## ما هو سولانا (SOL)؟

سولانا هو مشروع مفتوح المصدر، عالي الأداء، يعتمدُ على طبيعة الانفتاح الكامنة في تقنية سلاسل الكتل؛ في تقديم حلول التمويل اللامركزي ([DeFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/defi)). ورغم أن الفكرة الأساسية والعمل الأولي في المشروع كانا قد بدآ في 2017، إلا أن مؤسسة سولانا، الكائن مقرُها في جنيف بسويسرا، لم تُطلِقُ بروتوكول سولانا (Solana) رسميًا إلا في مارس 2020.

لمعرفة المزيد عن هذا المشروع، ألق نظرة على هذا الشرح المفصَّل عن [سولانا](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/solana).

صُمِّمَ بروتوكول سولانا؛ بهدف تسهيل إنشاء التطبيقات اللامركزية ([DApp](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps)). ويهدفُ هذا البروتوكول إلى تحسين قابلية التوسع، من خلال تقديم آلية الإجماع المستندة إلى بروتوكول إثبات التاريخ (PoH) جنبًا إلى جنبٍ مع آلية الإجماع الأساسية لسلسلة الكتل، والمستندة إلى بروتوكول إثبات الحصة ([PoS](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-stake-pos)).

وبفضل نموذج الإجماع الهجين المبتكر هذا، يجتذب بروتوكول سولانا اهتمام كل من صغار المتداولين والمتداولين التابعين للمؤسسات على حد سواء. وتكرس مؤسسة سولانا جلّ تركيزها على جعل التمويل اللامركزي متاحا على نطاق أوسع.

### من هم مؤسسو سولانا؟

[أناتولي ياكوفينكو](https://www.linkedin.com/in/anatoly-yakovenko/) هو أهم مؤسسي سولانا، وقد بدأ مسيرته المهنية في كوالكوم، التي سرعان ما ترقى فيها في 2015؛ ليصبح كبير مديري المهندسين، قبل أن يتحول مسار ياكوفينكو المهني لاحقًا، ويلتحق بـ دروب بوكس (Dropbox) في وظيفة مهندس برمجيات.

في عام 2017، بدأت ياكوفينكو العمل في مشروع سيتجسد لاحقًا باسم سولانا، حيث تعاون مع زميله في كوالكوم، غريغ فيتزجيرالد، وأسسا مشروعًا يسمى مختبرات سولانا، استطاعا استقطاب العديد من زملاء كوالكوم السابقين ليشاركوا في العملية، التي نتج عنها صياغة بروتوكول سولانا، وطرح الرمز المميز SOL للجمهور في عام 2020.

### ما الذي يميّز سولانا؟

أحد الابتكارات الأساسية التي يتفرد بها بروتوكول سولانا هو آلية الإجماع المستندة إلى بروتوكول إثبات التاريخ (PoH)، التي طورها أناتولي ياكوفينكو. يعززُ هذا المفهومُ قدرة البروتوكول على التوسع، الأمر الذي يعزز بدوره سهولة الاستخدام.

سولانا اسم معروف في عالم العملات المشفرة، ويعود الفضل في ذلك إلى أوقات المعالجة القصيرة المذهلة، التي توفرها سلسلة الكتل لديها، حيث يُمكِّنُ بروتوكول سولانا الهجين تقليص أوقات التحقق لكل من تنفيذ المعاملات والعقود الذكية، بدرجة كبيرة. وبفضل الوقت القصير للمعالجة فائقة السرعة هذه، اجتذبت سولانا الكثير من اهتمام المؤسسات أيضًا.

يهدف بروتوكول سولانا إلى خدمة كل من المستخدمين الصغار، وعملاء المؤسسات على حد سواء، وأحد الوعود الرئيسية لشركة سولانا لعملائها هو أنهم لن يفاجؤوا بزيادة الرسوم والأجور، حيث أن البروتوكول صُمم بشكل يبقي تكاليف المعاملات منخفضة، دون مساسٍ بقابلية التوسع والمعالجة السريعة.

إلى جانب احتضانها لمبدعين خبراء مخضرمين في المجال من أمثال أناتولي ياكوفينكو، وغريغ فيتزجيرالد، في المشروع، تحتل سولانا المرتبة السابعة في [تصنيف](https://coinmarketcap.com/) CoinMarketCap وفقًا لبيانات سبتمبر 2021.

