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6 Crypto Innovations That Cannot Be Uninvented

The Role of Crypto in Cross-Border Payments: The Ultimate Comparison

CoinMarketCap News, August 4: We're Starting to Get Answers on What Caused Two Major Hack Attacks

## ما هي DAI (DAI)؟

إنّ DAI [عملة مستقرة](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-stablecoin) قائمة على Ethereum (عملة مشفرة ثابتة السعر) تتم إدارة إصدارها وتطويرها بواسطة بروتوكول صانع السوق (Maker) والمنظمة المستقلة اللامركزية لـ MakerDAO.

إنّ سعر DAI مرتبط بشكلٍ ضعيف بالدولار الأمريكي ويتم ضمانه بمزيج من العملات المشفرة الأخرى التي يتم إيداعها في خزائن [العقود الذكية](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract) في كل مرة يتم فيها سك عملة DAI جديدة.

من المهم التفريق بين DAI متعدد الضمانات و DAI أحادي الضمان (SAI)، وهو إصدار سابق من الرمز لا يمكن ضمانه إلا بعملة مشفرة واحدة؛ إضافة إلى ذلك، لا يدعم SAI مُعدل توفير DAI، والذي يسمح للمستخدمين بكسب المدخرات من خلال الاحتفاظ برموز DAI.

تم إطلاق DAI متعدد الضمانات في نوفمبر 2019.

### من هم مُؤسسو DAI؟

إنّ ما يُميز DAI أنها لم يتم إنشاؤها بواسطة أي شخص أو مجموعة صغيرة من المؤسسين المشاركين. ولكن، يخضع تطوير البرنامج الذي يديرها وإصدار الرموز الجديدة إلى MakerDAO وبروتوكول صانع السوق (Maker).

إنّ MakerDAO [منظمة مستقلة ذات طابع لامركزي](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-autonomous-organizations-dao) — وهي نوع من الشركات التي تدير نفسها بطريقة لامركزية من خلال استخدام العقود الذكية — وهي اتفاقيات ذاتية التنفيذ يتم التعبير عنها في كود برمجي ويتم تنفيذها على [سلسلة كتل](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain) Ethereum.

تتم إدارة هذه المنظمة بشكل ديمقراطي من قبل حاملي رموز الحوكمة الخاصة ببروتوكول Maker (MKR)، والتي تعمل بشكل مشابه لأسهم الشركة التقليدية. ويُمكن لحاملي MKR التصويت على القرارات الرئيسية المتعلقة بتطوير MakerDAO وبروتوكول Maker و DAI، حيث تتناسب قوتهم التصويتية مع كمية الرموز التي يمتلكونها.

تم تأسيس MakerDAO في الأصل من قبل رجل الأعمال الدنماركي رون كريستنسن في عام 2015. قبل بدء العمل في النظام البيئي لـ Maker، درس كريستنسن الكيمياء الحيوية والأعمال التجارية الدولية في كوبنهاغن وأسس شركة التوظيف الدولية Try China.

### ما الذي يُميز DAI؟

تكمن الميزة الرئيسية لشركة DAI في سعر الصرف المرن المرتبط بسعر الدولار الأمريكي.

يُعرف سوق العملات المشفرة بتذبذباته حتى مع وجود أكبر العملات ذات [السيولة العالية](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/liquidity) مثل [Bitcoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/bitcoin/) والتي تشهد أحيانًا تغيرات في الأسعار (صعودًا وهبوطًا) بنسبة 10% أو أكثر في يوم واحد. في ظل هذه الظروف، يكون المتداولون والمستثمرون مهيئين بشكلٍ طبيعي لإضافة أصول الملاذ الآمن إلى محافظهم الاستثمارية، والتي قد يساعد سعرها المستقر في تعويض تقلبات السوق الكبيرة.

إنّ أحد هذه الأنواع من الأصول هو العملات مستقرة، التي تُعد DAI من الأمثلة عليها. هذه هي العملات المشفرة التي يرتبط سعرها بأصول ذات قيمة مستقرة نسبيًا — وهي العملات الورقية التقليدية الأكثر شيوعًا، مثل الدولار الأمريكي أو اليورو.

