## ما هو Gnosis (GNO)؟

إنّ [Gnosis](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/gnosis-gno/) عبارة عن مركز بنية تحتية للتمويل اللامركزي ([DeFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/defi))، يقوم ببناء آليات سوق جديدة للتمويل اللامركزي. يُنشيء Gnosis منتجات قابلة للتشغيل البيني لتسهيل التداول وإنشاء الأصول الرقمية والاحتفاظ بها على Ethereum. وإنّ منتجاتها الرئيسية الثلاثة هي:

* إطار عمل رموز Gnosis الشرطية: عبارة عن سوق تنبؤ يعتمد على الرموز المشروطة التي تسمح بمجمعات اندماجية أعمق، وبمعنى آخر أسواق معقدة.
* بروتوكول Gnosis: وهو عبارة عن منصة تداول لامركزية ([DEX](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-exchange-dex)) كاملة لا تحتاج إلى إذن، تُتيح التداول الدائري لتعظيم السيولة. إنّ التداول الحلقي أو الدائري عبارة عن تداولات تشترك في السيولة عبر جميع الطلبات. وبمعنى أبسط، تُعد التداولات الحلقية أو الدائرية بمثابة تداول ثلاثي في الرياضات الاحترافية.
* خزنة Gnosis: عبارة عن عقود ذكية لإدارة الأصول الرقمية على Ethereum.

تم تطوير Gnosis في البداية فقط ليكون سوقًا للتنبؤ، ولكن سرعان ما أدرك الفريق أنه سيتعين عليهم بناء البنية التحتية اللازمة للانطلاق. ومن هذا المنطلق، تم تطوير كل من بروتوكول Gnosis وخزنة Gnosis. ومن منتجات Gnosis الأخرى سلسلة Gnosis، أو ما عُرف سابقًا باسم سلسلة [xDai](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/xdaistable/). إنّ سلسلة الكتل هذه عبارة عن حل من [الطبقة الثانية](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/layer-2) لشبكة Ethereum يتم استخدامه كطبقة تنفيذ لبروتوكولات مختلفة مثل البروتوكول الدائم ([Perpetual Protocol](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/perpetual-protocol/)). لا تفرض سلسلة Gnosis أي رسوم [غاز](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/gas)، مما يجعلها حلاً جذابًا لبروتوكولات الطلبات عالية التردد مثل منصات تداول [العقود الآجلة](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/futures). ومن المنتجات الأخرى التي شاركت Gnosis في إطلاقها هو مُجمع DEX المعروف باسم Cowswap.

### من هم مُؤسسو Gnosis؟

تم إطلاق Gnosis في عام 2015 من قبل مارتن كوبيلمان، مهندس أنظمة ألماني، بالتعاون مع مدير التكنولوجيا التنفيذي ستيفان جورج. تأسست شركة Gnosis Limited "الرسمية" في نهاية المطاف في عام 2017. بعد أن أصبح مهتمًا بمجال العملات المشفرة مع إطلاق Bitcoin، كان لدى كوبيلمان رؤية لبناء سوق تنبؤ على Ethereum. تطورت الشركة منذ ذلك الحين إلى 35 موظفًا وطوّرت العديد من المنتجات القائمة على Ethereum.

### ما الذي يُميز Gnosis؟

قامت Gnosis ببناء عدة أجزاء مهمة من البنية التحتية القائمة على Ethereum والتي يستخدمها مجتمع العملات المشفرة على نطاقٍ واسع.

إنّ **Cowswap** عبارة عن [منصة تداول لامركزية](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-exchange-dex) لا تحتاج إلى إذن، تحمي المستخدمين من قيمة التعدين القابلة للاستخراج ([MEV](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/miner-extractable-value-mev)) باستخدام المزادات الجماعية وتقديم وضع أوامر بدون غاز خارج السلسلة على سلسلة Gnosis مع إمكانية الوصول إلى السيولة على السلسلة. وببساطة، يتم تجميع الطلبات على Cowswap وتجميعها بنفس سعر المقاصة في كل دفعة، وبالتالي منع المعدنين من تحديد السعر واستخراج القيمة. وكان هذا ممكنًا فقط بفضل وجود أحد منتجات Gnosis، وهو سلسلة Gnosis.