وقد وصلت إلى هذه المرتبة عقب صعود مثير للإعجاب، ارتفع فيه سعر سولانا لأكثر من 700% منذ منتصف يوليو 2021. كما أدى إطلاق مجموعة (Degenerate Ape) من الرموز غير القابلة للاستبدال إلى ارتفاع سعر سول (SOL) إلى [أعلى مستوياته على الإطلاق](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/all-time-high)، لأعلى من 60 دولارًا، وما زال آخذًا في الصعود منذ ذلك الحين، ويرجع ذلك إلى حد كبير إلى ارتفاع معدل نشاط المطور في النظام البيئي لسولانا، وزيادة الاهتمام من قبل المؤسسات، إلى جانب نمو النظام البيئي لسوق التمويل اللامركزي (DeFi)، وصعود الرموز غير القابلة للاستبدال (NFTs)، والألعاب الرأسية على سولانا. ارتفع سعر سولانا إلى مستوى قياسي، بلغ 216 دولار في 9 سبتمبر 2021.

وتلقت سولانا الكثير من الثناء على سرعتها وأدائها، وتم اعتبارها منافس يمكن [مقارنته بإيثريوم](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/solana-vs-ethereum-a-detailed-comparison)، يستطيع تحدي منصة العقود الذكية المهيمنة، مع ذلك، ابتليت الشبكة بالانقطاعات المتكررة التي أدت إلى كبح جماح سعرها، والوقوف بوجه تطلعاتها لتكون "[تأشيرة العبور في مجال العملات المشفرة](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/solana-can-be-visa-of-crypto-bank-of-america-says) "، وعلاوة على ذلك، تعرض [نظامها البيئي](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-solana-a-guide-to-solana-s-ecosystem-projects) لاتهامات بأنه يعطي الأفضلية لرأس المال الاستثماري، من خلال نظام غير عادل في توزيع اقتصاد الرموز المميزة.

أدى هذا إلى تراجع في سعر سول (SOL) اعتبارًا من فبراير 2022، ولا يمكن استبعاد حدوث المزيد من الاتجاه الهبوطي على المدى القصير، لكن بالنظر على المدى الطويل، ينبغي أن نولي سولانا الاهتمام، بفضل الدعم القوي من [منصات تداول مثل FTX](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/ftx-u-s-launches-nft-marketplace-on-solana).

#### صفحات ذات صلة:

اقرأ المزيد عن [Steem](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/steem/).

ألق نظرة على [Marlin](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/marlin/).

تعلم المزيد عن [التمويل اللامركزي (DeFi)](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/defi).

هل تريد معرفة المزيد عن عالم العملات المشفرة؟ اقرأ هذا القسم التعليمي لدينا — [Alexandria](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/).

هل تريد أن تكون على اطلاع دائم بأسعار سولانا لحظة بلحظة؟ حمِّل [تطبيق CoinMarketCap للهاتف](https://coinmarketcap.com/mobile/)!

هل تريد معرفة سعر سولانا اليوم مقابل أي عملة نقدية تقليدية؟ جرِّب [حاسبة سعر الصرف الخاصة بـ CoinMarketCap](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/).

يمكن العثور على معلومات حول شراء وبيع العملات المشفرة على موقع [Binance](https://www.binance.com/ar/price/solana).

### كم عدد عملات سولانا (SOL) المتداولة؟

أعلنت مؤسسة سولانا أنه سيتم إصدار ما مجموعه 489 مليون رمز سول (SOL) مميز للتداول، وحتى وقت كتابة هذا التقرير، دخل حوالي 260 مليون منها إلى السوق بالفعل.

تتوزّع عملة سول (SOL) الرمزية على النحو التالي: 16.23% طرحت في بيع البذور الأولي، و12.92% خُصِّصَت لبيع التأسيس، ووزِّعَت 12.79% من عملات سول (SOL) بين أعضاء الفريق، و10.46% مُنِحَت لمؤسسة سولانا، بينما طُرِحَت العملات المتبقية بالفعل للبيع العام والخاص، أو لم يتم طرحها بعد في السوق.