إنّ ما تتميز به DAI أيضًا هي حقيقة أنها لا تُدار من قبل شركة خاصة، ولكن من قبل منظمة مستقلة لامركزية عبر بروتوكول برنامج. وعليه، تتم إدارة جميع حالات إصدار وحرق الرموز وتسجيلها علنًا بواسطة عقود ذكية ذاتية التنفيذ مدعومة من Ethereum، مما يجعل النظام بأكمله أكثر شفافية وأقل عرضة للفساد.

وإضافة إلى ذلك، تخضع عملية تطوير برنامج DAI بطريقة أكثر ديمقراطية — وذلك من خلال التصويت المباشر من قبل المشاركين المنتظمين في النظام البيئي للرمز.

#### صفحات ذات صلة:

اقرأ عن Tether ([USDT)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/tether/) — عملة مستقرة شهيرة أخرى يرتبط سعرها بالدولار الأمريكي.

ألقِ نظرة على [مُدونة](https://blog.coinmarketcap.com/) موقع CoinMarketCap.

اقرأ المزيد عن مجال العملات المُشفرة على Alexandria الخاصة بموقع CMC.

### كم عدد عملات DAI (DAI) المُتداولة؟

لا يتم إنتاج رموز DAI الجديدة [بالتعدين](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/how-long-does-it-take-to-mine-one-bitcoin) مثل Bitcoin ([BTC)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/bitcoin/) و Ethereum ([ETH)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/ethereum/)، ولا يتم سكها بواسطة شركة خاصة وفقًا لسياسة الإصدار الخاصة بها مثل Tether ([USDT)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/tether/). بدلاً من ذلك، يمكن لأي مستخدم صك رمز DAI جديد من خلال استخدام بروتوكول صانع السوق (MAKER).

إنّ بروتوكول Maker، والذي يعمل على سلسلة كتل Ethereum، هو البرنامج الذي يحكم إصدار رمز DAI. من أجل الحفاظ على ربط السعر المرن بالدولار الأمريكي، يضمن بروتوكول Maker أن كل رمز DAI مضمون بكمية مناسبة من العملات المشفرة الأخرى. وكجزء من هذه العملية، يسمح البروتوكول لأي مستخدم بإيداع عملاته المشفرة في ما يسمى بالخزينة (vault) — وهو عقد ذكي على سلسلة كتل Ethereum — كضمان وسك كمية مقابلة من رموز DAI الجديدة.

لا يوجد حد أعلى لإجمالي العرض من DAI — حيث أنّ العرض ديناميكي ويعتمد على مقدار الضمانات المخزنة في الخزائن في أي لحظة. اعتبارًا من نوفمبر 2020، هناك حوالي 940 مليون رمز DAI قيد التداول.

### كيف يتم تأمين شبكة DAI؟

إنّ DAI رمز قائم على Ethereum، مُتوافق مع رمز [ERC-20](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20). وعليه، يتم تأمين الشبكة بواسطة خوارزمية Ethash من Ethereum.

### أين يُمكنك شراء DAI (DAI)؟

يتوفر شراء رموز DAI على العديد من المنصات عبر الإنترنت. وتشمل هذه بروتوكولات مبادلة الرموز للتمويل اللامركزي ([DeFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-decentralized-finance)):

* [Uniswap](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/uniswap-v2/)
* [بروتوكول Compound](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/compound/)

و منصات تداول العملات المشفرة التقليدية:

* [Coinbase Pro](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/coinbase-pro/)
* [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/binance/)
* [OKEx](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/okex/)
* [HitBTC](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/hitbtc/)

Ledger

Coinbase

Safepal

HyperPay

Trust Wallet

MetaMask

Binance Chain Wallet

SolFlare

Backpack

Phantom

Atomic wallet

Ethereum

Shiba Inu

Chainlink

UNUS SED LEO

Uniswap

Quant

Worldcoin

Lido DAO

The Graph

Bitget Token

Axie Infinity

SingularityNET

Fetch.ai

Maker

Render

SpacePi (ETH)

HitBTC Token

Peepo

xx network

GG MetaGame

USDC is a stablecoin that is pegged to the U.S. dollar on a 1:1 basis. Every unit of this cryptocurrency in circulation is backed up by $1 that is held in reserve, in a mix of cash and short-term U.S. Treasury bonds. The Centre consortium, which is behind this asset, says USDC is issued by regulated financial institutions.

