and smart contracts to be developed with modularity.

In August 2021, Charles Hoskinson announced the launch of the Alonzo hard fork, causing Cardano price to surge, gaining 116% in the following month. On Sept. 12, 2021, the Cardano ‘Alonzo’ hard fork officially launched, bringing smart contract functionality to the blockchain. Over 100 smart contracts were deployed in the following 24 hours after the launch.

Cardano is used by agricultural companies to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof way, and retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.

Cardano

Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed  (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.

FTT is the native cryptocurrency token of the crypto derivatives trading platform FTX that launched on May 8, 2019. On Nov. 11, 2022, FTX filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the U.S., and is currently undergoing proceedings. Some of the information below may not reflect the current standings of the FTX exchange, please proceed with caution when interacting with the FTT token.

The team behind FTX comprises some of the largest crypto traders over the past few years who, having found issues with most mainstream crypto futures exchanges, decided to launch their own platform. FTX claims that it stands out due to such features as clawback prevention, a centralized collateral pool and universal stablecoin settlement. FTX is a centralized crypto exchange launched by Sam Bankman-Fried in 2019, backed by significant trading companies in the industry, including Almeda Research, OTPP, Temasek, BlackRock, Coinbase Ventures and Sequoia Capital. As of 2022, the platform has over a million registered members, and the daily trading volume has reached billions of dollars.

In regards to clawback prevention, a significant amount of customer funds on other derivative exchanges have been claimed by socialized losses. FTX reduces this by using a three-tiered liquidation model.

On existing crypto futures exchanges, the collateral is fragmented across separate token wallets; this can be difficult for traders as it prevents positions from getting liquidated. On the other hand, FTX derivatives are stablecoin-settled and only require one universal margin wallet.

Another feature of the FTT are leveraged tokens, which allow traders to put leveraged positions without the need to trade on margin. If a trader wants to short Bitcoin with 3x leverage, they can simply buy a 3x short Bitcoin leveraged token on FTX. These tokens are ERC20-compatible and can be listed on any spot exchange. FTX currently offers XRP, BNB, TRX, BTC, ETH, EOS, USDT and LEO leveraged tokens.

A year after its founding, FTX Exchange introduced the exchange token called FTX Token or FTT. The FTT coin is an ERC-20 standard token that is actively used by ecosystem participants.

Initially, FTT was established as a reward for exchange transactions; however, over the years the list of functions has grown:

FTT is applicable in the creation of leveraged tokens on the FTX Exchange; users can receive VIP discounts in the form of FTT depending on the number of coins they own, and it’s possible to earn rewards for providing liquidity through futures positions.

In order to maintain its value, the exchange regularly buys back and burns its tokens, spending on the purchase of FTX: 33% of trading fees, 10% of the reserve fund, and 5% of other commissions.

FTT Token use cases:

1/3 of the commissions received from transactions on FTX are utilized to buy back FTT. Tokens redeemed in this way are burned;

FTT tokens are used to reduce trading fees and to secure futures positions;

Profits from massive market movements are distributed among the holders;

By purchasing a white label version of FTX’s OTC portal and futures market, institutions and investors pay expenses in FTT tokens;

By creating leveraged tokens, projects can pay listing fees with FTT;

Users can stake FTT to benefit from discounts, bonus votes, and blockchain fee waivers.

One benefit of FTX Token (FTT) is commission discounts. Members pay a low fee and obtain tighter spreads. Traders use FTT as collateral, and those who are active on FTX Exchange see percentage differences of up to 60%. Traders get insurance protection, which ensures a net profit in moments of market volatility, then makes it possible to continue trading even without a margin call.

In addition to the fact that FTT is useful for opening positions with leverage, FTT staking also offers perks: discounts, the opportunity to win NFTs, participation in airdrops, bonus votes and IEO tickets.

FTX Token

Solana is a highly functional open source project that banks on blockchain technology’s permissionless nature to provide decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions. While the idea and initial work on the project began in 2017, Solana was officially launched in March 2020 by the Solana Foundation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Solana.

The Solana protocol is designed to facilitate decentralized app (DApp) creation. It aims to improve scalability by introducing a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with the underlying proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus of the blockchain.

Because of the innovative hybrid consensus model, Solana enjoys interest from small-time traders and institutional traders alike. A significant focus for the Solana Foundation is to make decentralized finance accessible on a larger scale.

Solana

Launched in 2011 by Pixowl, The Sandbox is a blockchain-based virtual world allowing users to create, build, buy and sell digital assets in the form of a game. By combining the powers of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), the Sandbox creates a decentralized platform for a thriving gaming community.

According to the official whitepaper, the Sandbox platform’s main mission is to introduce blockchain technology in mainstream gaming successfully. The platform focuses on facilitating a creative “play-to-earn” model, which allows users to be both creators and gamers simultaneously. The Sandbox employs the powers of blockchain technology by introducing the SAND utility token, which facilitates transactions on the platform.

The Sandbox

Gala is a web3 ecosystem powered by a layer-1 blockchain (GalaChain) built to power the Gala entertainment ecosystem that originally included Gala Games, Gala Music and Gala Film. More recently however, GalaChain has opened its doors to external developers and projects from any applicable industry, providing open source developer resources to simplify the process.