كان سعر سولانا خلال الطرح الأولي للعملة، الذي تم في 5 أبريل 2018: 0.04 دولار. وبالحساب استنادًا إلى المستوى القياسي الأخير الذي بلغته العملة، نحصل على [عائد على الاستثمار](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/roi) مثير للإعجاب يبلغ 5400 ضعف.

### كيف يتم تأمين شبكة سولانا؟

تعتمد Solana على مزيج فريد من آليات إجماع إثبات التاريخ (PoH) وإثبات الحصة ([PoS](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-stake-pos))،

ويعدُ إثبات التاريخ المكوَّن الرئيسي لبروتوكول سولانا، وهو مسؤول عن الجزء الأكبر من معالجة المعاملات. حيث تسجل آلية إجماع التاريخ (PoH) العمليات الناجحة والوقت الذي مر بينهما، وبالتالي يضمن الطبيعة اللامركزية لسلسلة الكتل.

فيما يتم استخدام إجماع إثبات الحصة (PoS) كأداة لمراقبة عمليات آلية إجماع التاريخ (PoH)، ويصادِق على كل مجموعة كتل تنتج عنها.

إن الجمع بين آليتين لتوافق الآراء يجعل سولانا ظاهرة فريدة في صناعة سلسلة الكتل.

### أين يُمكن شراء سولانا (SOL)؟

يمكن شراء رموز سول (SOL) المميزة من معظم منصات التداول، وأحد الخيارات لتداول سولانا هو منصة [بينانس](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/binance/)، التي تتمتع بأعلى حجم تداول على الزوج Sol/USDT، عند 753,103,225 دولار أمريكي بحلول سبتمبر 2021.

يليها في ذلك منصة [كوينباس](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/coinbase-exchange/)، بحجم تداول قدره 343,872,841 دولار، وتشمل الخيارات الأخرى لتداول سولانا: [FTX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/ftx/)، و[Bilaxy](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/bilaxy/)، و[Huobi Global](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/huobi-global/)، وبالطبع، من المهم ملاحظة أن الاستثمار في العملات المشفرة يقترن بمخاطرة، تمامًا مثله مثل أي فرصة استثمارية أخرى.

لمتابعة أسعار سولانا مقابل أي عملة نقدية تقليدية تختارها لحظة بلحظة، يمكنك استخدام خاصية محول العملة CoinMarkCap من [صفحة عملة سولانا](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/solana/) مباشرة، أو يمكنك استخدم [صفحة محول العملات](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/) المخصصة. تشمل أزواج العملات الشائعة مقابل سولانا: [SOL/USD](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/sol/usd/)، و[SOL/GBP](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/sol/gbp/)، و[SOL/AUD](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/solana/sol/aud/)، و[SOL/JPY](https://coinmarketcap.com/converter/sol/jpy/)، و[SOL/EUR](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/solana/sol/eur/).

Solana's SOL Token Falls Amid Market Correction and Competitive Pressure

Solana Labs Launches Blockchain-Based Customer Loyalty Platform

Circle Expands Web3 Services to Solana Blockchain, Introducing Programmable Wallets and Gas Stations

Solana Price Hits Four-Week Low Amid Macroeconomic Uncertainty

Crypto Market Dips Following Robust U.S. Employment Data

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Ethereum is a decentralized open-source blockchain system that features its own cryptocurrency, Ether. ETH works as a platform for numerous other cryptocurrencies, as well as for the execution of decentralized smart contracts.

Ethereum was first described in a 2013 whitepaper by Vitalik Buterin. Buterin, along with other co-founders, secured funding for the project in an online public crowd sale in the summer of 2014. The project team managed to raise $18.3 million in Bitcoin, and Ethereum’s price in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) was $0.311, with over 60 million Ether sold. Taking Ethereum’s price now, this puts the return on investment (ROI) at an annualized rate of over 270%, essentially almost quadrupling your investment every year since the summer of 2014.

The Ethereum Foundation officially launched the blockchain on July 30, 2015, under the prototype codenamed “Frontier.” Since then, there has been several network updates — “Constantinople” on Feb. 28, 2019, “Istanbul” on Dec. 8, 2019, “Muir Glacier” on Jan. 2, 2020, “Berlin” on April 14, 2021, and most recently on Aug. 5, 2021, the “London” hard fork.

Ethereum’s own purported goal is to become a global platform for decentralized applications, allowing users from all over the world to write and run software that is resistant to censorship, downtime and fraud.