The stablecoin originally launched on a limited basis in September 2018. Put simply, USDC’s mantra is “digital money for the digital age” — and the stablecoin is designed for a world where cashless transactions are becoming more common.

Several use cases have been unveiled for the USDC. As well as providing a safe haven for crypto traders in times of volatility, those behind the stablecoin say it can also allow businesses to accept payments in digital assets, and shake up an array of sectors including decentralized finance and gaming.

Overall, the goal is to create an ecosystem where USDC is accepted by as many wallets, exchanges, service providers and dApps as possible.

USDC

TUSD is the first digital asset with live on-chain attestations by independent third-party institutions and is backed 1:1 with the U.S. dollar (USD). So far, it has been listed on more than 100 trading platforms such as Binance and Huobi and is live on 12 mainstream public chains, including Ethereum, TRON, Avalanche, BSC, Fantom, and Polygon.

TrueUSD is attested to in real-time by an independent, industry-specialized accounting firm in the U.S., to ensure the 1:1 ratio of its USD reserve to the circulating token supply and the 100% collateral rate. With the integration of Chainlink PoR, TrueUSD becomes the first USD-Backed stablecoin to secure minting and further ensure transparency and reliability. Users can access the relevant data via the official website tusd.io at any time. TUSD is granted statutory status as authorized digital currency and medium of exchange in the Commonwealth of Dominica, a country in the Caribbean, effective on October 7th 2022.

TrueUSD

Binance USD (BUSD) is a 1:1 USD-backed stable coin issued by Binance (in partnership with Paxos), Approved and regulated by the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS), The BUSD Monthly Audit Report can be viewed from the official website. Launched on 5 Sep 2019, BUSD aims to meld the stability of the dollar with blockchain technology. It is a digital fiat currency, issued as ERC-20 and supports BEP-2.

BUSD

Launched in 2014, Tether is a blockchain-enabled platform designed to facilitate the use of fiat currencies in a digital manner. Tether works to disrupt the conventional financial system via a more modern approach to money. Tether has made headway by giving customers the ability to transact with traditional currencies across the blockchain, without the inherent volatility and complexity typically associated with a digital currency. As the first blockchain-enabled platform to facilitate the digital use of traditional currencies (a familiar, stable accounting unit), Tether has democratised cross-border transactions across the blockchain.

Tether USDt

Founded in September of 2018, Pax Dollar is a flat-collateralized stablecoin. Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies that are designed to minimize the volatility of the price of the stablecoin, relative to a certain stable asset or a basket of assets.

A stablecoin can be pegged to a cryptocurrency or flat money. In some cases, it can even be traded for commodities. Pax Dollar offers the advantage of transacting with blockchain assets through minimized price risk. The Pax Dollar tokens (USDP) are issued asERC-20 tokens on the Ethereum blockchain and are collateralized 1:1 through the USD held in Paxos-owned US bank accounts.

Pax Dollar

TRON (TRX) is a decentralized blockchain-based operating system developed by the Tron Foundation and launched in 2017. Originally TRX tokens were ERC-20-based tokens deployed on Ethereum, but a year later they were moved to their own network.

Initially, the project was created with the aim of providing full ownership rights to makers of digital content. The main goal is to help content creators (who receive only a small part of the income) and encourage them with more rewards for their work. How: invite content consumers to reward content makers directly (without intermediaries like YouTube, Facebook or Apple).

