## What Is Constellation (DAG)?

[Constellation](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/constellation/) (DAG) is a protocol that uses a [directed acyclic graph](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/directed-acyclic-graph-dag) architecture to achieve a [consensus](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus) that is, in theory, is capable of infinite scalability. With the DAG [protocol](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/protocol) and custom [state channels](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/state-channel), Constellation is driving the evolution of [smart contracts](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract) by allowing data sources to be integrated into [distributed ledger technology](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/distributed-ledger-technology-dlt) (DLT). 

The company was launched in 2017 and the DAG roadmap dates back to April 2018. When developing the project, the founding team decided to rethink the usual solutions to many of the [problems](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain-trilemma) for existing [blockchains](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain), such as scalability and centralization. Constellation is designed to enable the secure processing of big data, offering the ability to connect to external datasets through easy-to-use [APIs](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/api). Its technology is facilitated by a change in the principle of building consensus via a serverless architecture.


## Who Are the Founders of Constellation?

Constellation Labs (CST) was co-founded by four people: Benjamin Jorgensen, Benjamin Diggles, Mathias Goldmann and Wyatt Meldman-Floch. 

Benjamin J. Jorgensen is CEO at Constellation Labs. Previously, he was the founding CEO of Klick Push and is also one of the co-owners of MZ Dining Group (Ittoryu Gozu) and the owner of A5 Meats.

Benjamin Diggles is chief revenue officer (CRO) at Constellation. He’s in charge of liaising with governments and enterprises and is also responsible for consortia programs and the implementation of Constellation’s global partnership strategy. Prior to his role at Constellation Labs, Diggles worked for Oracle, Universal Pictures and Disney.

Mathias Goldmann is chief operations officer (COO) of Constellation. Goldmann has previously worked for the European Central Bank and PricewaterhouseCoopers and, in October 2017, became part of Constellation Labs as VP of Finance. Now, as COO, he oversees the development and implementation of business operations. He also sets the policy for the development of Constellation’s corporate culture and vision.

Wyatt Meldman-Floch is chief technology officer (CTO) at Constellation, who developed the Constellation protocol from scratch. Meldman-Floch was an intern and researcher at NASA Ames Research Center and has also worked at companies that include Zignal Labs and Rally Health.


## What Makes Constellation Unique?

[Constellation](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/constellation/) (DAG)’s mission is to process big data with maximum scalability, easy integration, low transaction fees and high levels of security. Constellation aims to efficiently process huge datasets in a secure and cost-effective manner.

The Constellation protocol seeks to resolve the persistent challenge of scalability in the blockchain space. The key difference of the project is a capacity to scale in proportion to the number of users and current needs. If a user joins Constellation, the network bandwidth increases in direct proportion.

Constellation uses a consensus model called proof-of-meme (PoM), which is based on the principle of rewarding and selecting nodes with good reputations.

On the Constellation Network, smart contracts run on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). These contracts serve a similar function to smart contracts on the [Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ethereum/) (ETH) blockchain but their logic is somewhat more complex.

In June 2018, the creators of Constellation launched Orion, which allows the community to earn DAG tokens to participate in various Constellation events. The community’s goal is to gather information and content from the web into a single central hub.

The Constellation Network’s architecture consists of several components, including: 



* **Stars**. A basic element for direct interaction between the web and users, which is compatible with mobile devices. All transactions are carried out through this component.
* **Star Cluster**. Required to participate in the consensus. Each Star Cluster forms local [hash](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/hash) [blocks](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/block), which are processed like ordinary transactions and hashed by Galaxies and Black Holes.
* **Galaxies**. These are isomorphic and behave like [validators](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/validator). Galaxies dedicate resources to Stars and maintain nodes’ reputations. Galaxy metadata is collected in Black Holes and the network's blockchain history is stored in Galaxies.
* **Black Holes**. These are groups of hashed blocks.

To summarize its key features: Constellation is focused on big data validation, big data notarization and scalable interoperability.


## Related Pages:

Read about [IOTA](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/iota/) (MIOTA).

CoinMarketCap presents a [deep dive into IOTA's technology](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/a-deep-dive-into-iota) and latest developments.

Track the latest data on [Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ethereum/) (ETH).

New to crypto? Not for long. Check out our educational portal – [Alexandria.](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/ru)


## How Many Constellation (DAG) Coins Are There in Circulation?

[Constellation](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/constellation/) (DAG) is the native token of the Constellation Network. As of October 2021, the total supply is limited to 3.71 billion tokens, with 1.27 billion  in circulation. The DAG token [ICO](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/initial-coin-offering-ico) ended on June 15, 2018.

DAG was created as an [ERC-20](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20) token, which offers seamless communication between government channels and nodes and connects multiple network components.

In addition, Constellation’s developers have launched a native crypto wallet called Molly, which is designed to enhance user experience.