إنّ **سلسلة Gnosis** عبارة عن سلسلة كتل ثنائية الطبقة قابلة للتشغيل البيني على Ethereum والتي تسمح لمنتجات مثل Cowswap بتنفيذ الصفقات على xDai والحفاظ على التسوية النهائية والحفاظ على أمنها على Ethereum. بالنسبة للمستخدمين، هذا يعني الاستفادة من أمان Ethereum وفي نفس الوقت دفع لا شيء تقريبًا من رسوم الغاز للتنفيذ على سلسلة Gnosis.

ومن إحدى منتجات Gnosis المشهور للغاية هي **خزنة Gnosis**. تستخدم البروتوكولات هذا الحل لتأمين أموالها عبر [عقد ذكي](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract) [متعدد التوقيعات](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/multisignature)، يسمح للبروتوكولات بإدارة أصولها بطريقة [غير حافظة](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/non-custodial). تتكامل خزنة Gnosis أصلاً مع حلول التمويل اللامركزية، وعلى عكس المحافظ متعددة التوقيعات التقليدية، تسمح بالتوقيعات بدون غاز.

إنّ **بروتوكول Gnosis** هو منصة تداول لامركزية لا تحتاج إلى إذن على شبكة Ethereum، تسمح بالتداول الحلقي أو الدائري. افترض أن شخصًا واحدًا يحتفظ برمز [DAI](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/multi-collateral-dai/)، وشخصًا آخر لديه [USDC](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/usd-coin/)، وشخصان آخران يحتفظان بـ [OWL](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/owl/)، وهي العملة المستقرة الأصلية لمنظمة Gnosis المستقلة اللامركزية (DAO). في منصة التداول اللامركزية العادية، سيتطلب إتمام هذا التداول صفقات إضافية برسوم غاز إضافية لتلبية طلبات جميع المستخدمين. أما مع الصفقات الحلقية، يمكن لبروتوكول Gnosis تلبية هذه الطلبات بأسعار مقاصة موحدة ودون الحاجة إلى عمل إضافي من المتداول.

أخيرًا، إنّ منتج Gnosis الأولي هو الرموز المشروطة (**Conditional Tokens**)، والتي تسمح ببناء سوق تنبؤ لامركزي مع زيادة تعقيد المعلومات. تُوضح Gnosis أنه بفضل الرموز المشروطة، يمكن تسعير الأسواق ذات التعقيد المتزايد وتأثيرات الدرجة الثانية، والتي بدورها تسمح للمشاركين في السوق بتداول احتمالات هذه الأحداث (على سبيل المثال: كان ممكنًا أن تشتري مكافئًا رمزيًا للجنيه الاسترليني بشرط عدم حدوث البريكست والخروج من الاتحاد الأوروبي).

#### صفحات ذات صلة:

ألقِ نظرة على [Terra (LUNA)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/terra-luna/) — سلسلة كتل شهيرة ذات طبقة واحدة.

ألقِ نظرة على [Chainlink (LINK)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/chainlink/) — أوراكل لسلاسل الكتل.

اقرأ [مُقدمتنا عن Bitcoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/an-intro-to-bitcoin).

تابع أحدث أخبار العملات المشفرة وتحليلات التداول على [مدونة CoinMarketCap](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/categories/blog).