The TRON software supports smart contracts, various kinds of blockchain systems, and decentralized applications aka dApps. The cryptocurrency platform uses a transaction model similar to Bitcoin (BTC), namely UTXO. Transactions take place in a public ledger, where users can track the history of operations.

Therefore, the platform was built to create a decentralized Internet and serves as a tool for developers to create dApps, acting as an alternative to Ethereum. Anyone can create dApps on the TRON network, offer content, and in return receive digital assets as compensation for their efforts. The ability to create content and share it openly without hesitation regarding transaction fees is an undeniable advantage of TRON.

TRON

Uniswap is a popular decentralized trading protocol, known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.

An example of an automated market maker (AMM), Uniswap launched in November 2018, but has gained considerable popularity this year thanks to the DeFi phenomenon and associated surge in token trading.

Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated and completely open to anyone who holds tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.

Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding the problems which plagued the first decentralized exchanges.

In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating and awarding its own governance token, UNI, to past users of the protocol. This added both profitability potential and the ability for users to shape its future — an attractive aspect of decentralized entities.

Bitcoin Cash (BCH) is a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that aims to become sound global money with fast payments, micro fees, privacy and larger block size. As a permissionless, decentralized cryptocurrency, Bitcoin Cash requires no trusted third parties.

Bitcoin Cash was created as an alternative to the first and most valuable cryptocurrency — Bitcoin (BTC). In 2017, BCH developers modified the BTC code, releasing their software version and a full-fledged competitive product, which split Bitcoin into two blockchains: Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash. Bitcoin Cash is a result of a hard fork in the blockchain due to differences in the community over Bitcoin scaling and the SegWit upgrade. Moreover, another hard fork, which divided Bitcoin Cash into two parts, Bitcoin ABC and Bitcoin SV, took place in the fall of 2018.

The scaling debate involved two sides: small block supporters opposed increasing block size as it could lead to blockchain centralization and vulnerability by making it harder to host full nodes. Large block supporters, however, advocated for a faster solution, concerned that rising transaction fees could hinder growth.

Bitcoin Cash

Litecoin (LTC) is a cryptocurrency that was designed to provide fast, secure and low-cost payments by leveraging the unique properties of blockchain technology.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Litecoin.

The cryptocurrency was created based on the Bitcoin (BTC) protocol, but it differs in terms of the hashing algorithm used, hard cap, block transaction times and a few other factors. Litecoin has a block time of just 2.5 minutes and extremely low transaction fees, making it suitable for micro-transactions and point-of-sale payments.

Litecoin was released via an open-source client on GitHub on Oct. 7, 2011, and the Litecoin Network went live five days later on Oct. 13, 2011. Since then, it has exploded in both usage and acceptance among merchants and has counted among the top ten cryptocurrencies by market capitalization for most of its existence.

The cryptocurrency was created by Charlie Lee, a former Google employee, who intended Litecoin to be a "lite version of Bitcoin," in that it features many of the same properties as Bitcoin—albeit lighter in weight.

Litecoin

Monero was launched in 2014, and its goal is simple: to allow transactions to take place privately and with anonymity. Even though it’s commonly thought that BTC can conceal a person’s identity, it’s often easy to trace payments back to their original source because blockchains are transparent. On the other hand, XMR is designed to obscure senders and recipients alike through the use of advanced cryptography.

The team behind Monero say privacy and security are their biggest priorities, with ease of use and efficiency coming second. It aims to provide protection to all users — irrespective of how technologically competent they are.

Overall, XMR aims to allow payments to be made quickly and inexpensively without fear of censorship.

Monero

Maker (MKR) is the governance token of the MakerDAO and Maker Protocol — respectively a decentralized organization and a software platform, both based on the Ethereum blockchain — that allows users to issue and manage the DAI stablecoin.

Initially conceived in 2015 and fully launched in December 2017, Maker is a project whose task is to operate DAI, a community-managed decentralized cryptocurrency with a stable value soft-pegged to the US dollar.