Ethereum

Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency originally described in a 2008 whitepaper by a person, or group of people, using the alias Satoshi Nakamoto. It was launched soon after, in January 2009.

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer online currency, meaning that all transactions happen directly between equal, independent network participants, without the need for any intermediary to permit or facilitate them. Bitcoin was created, according to Nakamoto’s own words, to allow “online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.”

Some concepts for a similar type of a decentralized electronic currency precede BTC, but Bitcoin holds the distinction of being the first-ever cryptocurrency to come into actual use.

Bitcoin

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform that says its goal is to allow “changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about positive global change.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Cardano.

The open-source project also aims to “redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins to individuals” — helping to create a society that is more secure, transparent and fair.

Cardano was founded back in 2017, and named after the 16th century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano. The native ADA token takes its name from the 19th century mathematician Ada Lovelace, widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer. The ADA token is designed to ensure that owners can participate in the operation of the network. Because of this, those who hold the cryptocurrency have the right to vote on any proposed changes to the software.

The team behind the layered blockchain say that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow decentralized apps and smart contracts to be developed with modularity.

In August 2021, Charles Hoskinson announced the launch of the Alonzo hard fork, causing Cardano price to surge, gaining 116% in the following month. On Sept. 12, 2021, the Cardano ‘Alonzo’ hard fork officially launched, bringing smart contract functionality to the blockchain. Over 100 smart contracts were deployed in the following 24 hours after the launch.

Cardano is used by agricultural companies to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof way, and retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.

Cardano

Avalanche is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum’s rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability.

This is made possible by Avalanche’s unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains: the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose, which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases.

After its mainnet launch in 2020, Avalanche has worked on developing its own ecosystem of DApps and DeFi. Different Ethereum-based projects such as SushiSwap and TrueUSD have integrated with Avalanche. Furthermore, the platform is constantly working on improving interoperability between its own ecosystem and Ethereum, like through the development of bridges.

Avalanche

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

Launched in July 2017, Binance is the biggest cryptocurrency exchange globally based on daily trading volume. Binance aims to bring cryptocurrency exchanges to the forefront of financial activity globally. The idea behind Binance’s name is to show this new paradigm in global finance — Binary Finance, or Binance.

Aside from being the largest cryptocurrency exchange globally, Binance has launched a whole ecosystem of functionalities for its users. The Binance network includes the Binance Chain, Binance Smart Chain, Binance Academy, Trust Wallet and Research projects, which all employ the powers of blockchain technology to bring new-age finance to the world. BNB is an integral part of the successful functioning of many of the Binance sub-projects.

Founded in 2017, Chainlink is a blockchain abstraction layer that enables universally connected smart contracts. Through a decentralized oracle network, Chainlink allows blockchains to securely interact with external data feeds, events and payment methods, providing the critical off-chain information needed by complex smart contracts to become the dominant form of digital agreement.

The Chainlink Network is driven by a large open-source community of data providers, node operators, smart contract developers, researchers, security auditors and more. The company focuses on ensuring that decentralized participation is guaranteed for all node operators and users looking to contribute to the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Chainlink.

Chainlink

Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed  (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.

Dogecoin (DOGE) is based on the popular "doge" Internet meme and features a Shiba Inu on its logo. The open-source digital currency was created by Billy Markus from Portland, Oregon and Jackson Palmer from Sydney, Australia, and was forked from Litecoin in December 2013. Dogecoin's creators envisaged it as a fun, light-hearted cryptocurrency that would have greater appeal beyond the core Bitcoin audience, since it was based on a dog meme. Tesla CEO Elon Musk posted several tweets on social media that Dogecoin is his favorite coin.

Dogecoin

SHIB is a decentralized, community-led currency held by millions across the globe. Since its inception in late 2020, the Ethereum-based SHIB token has grown to become a worldwide phenomenon, and is now accepted as a form of payment at hundreds of locations, either directly or through third-party intermediaries.

Shiba Inu coin was created anonymously in August 2020 under the pseudonym "Ryoshi." Ryoshi says about himself that he is a nobody and not important and that the efforts to unmask his identity, even if successful, would be underwhelming.