### كم عدد عملات Gnosis (GNO) المُتداولة؟

إنّ GNO هو رمز [الحوكمة](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/governance) الأصلي للبروتوكول والذي يمكن استخدامه لإنشاء [OWL](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/owl/)، العملة المستقرة المستخدمة في سوق تنبؤات Gnosis. فضلاً عن ذلك، يُمكن للمستخدمين التصويت على مقترحات الحوكمة في منظمة Gnosis المستقلة اللامركزية (DAO). حصّل بيع رمز Gnosis في أبريل 2017 ما يُعادل 250,000 ETH (أي 12.5 مليون دولار في ذلك الوقت) عن طريق بيع 418,777 رمز GNO. إنّ إجمالي المعروض هو 10 مليون رمز GNO ويتوزع على النحو التالي:

* محفظة Gnosis التخزينية: 8,495,410 رمز
* مكافآت الفريق الأولية: 500,000 رمز (75% مستحقة على 4 سنوات)
* بيع الرمز: 418,777 رمز
* شركة سلسلة الكتل ConsenSys: عدد 400,000 رمز
* مكافآت الفريق المستقبلية ومدفوعات الموردين: 185,813 رمز

إنّ 60% من الأموال تستخدم للتطوير و 20% للمصروفات القانونية و 15% للعمليات و 5% للتسويق.

### كيف يتم تأمين شبكة Gnosis؟

إنّ رمز GNO هو رمز [ERC-20](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20) على شبكة Ethereum.

تخضع Gnosis باعتبارها منظمة لامركزية مستقلة ([DAO](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-autonomous-organizations-dao)) للحوكمة، ويجب تقديم كل اقتراح ناجح في المنتدى الخاص بها واجتياز التصويت. إضافة إلى ذلك، يمر الاقتراح عن طريق تطبيق Gnosis Impact في المرحلة النهائية، حيث تُستخدم أسواق التنبؤ لتوقع التأثير على سعر رمز GNO إذا تم تمرير الاقتراح.

### أين يُمكنك شراء Gnosis (GNO)؟

إنّ رمز GNO متوفر على كل من منصات التداول التالية: [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/binance/) و [Hotcoin Global](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/hotcoin-global/) و [Bitget](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/bitget/) و [Mandala](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/mandala/) و [BingX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/bingx/).

🦉Gnosis Chain Weekly · 16 July 2024

w/ updates from @GnosisDAO @karpatkey  @ShutterNetwork @CoWSwap @safe @GnosisGuild @hashialliance 

https://gnosischain.ghost.io/gnosis-chain-weekly-16-july-2024/ 

This website will guide you in finding the optimal setup methods and offer detailed, step-by-step instructions on how to spin up a Gnosis Chain validator node.

✅ Numerous projects on Gnosis Chain where you can participate and contribute as a validator! 

Hoot Hoot! 🦉
​
We’ve updated and relaunched https://t.co/no9wngp1YI
​
This website will guide you in finding the optimal setup methods and offer detailed, step-by-step instructions on how to spin up a Gnosis Chain validator node.

✅ Staking Options @stakewise_io @ChorusOne @gateway_eth @axol_io @SerenitaIO @Allnodes 
✅ Tips and Tricks and Key Steps
✅ Launcher-Assisted Node Setups @dappnode @stereumdev @EthereumOnARM @NethermindEth 
✅ Numerous projects on Gnosis Chain where you can participate and contribute as a validator! @Obol_Collective @ShutterNetwork @hoprnet
✅ Tools, Guides and Useful Resources @beaconcha_in @ethStaker @coincashew_ @bootnodedev 
​
Begin your journey today! ↓

How to Add Gnosis Chain to MetaMask

Binance

Gnosis

Ledger

Trust Wallet

MetaMask

Atomic wallet

Gnosis Chain

Rocket Pool is a decentralized Ethereum staking pool offering up to 4.33% APR for ETH2 staking. Users can join the Rocket Pool with its decentralized node operator network or run their own nodes with only 16 ETH. In the latter case, they can earn a commission from staking ETH and earn additional RPL rewards from providing RPL collateral, amounting to up to 6.36% APR for ETH and the additional RPL rewards.

Rocket Pool provides liquid staking, meaning users benefit from an increasing exchange rate instead of adding on to their initial staked collateral, which would be a taxable event. Furthermore, Rocket Pool offers smart nodes: a custom node software allowing anyone to run a node on its network. With losses from bad nodes distributed across the network, individual users minimize their risk of facing penalties. This is supported by the pool’s open-source and audited smart contracts, which guarantee fully non-custodial staking and a maximum degree of decentralization.