On a mission to empower users and creators across multiple industries throughout the world, Gala’s goal is to become the first billion user blockchain in the world. Innovators can extend the benefits of web3 to their users and communities more easily than ever before by leveraging open source tools like the GalaChain SDK and Creator Portal.

By elevating their ideas to web3 through GalaChain, developers can create custom tokens, smart contracts, reward opportunities and node networks for their communities and projects. Assets built on GalaChain can also be bridged to other blockchains, such as Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain and more. Developers who wish to learn more about getting involved with GalaChain are welcome to reach out via GalaChain.com.

The core of GalaChain is powered by its DePIN (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network) of Founder’s Nodes, whose operators earn daily $GALA rewards for actively providing resources to the ecosystem and enjoy governance voting rights on certain core Gala decisions. In addition to the Founder’s Node network’s foundational workload, individual projects can also create Node networks on GalaChain with more specific workloads.

Gala.com
News.Gala.com
Games.Gala.com
Music.Gala.com
Film.Gala.com

Gala

Launched in July 2017, Binance is the biggest cryptocurrency exchange globally based on daily trading volume. Binance aims to bring cryptocurrency exchanges to the forefront of financial activity globally. The idea behind Binance’s name is to show this new paradigm in global finance — Binary Finance, or Binance.

Aside from being the largest cryptocurrency exchange globally, Binance has launched a whole ecosystem of functionalities for its users. The Binance network includes the Binance Chain, Binance Smart Chain, Binance Academy, Trust Wallet and Research projects, which all employ the powers of blockchain technology to bring new-age finance to the world. BNB is an integral part of the successful functioning of many of the Binance sub-projects.

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency originally described in a 2008 whitepaper by a person, or group of people, using the alias Satoshi Nakamoto. It was launched soon after, in January 2009.

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer online currency, meaning that all transactions happen directly between equal, independent network participants, without the need for any intermediary to permit or facilitate them. Bitcoin was created, according to Nakamoto’s own words, to allow “online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.”

Some concepts for a similar type of a decentralized electronic currency precede BTC, but Bitcoin holds the distinction of being the first-ever cryptocurrency to come into actual use.

Bitcoin

Ethereum is a decentralized open-source blockchain system that features its own cryptocurrency, Ether. ETH works as a platform for numerous other cryptocurrencies, as well as for the execution of decentralized smart contracts.

Ethereum was first described in a 2013 whitepaper by Vitalik Buterin. Buterin, along with other co-founders, secured funding for the project in an online public crowd sale in the summer of 2014. The project team managed to raise $18.3 million in Bitcoin, and Ethereum’s price in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) was $0.311, with over 60 million Ether sold. Taking Ethereum’s price now, this puts the return on investment (ROI) at an annualized rate of over 270%, essentially almost quadrupling your investment every year since the summer of 2014.

The Ethereum Foundation officially launched the blockchain on July 30, 2015, under the prototype codenamed “Frontier.” Since then, there has been several network updates — “Constantinople” on Feb. 28, 2019, “Istanbul” on Dec. 8, 2019, “Muir Glacier” on Jan. 2, 2020, “Berlin” on April 14, 2021, and most recently on Aug. 5, 2021, the “London” hard fork.

Ethereum’s own purported goal is to become a global platform for decentralized applications, allowing users from all over the world to write and run software that is resistant to censorship, downtime and fraud.

Ethereum

TRON (TRX) is a decentralized blockchain-based operating system developed by the Tron Foundation and launched in 2017. Originally TRX tokens were ERC-20-based tokens deployed on Ethereum, but a year later they were moved to their own network.

Initially, the project was created with the aim of providing full ownership rights to makers of digital content. The main goal is to help content creators (who receive only a small part of the income) and encourage them with more rewards for their work. How: invite content consumers to reward content makers directly (without intermediaries like YouTube, Facebook or Apple).

The TRON software supports smart contracts, various kinds of blockchain systems, and decentralized applications aka dApps. The cryptocurrency platform uses a transaction model similar to Bitcoin (BTC), namely UTXO. Transactions take place in a public ledger, where users can track the history of operations.

Therefore, the platform was built to create a decentralized Internet and serves as a tool for developers to create dApps, acting as an alternative to Ethereum. Anyone can create dApps on the TRON network, offer content, and in return receive digital assets as compensation for their efforts. The ability to create content and share it openly without hesitation regarding transaction fees is an undeniable advantage of TRON.

TRON

Axie Infinity is a blockchain-based trading and battling game that is partially owned and operated by its players.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Axie Infinity.

Inspired by popular games like Pokémon and Tamagotchi, Axie Infinity allows players to collect, breed, raise, battle and trade token-based creatures known as Axies.

These Axies can take various forms, and there are more than 500 different body parts available, including aquatic, beast, bird, bug, plant and reptile parts. Parts from each type class come in four different rarity scales: common, rare, ultra rare and legendary — and Axies can have any combination of body parts, making them highly variable and often rare and unique.

Each Axie is a non-fungible token (NFT) with different attributes and strengths and can be entered into 3v3 battles, with the winning team earning more experience (exp) points that are used to level up an Axie's stats or evolve their body parts. These Axies can be bred together to produce new and unique offspring, which can be used or sold on the Axie marketplace.

The Axie Infinity ecosystem also has its own unique governance token, known as Axie Infinity Shards (AXS). These are used to participate in key governance votes and will give holders a say in how funds in the Axie Community Treasury are spent.