MKR tokens act as a kind of voting share for the organization that manages DAI; while they do not pay dividends to their holders, they do give the holders voting rights over the development of Maker Protocol and are expected to appreciate in value in accordance with the success of DAI itself.

The Maker ecosystem is one of the earliest projects on the decentralized finance (DeFi) scene: the industry that seeks to build decentralized financial products on top of smart-contract-enabled blockchains, such as Ethereum.

Ethereum Classic (ETC) is the original Ethereum (ETH) blockchain that launched in July 2015. Its main function is as a smart contract network, with the ability to host and support decentralized applications (DApps). Its native token is ETC.

Since its launch, Ethereum Classic has sought to differentiate itself from Ethereum, with the two networks’ technical roadmap diverging further and further from each other with time.

Ethereum Classic first set out to preserve the integrity of the existing Ethereum blockchain after a major hacking event led to the theft of 3.6 million ETH.

Ethereum Classic

OKB is a cryptocurrency released by the OK Blockchain Foundation and Maltese crypto exchange, OKEx. The exchange is one of the largest in the world andcurrently ranks third in liquidity, fourth in trading volume, and provides a wide selection of trading pairs. OKEx is similar in many aspects to the cryptocurrency exchange giantBinance, but there are a few key differences. The OKEx platform has its owncloud mining service, and the company has a more focused reach in providing options trading for users. Meanwhile, Binance strives to offer a broad range of crypto services globally.

OKB is the OKEx utility token that enables users to access the crypto exchange's special features. The coin is used to calculate and pay trading fees, grant users access to voting and governance on the platform, and reward users for holding OKB.

OKEx has become a world-leading trading floor since its launch in 2017. The platform launched in the spring of 2017 and emerged as an offshoot from the original OKCoin platform (operating since 2013 in China). OKCoin now focuses on exchanging fiat for crypto, while OKEx focuses on crypto trading with a built-inAPI for algorithmic trading. The exchange also gives users access to a multi-currency wallet and functions formargin trading.

Aave

Polkadot is an open-source sharded multichain protocol that connects and secures a network of specialized blockchains, facilitating cross-chain transfer of any data or asset types, not just tokens, thereby allowing blockchains to be interoperable with each other. Polkadot was designed to provide a foundation for a decentralized internet of blockchains, also known as Web3.

Polkadot is known as a layer-0 metaprotocol because it underlies and describes a format for a network of layer 1 blockchains known as parachains (parallel chains). As a metaprotocol, Polkadot is also capable of autonomously and forklessly updating its own codebase via on-chain governance according to the will of its token holder community.

Polkadot provides a foundation to support a decentralized web, controlled by its users, and to simplify the creation of new applications, institutions and services.

The Polkadot protocol can connect public and private chains, permissionless networks, oracles and future technologies, allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information and transactions through the Polkadot Relay Chain (explained further down).

Polkadot’s native DOT token serves three clear purposes: staking for operations and security, facilitating network governance, and bonding tokens to  connect parachains .

Polkadot has four core components:

Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to create consensus, interoperability and shared security across the network of different chains;

Parachains: independent chains that can have their own tokens and be optimized for specific use cases;

Parathreads: similar to parachains but with flexible connectivity based on an economical pay-as-you-go model;

Bridges: allow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external blockchains like Ethereum.

Polkadot

In a nutshell, Cosmos bills itself as a project that solves some of the “hardest problems” facing the blockchain industry. It aims to offer an antidote to “slow, expensive, unscalable and environmentally harmful” proof-of-work protocols, like those used by Bitcoin, by offering an ecosystem of connected blockchains.

The project’s other goals include making blockchain technology less complex and difficult for developers thanks to a modular framework that demystifies decentralized apps. Last but not least, an Interblockchain Communication protocol makes it easier for blockchain networks to communicate with each other — preventing fragmentation in the industry.

Cosmos’ origins can be dated back to 2014, when Tendermint, a core contributor to the network, was founded. In 2016, a white paper for Cosmos was published — and a token sale was held the following year. ATOM tokens are earned through a hybrid proof-of-stake algorithm, and they help to keep the Cosmos Hub, the project’s flagship blockchain, secure. This cryptocurrency also has a role in the network’s governance.