Rocket Pool

Convex Finance is a DeFi protocol that allows Curve liquidity providersto earn a share of trading fees on Curve without staking liquidity there. Instead, LPs can stake with Convex and receive boosted CRV and liquidity mining rewards. This provides CRV stakers with better capital efficiency and positions Convex Finance as an important player in the Curve wars.

Convex has entered a competitive race to obtain as much control as possible of the Curve Finance stablecoin exchange. The more CRV tokens a protocol has, the more influence it has over interest rates on Curve, which is the largest DEX in the world by TVL. Consequently, the “Curve wars” are an ongoing race for influence over what is probably the most important protocol in DeFi.

Convex Finance

Maker (MKR) is the governance token of the MakerDAO and Maker Protocol — respectively a decentralized organization and a software platform, both based on the Ethereum blockchain — that allows users to issue and manage the DAI stablecoin.

Initially conceived in 2015 and fully launched in December 2017, Maker is a project whose task is to operate DAI, a community-managed decentralized cryptocurrency with a stable value soft-pegged to the US dollar.

MKR tokens act as a kind of voting share for the organization that manages DAI; while they do not pay dividends to their holders, they do give the holders voting rights over the development of Maker Protocol and are expected to appreciate in value in accordance with the success of DAI itself.

The Maker ecosystem is one of the earliest projects on the decentralized finance (DeFi) scene: the industry that seeks to build decentralized financial products on top of smart-contract-enabled blockchains, such as Ethereum.

Maker

Decred is Money Evolved.

By combining battle tested Proof-of-Work with an innovative take on Proof-of-Stake that places coin holders in charge of shaping the future, Decred is able to adapt to challenges and innovate at a rapid pace. You acquire influence in Decred by putting “skin in the game”.

Decred’s security, privacy, scalability, and decentralized treasury empower stakeholders and provides them with the tools needed to enhance their financial sovereignty.

Decred

Launched in 2017, Livepeer is the first live video streaming network protocol that is fully decentralized. The platform aims to become a viable blockchain-based, economically efficient alternative to centralized broadcasting solutions for all new and existing broadcaster companies.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Livepeer.

As stated in the official Livepeer whitepaper, the live video streaming and broadcasting industry is growing at a rapid pace, and the company is looking to ride this wave and introduce decentralization to the environment. Livepeer aims to streamline the broadcasting process by allowing producers to submit their work on the platform, taking care of reformatting and distributing the content to users and streaming platforms.

Livepeer

The Frax Protocol is the first fractional-algorithmic stablecoin system. Frax is open-source, permissionless, and entirely on-chain – currently implemented on Ethereum (with possible cross chain implementations in the future). The end goal of the Frax protocol is to provide a highly scalable, decentralized, algorithmic money in place of fixed-supply digital assets like BTC. The protocol incorporates the following concepts:

Fractional-Algorithmic – Frax is a unique stablecoin with parts of its supply backed by collateral and parts of the supply algorithmic. The ratio of collateralized and algorithmic depends on the market's pricing of the FRAX stablecoin. If FRAX is trading at above $1, the protocol decreases the collateral ratio. If FRAX is trading at under $1, the protocol increases the collateral ratio.

Decentralized & Governance-minimized – Community governed and emphasizing a highly autonomous, algorithmic approach with no active management.

Fully on-chain oracles – Frax v1 uses Uniswap (ETH, USDT, USDC time-weighted average prices) and Chainlink (USD price) oracles.

Two Tokens – FRAX is the stablecoin targeting a tight band around $1/coin. Frax Shares (FXS) is the governance token which accrues fees, seigniorage revenue, and excess collateral value.

Before Frax, stablecoins were divided into three different categories: fiat collateralized, overcollateralized with cryptocurrency, and algorithmic with no collateral. Frax is the first kind of decentralized stablecoin to classify itself as fractional-algorithmic ushering in the 4th and most unique category.

Frax Share

Balancer is an automated market maker (AMM) that was developed on the Ethereum blockchain and launched in March 2020. It was able to raise a $3M seed round by Placeholder and Accomplice. Balancer protocol functions as a self-balancing weighted portfolio, price sensor and liquidity provider. It allows users to earn profits through its recently introduced token ($BAL) by contributing to customizable liquidity pools.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Balancer(https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-balancer.