## How Is the Constellation Network Secured?

In what can be taken as a testament to its security, [Constellation](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/constellation/) (DAG) and the U.S. Air Force signed a deal in summer 2019 to automate the latter’s big data management. Constellation built on this further in the summer of 2021 and will now provide end-to-end security for communications between the U.S. Department of Defense and its commercial partners. 

In terms of technology, Constellation cooperated with Kinnami Software to leverage its Hypergraph Transfer Protocol in order to create a robust, data security product based on blockchain encryption and distributed data management.

Constellation's Hypergraph can scale by adding nodes to the network using  its DAG architecture and Proof of Reputable Observation (PRO) consensus. Everything on Constellation is handled automatically by smart contracts that provide microservices using the existing codebase in the JVM ecosystem.


## Where Can You Buy Constellation (DAG)?

As of October 2021, [Constellation](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/constellation/) (DAG) is available to buy, sell, and trade on several crypto exchanges, among them [KuCoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/kucoin/), [HitBTC](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/hitbtc/), [LCX Exchange](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/lcx-exchange/) and [Hotbit](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/hotbit/).

Want to keep track of DAG prices live? Download the [CoinMarketCap app](https://coinmarketcap.com/mobile/).

Learn more about crypto terms and definitions using the [CMC Crypto Glossary](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary).

Read the [CoinMarketCap blog](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/categories/blog) for the latest crypto market updates, announcements, insights and news.


Constellation

Welcome to Constellation's Community channel aggregated by CoinMarketCap.

Quant launched in June 2018 with the goal of connecting blockchains and networks on a global scale, without reducing the efficiency and interoperability of the network. It is the first project to solve the interoperability problem through the creation of the first blockchain operating system.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Quant.

The project is built as an operating system distributed ledger technology— and Overledger Network — for connecting different blockchain networks. The project is billed as the first OS to be built for blockchains.

The main aim of Quant — using Overledger — is to bridge the gap that exists between different blockchains. The backbone of the project is the Overledger network, which Quant bills as the ecosystem on which the future digital economy ecosystem will be built.

Overledger allows developers to build decentralized multi-chain applications (known as MApps) for their customers. For developers to build a Mapp on the network, they must hold a certain amount of Quant tokens (QNT).

Quant

The XDC Network is a blockchain developed to support trade finance and the tokenization of RWAs. A highly optimized, EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain, XDC Network reaches consensus through a delegated proof-of-stake (dPoS) mechanism, which allows for a transaction time of mere seconds, near zero gas fees, and a high number of transactions per second (TPS).

Secure, scalable, and highly efficient, the XDC Network powers a wide range of novel blockchain use cases and provides state-of-the-art infrastructure for enterprise-grade blockchain applications. With architecture that enables the creation of sovereign sub-networks, XDC Network is uniquely equipped to support those who require dedicated blockchain environments for enhanced permissions and control, such as government agencies, financial institutions, and businesses.

As of April 25, 2024, there are 312 XDC Network validator masternode candidates, of which 108 actively operate as validator masternodes, and the remainder are standby masternodes. Each masternode operator is required to stake 10M XDC.

A forthcoming upgrade to the consensus mechanism, dubbed XDC 2.0, is currently running on testnet. It and subsequent iterations of the XDC Network protocol will further enhance the security of the consensus mechanism and incorporate a novel "judiciary branch" into the consensus mechanism.

Developed by Princeton University's Pramod Viswanath, Hash Laboratories' Fisher Yu, and their team, XDC 2.0’s cutting-edge compliance technology will ensure unprecedented Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) by holding validators accountable for their actions on an automated yet discretionary basis.

XDC Network

Energy Web Token (EWT) is the operational token behind the Energy Web Chain, a blockchain-based virtual machine designed to support and further application development for the energy sector.

Energy Web Chain was launched in June 2019. The Energy Web Foundation is the non-profit enterprise behind the project. EWT aims to bring diversity to the energy sector by allowing developers to create decentralized applications (DApps). The virtual machine has the potential to benefit actors from all areas of energetics, including grid operators, software developers, and vendors.

Energy Web Token

Launched on mainnet on March 30, 2021, Casper is the first live proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain built off the Casper CBC specification. The Casper platform is designed to boost the adoption of blockchain technology, smart contracts, and DApps on a global scale.

With its future-proof architecture, Casper is designed to ensure the platform is continually developed according to the evolving needs of its users, and that it’s maximally accessible to developers of all backgrounds. As per the official whitepaper, Casper is optimized to suit both enterprise and developer needs. Casper’s mission is to usher in a new era for Web3, as demand for intuitive, interconnected services continues to grow across the board. Casper does so by solving the adoption trilemma: offering enterprise-grade security, scalability and decentralization all within the same blockchain protocol.