This meme coin quickly gained speed and value as a community of investors was drawn in by the cute charm of the coin paired with headlines and tweets from personalities like Elon Musk and Vitalik Buterin.

Since release SHIB now trades on the ecosystem's proprietary DEX, ShibaSwap.

Shiba Inu

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

NEAR Protocol is a layer-one blockchain that was designed as a community-run cloud computing platform and that eliminates some of the limitations that have been bogging competing blockchains, such as low transaction speeds, low throughput and poor interoperability. This provides the ideal environment for DApps and creates a developer and user-friendly platform. For instance, NEAR uses human-readable account names, unlike the cryptographic wallet addresses common to Ethereum. NEAR also introduces unique solutions to scaling problems and has its own consensus mechanism called “Doomslug.”

NEAR Protocol is being built by the NEAR Collective, its community that is updating the initial code and releasing updates to the ecosystem. Its declared goal is to build a platform that is “secure enough to manage high value assets like money or identity and performant enough to make them useful for everyday people.”

Flux, a protocol that allows developers to create markets based on assets, commodities, real-world events, and Mintbase, an NFT minting platform are examples of projects being built on NEAR Protocol.

NEAR Protocol

RenderToken (RNDR) is a distributed GPU rendering network built on top of the Ethereum blockchain, aiming to connect artists and studios in need of GPU compute power with mining partners willing to rent their GPU capabilities out. Conceived in 2009 by OTOY, inc. CEO Jules Urbach and launched in 2017, RNDR held its first public token sale in October of that same year, followed by a private sale period lasting from January 2018 – May 2018, wherein a total of 117,843,239 RNDR were sold at a price of 1 RNDR = $0.25 USD equivalent of token.
During the private sale period, early adopters were onboarded onto the RNDR Beta Testnet, where beta node operators and artists worked collaboratively with the RNDR team in building and testing the network, up until its public launch on April 27th 2020.

Render

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

Uniswap is a popular decentralized trading protocol, known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.

An example of an automated market maker (AMM), Uniswap launched in November 2018, but has gained considerable popularity this year thanks to the DeFi phenomenon and associated surge in token trading.

Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated and completely open to anyone who holds tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.

Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding the problems which plagued the first decentralized exchanges.

In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating and awarding its own governance token, UNI, to past users of the protocol. This added both profitability potential and the ability for users to shape its future — an attractive aspect of decentralized entities.

Uniswap

Litecoin (LTC) is a cryptocurrency that was designed to provide fast, secure and low-cost payments by leveraging the unique properties of blockchain technology.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Litecoin.

The cryptocurrency was created based on the Bitcoin (BTC) protocol, but it differs in terms of the hashing algorithm used, hard cap, block transaction times and a few other factors. Litecoin has a block time of just 2.5 minutes and extremely low transaction fees, making it suitable for micro-transactions and point-of-sale payments.

Litecoin was released via an open-source client on GitHub on Oct. 7, 2011, and the Litecoin Network went live five days later on Oct. 13, 2011. Since then, it has exploded in both usage and acceptance among merchants and has counted among the top ten cryptocurrencies by market capitalization for most of its existence.

The cryptocurrency was created by Charlie Lee, a former Google employee, who intended Litecoin to be a "lite version of Bitcoin," in that it features many of the same properties as Bitcoin—albeit lighter in weight.

Litecoin

Decentraland (MANA) defines itself as a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications.

In this virtual world, users purchase plots of land that they can later navigate, build upon and monetize.

Decentraland was launched following a $24 million initial coin offering (ICO) that was conducted in 2017. The virtual world launched its closed beta in 2019 and opened to the public in February 2020. Since then, users have created a wide range of experiences on their parcels of LAND, including interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

Decentraland uses two tokens: MANA and LAND. MANA is an ERC-20 token that must be burned to acquire non-fungible ERC-721 LAND tokens. MANA tokens can also be used to pay for a range of avatars, wearables, names, and more on the Decentraland marketplace.

Decentraland (MANA) is a decentralized virtual world platform with software based on the Ethereum blockchain, where users create, test and monetize content. In short: users buy virtual plots of land as NFTs with MANA tokens on the Decentraland platform. Progress in the game depends only on players themselves, their efforts and their imagination.