The protocol operates a few types of pools:

Private pools give the owner governance over the pool, and make the person the sole contributor of liquidity to the pool. Also, all the parameters are mutable by the owner.

Shared pools are for those who want to become liquidity providers (LPs). The LPs are rewarded with the Balancer Pool Tokens (BPTs).

Smart pools are similar to private pools but are controlled by a smart contract. They also reward using BPTs and allow anyone to contribute liquidity to the pool.

Balancer

Compound is a DeFi lending protocol that allows users to earn interest on their cryptocurrencies by depositing them into one of several pools supported by the platform.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Compound.

When a user deposits tokens to a Compound pool, they receive cTokens in return. These cTokens represent the individual’s stake in the pool and can be used to redeem the underlying cryptocurrency initially deposited into the pool at any time. For example, by depositing ETH into a pool, you will receive cETH in return. Over time, the exchange rate of these cTokens to the underlying asset increases, which means you can redeem them for more of the underlying asset than you initially put in — this is how the interest is distributed.

On the flip side, borrowers can take a secured loan from any Compound pool by depositing collateral. The maximum loan-to-value (LTV) ratio varies based on the collateral asset, but currently ranges from 50 to 75%. The interest rate paid varies by borrowed asset and borrowers can face automatic liquidation if their collateral falls below a specific maintenance threshold.

Since the launch of the Compound mainnet in September 2018, the platform has skyrocketed in popularity, and recently passed more than $800 million in total locked value.

Compound

Aragon

Synthetix is building a decentralized liquidity provisioning protocol that any protocol can tap into for various purposes. Its deep liquidity and low fees serve as a backend for many exciting protocols on both Optimism and Ethereum. Many user-facing protocols in the Synthetix ecosystem, such as Kwenta (Spot and Futures), Lyra (Options), Polynomial (Automated Options), and 1inch & Curve (Atomic Swaps), tap into Synthetix liquidity to power their protocols. Synthetix is built on Optimism and Ethereum mainnet. The Synthetix Network is collateralized by SNX, ETH, and LUSD, enabling the issuance of synthetic assets (Synths). Synths track and provide returns on the underlying asset without requiring one to directly hold the asset. This pooled collateral enables an array of on-chain, composable financial instruments backed by liquidity from Synthetix. Some of the most exciting upcoming releases from SNX are Perps V2, which hopes to enable low-fee on-chain futures trading through the usage of off-chain oracles, and Synthetix V3, which aims to rebuild the protocol to achieve its earliest goal, being a fully permissionless derivatives protocol. Learn more about Synthetix on their blog or by joining the SNX Discord.

The platform aims to broaden the cryptocurrency space by introducing non-blockchain assets, providing access to a more robust financial market.

Synthetix

0x is an infrastructure protocol that allows users to easily trade ERC20 tokens and other assets on the many different blockchains (including Ethereum) without relying on centralized intermediaries. It is a protocol for decentralized exchange.

0x achieves this decentralized exchange functionality using a collection of open-source, publicly auditable smart contracts that work together to produce a flexible, low-friction trading protocol that developers can easily weave into their products.

The protocol is used by companies building web3 apps such as wallets, DEXes, portfolio trackes, and others. It is a used by hundreds of developers for their projects. The protocol has facilitates over $200B in trading volume since its inception. One can track its usage in its dedicated https://explorer.0x.org/.

The protocol is powered by an ERC20 governance token known as ZRX. ZRX holders can participate in protocol governance, having direct power over protocol changes and its community treasury.

0x Protocol

Developed by leading Korean IT company Kakao, Klaytn is a global Layer 1 public blockchain designed to power tomorrow’s on-chain world. With the lowest transaction latency amongst leading blockchains, enterprise-grade reliability, and a developer-friendly environment, Klaytn provides a seamless experience for users and developers that is second to none. Since its launch in June 2019, Klaytn has been accelerating blockchain mass adoption through a broad array of use cases from DeFi to real-world assets, entertainment and gaming, and even the Bank of Korea’s CBDC pilot project. Today, it is one of the only globally competitive Web 3.0 ecosystems developed in South Korea, generating more than 1 billion transactions from over 300 decentralized applications.