Casper

Verasity is an open-ledger ecosystem designed to fight advertising fraud, provide open access to infrastructure for publishers and advertisers, and reward users for watching video content. Verasity also provides payment solutions and a rewarding staking ecosystem with 15% yields guaranteed through to April 2024.

Powered by a mix of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and cutting-edge blockchain technologies, Verasity is building the most powerful advertising ecosystem in the world through VeraViews; developing an open-access payments platform through VeraWallet, the VeraCard, and VeraPay; and enhancing the attention economy through its patented Rewarded Video module.

Verasity

LCX is available for trading on a growing number of exchanges, with cryptocurrency and stablecoin pairs currently available.

Coinbase offers 3 trading pairs pairs with LCX/USD, LCX/USDT and LCX/EUR, while Kraken also offers 2 trading pairs with LCX/EUR and LCX/USD. Uniswap (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/uniswap/) offers an Ethereum (ETH) trading pair; LCX/ETH. LCX Exchange offers a variety of trading pairs including Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH) and USD Coin (USDC) options.

Hedera is the most used, sustainable, enterprise-grade public network for the decentralized economy that allows individuals and businesses to create powerful decentralized applications (DApps).

It is designed to be a fairer, more efficient system that eliminates some of the limitations that older blockchain-based platforms face — such as slow performance and instability.

It was funded through an initial coin offering (ICO) in August 2018 and first launched open access to its mainnet just over a year later in September 2019. As part of the ICO, investors were able to purchase the platform’s native utility token (HBAR) at the lowest possible pricing.

The HBAR token has a dual role within the Hedera public network.

First and foremost, HBAR the fuel that powers Hedera services, such as smart contracts, file storage and regular transactions. Second, it's used to help secure the network, since HBAR users can stake their tokens to assist with maintaining the integrity of the platform.

Hedera (HBAR) is the native cryptocurrency of Hedera Hashgraph, a platform that is positioned as an alternative to traditional blockchain technology and aims to excel in speed, efficiency and security.

Older blockchains tend to use a consensus mechanism like proof-of-work (PoW) to validate transactions, while younger blockchains opted for proof-of-stake (PoS). The Hedera Hashgraph system has a structure that was created from scratch particularly for the project. Hedera is based on a PoS model that is believed to increase the efficiency of transaction verification in the network, provide a high level of security, and protect the network from hacker attacks. Its ecosystem has the underlying hashgraph consensus algorithm and the global enterprise governing body.

Hedera Hashgraph is a distributed ledger technology (DLT). According to the project website, Hedera differs from other blockchains because it uses a new consensus algorithm called hashgraph. It intends to process and execute transactions faster, eliminate delays, and smooth out the TPS (transactions per second) indicator. Hashgraph is claimed to be an upgrade in transaction speed, cost, and scalability.

Core network services by Hedera:

Consensus Service (HCS). With HCS, clients send messages to the network to negotiate consensus timestamping and order. In this case, the state is stored offline, and users can define privacy and access control.

Hedera Token Service (HTS). Thanks to HTS, token creation and management are available to customers. It supports built-in tokenization.

The goal of Hedera’s hashgraph is to increase the speed of transactions. Moreover, the network is also focused on high-volume operations: micropayments, data integrity and tokenization.

Like the EVM, the Hedera network maintains a virtual machine that writes smart contracts in the Solidity programming language. On top of that, Hedera offers a set of built-in KYC and AML checks.

From a technical point of view, Hedera is a form of distributed ledger technology. It is a hashgraph, or consensus algorithm, where users agree on the order in which transactions should be performed. However, Hedera is not exactly a blockchain. It has its own distinctiveness and works differently. With hashgraph, all transaction branches are merged, no block equivalent is thrown away, and each is used to reach consensus.

One of the most noticeable features of the network is the Gossip-about-Gossip protocol. According to Dr. Leemon Baird, Hedera's inventor, within the system nodes randomly transmit data about themselves to other nodes via hashgraph using the Gossip protocol. Soon, all nodes in a cluster become familiar with each other. Then a certain data structure is formed. It consists of a payload of transactions, a timestamp, a digital signature, and hashes to the previous structures.

HBAR is Hedera's native token that powers applications on the Hedera network. HBAR is utilized to pay for network services, transaction fees, in-app payments and micropayments. Developers can pay network fees with HBAR tokens, namely: work with smart contracts, file storage and currency exchange. HBAR is used to incentivize and pay network nodes.

Hedera Hashgraph has a decentralized governance system that is set apart. All critical decisions about pricing policy, software updates, and wealth management are made by the Governing Council.

Hedera

Algorand is a self-sustaining, decentralized, blockchain-based network that supports a wide range of applications. These systems are secure, scalable and efficient, all critical properties for effective applications in the real world. Algorand will support computations that require reliable performance guarantees to create new forms of trust.