Cosmos

Tezos is a high-performing blockchain and open-source platform for assets and applications, with a strong focus on code security, on-chain governance, and decentralization. Tezos 2.0, the upcoming step in the evolution of Tezos, aims to improve scalability (via layer 2s), composability, and to implement support to mainstream programming languages (like Javascript, Typescript, Python, and many others).

Initially built with formal verification in mind, the Tezos protocol enables builders to avoid bugs when developing smart contracts, making it particularly suited to applications that require a high degree of security and certainty.

Tezos’ LPoS (Liquid Proof-of-Stake) consensus mechanism enables any stakeholder to take part, directly or by delegation, in the consensus process, and to be rewarded for securing the network. Rather uniquely, Tezos’ on-chain governance system also enables stakeholders to create and vote on protocol upgrade proposals. This pioneering system allows the protocol to self-amend and upgrade itself without leading to a split (or fork) in the blockchain, empowering the community without slowing down innovation.

First proposed in 2014 and launched in 2018, the Tezos Mainnet has a proven track record of running uninterrupted ever since, having earned a strong reputation for technical excellence and a supportive community.

Tezos

Polygon (previously Matic Network) is the first well-structured, easy-to-use platform for Ethereum scaling and infrastructure development. Its core component is Polygon SDK, a modular, flexible framework that supports building multiple types of applications.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Polygon Matic.

Using Polygon, one can create optimistic rollup chains, ZK rollup chains, stand alone chains or any other kind of infra required by the developer.

Polygon effectively transforms Ethereum into a full-fledged multi-chain system (aka Internet of Blockchains). This multi-chain system is akin to other ones such as Polkadot, Cosmos, Avalanche etc. with the advantages of Ethereum’s security, vibrant ecosystem and openness.

The $MATIC token will continue to exist and will play an increasingly important role, securing the system and enabling governance.

Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a Layer 2 scaling solution backed by Binance and Coinbase. The project seeks to stimulate mass adoption of cryptocurrencies by resolving the problems of scalability on many blockchains.

Polygon combines the Plasma Framework and the proof-of-stake blockchain architecture. The Plasma framework used by Polygon as proposed by the co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, allows for the easy execution of scalable and autonomous smart contracts.

Nothing will change for the existing ecosystem built on the Plasma-POS chain. With Polygon, new features are being built around the existing proven technology to expand the ability to cater to diverse needs from the developer ecosystem. Polygon will continue to develop the core technology so that it can scale to a larger ecosystem.

Polygon boasts of up to 65,000 transactions per second on a single side chain, along with a respectable block confirmation time of less than two seconds. The framework also allows for the creation of globally available decentralized financial applications on a single foundational blockchain.

The Plasma framework gives Polygon the potential of housing an unlimited number of decentralized applications on their infrastructure without experiencing the normal drawbacks common on proof-of-work blockchains. So far, Polygon has attracted more than 50 DApps to its PoS-secured Ethereum sidechain.

MATIC, the native tokens of Polygon, is an ERC-20 token running on the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are used for payment services on Polygon and as a settlement currency between users who operate within the Polygon ecosystem. The transaction fees on Polygon sidechains are also paid in MATIC tokens.

Polygon

Launched in July 2017, Binance is the biggest cryptocurrency exchange globally based on daily trading volume. Binance aims to bring cryptocurrency exchanges to the forefront of financial activity globally. The idea behind Binance’s name is to show this new paradigm in global finance — Binary Finance, or Binance.

Aside from being the largest cryptocurrency exchange globally, Binance has launched a whole ecosystem of functionalities for its users. The Binance network includes the Binance Chain, Binance Smart Chain, Binance Academy, Trust Wallet and Research projects, which all employ the powers of blockchain technology to bring new-age finance to the world. BNB is an integral part of the successful functioning of many of the Binance sub-projects.