Klaytn

Yearn.finance is an aggregator service for decentralized finance (DeFi) investors, using automation to allow them to maximize profits from yield farming.

Its goal is to simplify the ever-expanding DeFi space for investors who are not technically minded or who wish to interact in a less committal manner than serious traders.

Launched in February 2020, the service, formerly known as iEarn, has seen huge growth in recent months as new products debuted and developers released in-house token YFI.

yearn.finance

Curve is a decentralized exchange for stablecoins that uses an automated market maker (AMM) to manage liquidity.

Launched in January 2020, Curve is now synonymous with the decentralized finance (DeFi) phenomenon, and has seen significant growth in the second half of 2020.

In August, Curve launched a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), with CRV as its in-house token. The DAO uses Ethereum-based creation tool Aragon to connect multiple smart contracts used for users’ deposited liquidity. Issues such as governance, however, differ from Aragon in their weighting and other respects.

Curve DAO Token

Kava is a Layer-1 blockchain that combines the speed and interoperability of Cosmos with the developer power of Ethereum.

Kava was built from the ground up to optimize its resources for protocol growth, strengthened by its Cosmos EVM technology that enables maximum scalability, speed, security, and developer support.

Builders on Kava earn a share of Kava Rise's $750M developer incentive fund via the program's blockchain-based distribution method, designed to reward the top protocols every month based on usage.

Kava

Arweave is a decentralized storage network that seeks to offer a platform for the indefinite storage of data. Describing itself as "a collectively owned hard drive that never forgets," the network primarily hosts "the permaweb" — a permanent, decentralized web with a number of community-driven applications and platforms.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Arweave.

The Arweave network uses a native cryptocurrency, AR, to pay "miners" to indefinitely store the network's information.

The project was first announced as Archain in August 2017, later rebranding to Arweave in February 2018 and officially launching in June 2018.

Arweave

Golem Network is an open-source, decentralized computing platform that is building an ecosystem to provide computing power to the AI industry. A peer-to-peer marketplace for distributed computing resources. Users engage directly on the Golem platform, exchanging GLM tokens for the utilization of their idle computing resources.

Golem allows to break down tasks into smaller subtasks and distribute them across multiple providers, enabling parallel processing. This approach boosts efficiency and speeds up the completion of complex computations.

Golem

Qtum (pronounced ‘“quantum”)  is a proof-of-stake (PoS) smart contract open-source blockchain platform and value transfer protocol. It aims to bring together the strengths of Bitcoinand Ethereumin one chain. Qtum is built on Bitcoin's UTXO transaction model, with the added functionality of smart contract execution and DApps. Recently, the platform added support for DeFi applications. As of March 2021, there are more than 20 tokens created on the Qtum blockchain.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Qtum.

The project was announced in March 2016 and held an ICO a year after, in March 2017, which brought its founders $15 million USD. The Qtum main chain was released on Sept.13, 2017. Initially, the Qtum coin was issued as a ETH-20 token, but with the launch of the mainnet, it was converted to native blockchain.

Qtum

aelf

Stacks is a Bitcoin Layer for smart contracts; it enables smart contracts and decentralized applications to use Bitcoin as an asset and settle transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain.

Bitcoin is the largest, most valuable, and most durable decentralized asset. The Stacks layer unlocks $500B in BTC capital using the Bitcoin L1 as settlement for decentralized applications.

Stacks has knowledge of the full Bitcoin state, thanks to its Proof of Transfer consensus and Clarity language, enabling it to read from Bitcoin at any time.

All transactions on the Stacks layer are automatically hashed and settled on the Bitcoin L1. Stacks blocks are secured by 100% Bitcoin hashpower. In order to re-order Stacks blocks/transactions, an attacker would have to reorg Bitcoin.