The digital platform is completely owned by its users. Within the Decentraland metaverse, participants can explore the virtual world, purchase plots of land that can be monetized, create works of art, own non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and take part in a decentralized autonomous organization of the platform Decentraland DAO. Due to the DAO, the community influences the development vector of the project.

In addition, users have access to interactive applications, in-world payments and peer-to-peer communication. The 3D world resonates with many participants as Decentraland has many applications, both entertainment for gamers and business for investors.

Two types of tokens called MANA and LAND govern operations in Decentraland. They also allow users to interact with the platform.

MANA is the official currency of Decentraland. It’s an ERC-20 standard token that powers the Decentraland platform. With MANA, users can purchase plots of LAND, as well as pay for in-game items and services.

MANA gives its holders the right to vote in Decentraland DAO. MANA can be purchased on a cryptocurrency exchange or by selling collectibles on Decentraland Marketplace. The owner of tokens converts them to wrapped MANA, or wMANA, and then commits them to the DAO. One wMANA equals one vote. MANA can be exchanged for fiat currency and other digital assets.

As for LAND, it’s a non-fungible token (NFT) based on Ethereum (ETH). It is used to track ownership of land parcels aka digital real estate. Like MANA, LAND is part of the protocol and confers voting rights, but LAND does not need to be fixed in the DAO. One LAND is equal to two thousand votes.

Players choose what to do with their land. Owners store tokens in crypto wallets and buy necessities with MANA tokens on the Decentraland Marketplace. Moreover, on the marketplace, participants can manage or exchange LAND tokens (priced in MANA). Holders use the marketplace to transact or transfer in-game items. All transactions are conducted, regulated and registered via the Ethereum blockchain.

Decentraland combines an online gaming space and blockchain technology. All control over the rules is given to the players, and token holders vote on in-game and organizational policies. The original goal was to form a decentralized virtual reality, but in practice, Decentraland has turned into a massive NFT market.

A special role in Decentraland is assigned to NFTs, such as collectibles, virtual equipment and real estate (LAND). However, for new players who want to join the universe and seize NFTs, the entry barrier will be high.

The Decentraland protocol is built on three levels using Ethereum smart contracts. On the consensus layer, the ownership of LAND is tracked and managed. The land content layer displays the content of the Decentraland virtual world. Finally, on the real-time layer, participants interact with each other.

The platform was co-founded by two blockchain experts, Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, in 2015. Officially it was launched a year later and became available only in February 2020, gradually turning from a 2D experiment into a full-fledged 3D world.

To sum up, Decentraland is a decentralized game and a 3D virtual reality platform where players own lands and create limitlessly. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software is at the core, and governance is in the hands of the community. Through the native token MANA, players participate in any proposals for managing and improving the ecosystem, the auction system, and the in-game policy.

Decentraland

Launched in 2011 by Pixowl, The Sandbox is a blockchain-based virtual world allowing users to create, build, buy and sell digital assets in the form of a game. By combining the powers of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), the Sandbox creates a decentralized platform for a thriving gaming community.

According to the official whitepaper, the Sandbox platform’s main mission is to introduce blockchain technology in mainstream gaming successfully. The platform focuses on facilitating a creative “play-to-earn” model, which allows users to be both creators and gamers simultaneously. The Sandbox employs the powers of blockchain technology by introducing the SAND utility token, which facilitates transactions on the platform.

The Sandbox

VeChainThor (VET) is a versatile enterprise-grade L1 smart contract platform whose origins began in 2015. VeChain is known as a pioneer of real-world enterprise applications, and built a distributed platform powered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, NFC chips and blockchain to help various industries solve data-related challenges.

VeChain solves major blockchain adoption hurdles. The platform uses an intelligent two token model, VET and VTHO, separating the protocol's Store of Value and gas fee payment mechanisms, ensuring costs can be kept low and stable. Fee delegation allows smart contracts to pay gas fees on behalf of business users, and an advanced transaction model allows data to be packaged more efficiently while ensuring finality of data.

VeChain is focused on delivering a wave of incentive-based sustainability dApps through its new platform, VeBetterDAO, working closely with Boston Consulting Group to achieve adoption across enterprise and individual users, and helping  onboard the next billion users to Web3 over the coming decade.

From supply chains to sustainability, VeChain has continuously demonstrated its leading role as a driver of blockchain in business, and is dedicated to its role as a pioneer of driving real world adoption of blockchain technology.