The Algorand mainnet became live in June 2019, and was able to handle almost 1 million transactions per day as of December 2020. Algorand transaction metrics can be viewed here. Algorand initial coin offering (ICO) was held in June 2019, with the Algorand price of $0.24 per token.

Algorand

IOTA is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) that features unique architecture and an open-source product suite for individuals, businesses, and institutions to use in Web3. It is built on a directed acyclic graph (DAG) called the Tangle, which can be pictured as a multi-dimensional blockchain. It enables the exchange of data and value on a decentralized platform through direct and secure transfers, executed on and immutably recorded on the network.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive into IOTA.

Together with its staging network Shimmer, IOTA aims to offer solutions to establish a secure and permissionless infrastructure that can drive the economy of the future. It enables the development of decentralized applications through automated trust in the form of Ethereum-compatible smart contracts, an advanced consensus algorithm, and thoughtfully balanced incentives.

IOTA delivers tools for creating and managing custom Layer 2 (EVM) chains, deploying smart contracts, minting native tokens and NFTs with distinctive features, and introducing digital identities to users.

Launching in 2024, IOTA 2.0 will be a protocol upgrade that rebuilds IOTA’s architecture to deliver full decentralization. You can find more about it here.

IOTA

SingularityNET is a blockchain-powered platform that allows anybody to easily "create, share, and monetize" AI services, thanks to its globally-accessible AI marketplace.

Through the SingularityNET marketplace, users can browse, test and purchase a huge variety of AI services using the platform’s native utility token — AGIX. Moreover, the marketplace represents an outlet AI developers can use to publish and sell their AI tools, and easily track their performance.

With the benefits of LLMs and generative AI are increasingly exciting, their limitations are also becoming increasingly apparent. The convergence of structured knowledge with neural networks is emerging as the key to overcoming their shortcomings.

Uniquely positioned at the heart of this convergence, SingularityNET will prioritize the integration of Knowledge Graphs (KGs) and comprehensive Neural Symbolic tools for LLMs, with the goal of empowering developers to create the next generation of AI systems on the SingularityNET Platform.

SingularityNET is strategically positioned to become the Knowledge Layer of the Internet, leading the evolution of the emerging AI landscape while also laying the foundations for the Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) of tomorrow.

The team behind SingularityNET pioneered the development of an AI known as Sophia, which is described as the "world's most expressive robot". SingularityNET’s goal is to enable Sophia to be able to fully understand human language, and continue developing “OpenCog” — an AI framework that is hoped to eventually achieve a state known as “advanced general intelligence,” i.e. human-level artificial intelligence (or beyond).

The platform was first announced in 2017 and completed an initial coin offering (ICO) in December the same year, raising $36 million in just one minute.

SingularityNET

Ocean Protocol

Router Protocol

VeChainThor (VET) is a versatile enterprise-grade L1 smart contract platform whose origins began in 2015. VeChain is known as a pioneer of real-world enterprise applications, and built a distributed platform powered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, NFC chips and blockchain to help various industries solve data-related challenges.

VeChain solves major blockchain adoption hurdles. The platform uses an intelligent two token model, VET and VTHO, separating the protocol's Store of Value and gas fee payment mechanisms, ensuring costs can be kept low and stable. Fee delegation allows smart contracts to pay gas fees on behalf of business users, and an advanced transaction model allows data to be packaged more efficiently while ensuring finality of data.

VeChain is focused on delivering a wave of incentive-based sustainability dApps through its new platform, VeBetterDAO, working closely with Boston Consulting Group to achieve adoption across enterprise and individual users, and helping  onboard the next billion users to Web3 over the coming decade.

From supply chains to sustainability, VeChain has continuously demonstrated its leading role as a driver of blockchain in business, and is dedicated to its role as a pioneer of driving real world adoption of blockchain technology.

VeChain

Kadena is a proof-of-work blockchain that combines the PoW consensus mechanism from Bitcoin with directed acyclic graph (DAG) principles to offer a scalable version of Bitcoin. Kadena claims it can provide the security of Bitcoin while being able to offer unparalleled throughput that makes the blockchain usable to enterprises and entrepreneurs alike. Kadena's unique infrastructure is decentralized and built for mass adoption because of its multi-chain approach.

Kadena promises industrial scalability that can support global financial systems and can be scaled as necessary. It also vows to remain energy-efficient at scale and deliver more transactions with the same energy input, another difference to Bitcoin. Moreover, Kadena offers crypto gas stations, which allow businesses to pay for their customers' gas fees and remove a massive pain point in adopting blockchains for business.

Kadena has already scaled its network from 10 to 20 blockchains and can do so again in the future, if necessary.

Kadena

Oasis is the pioneering layer 1 blockchain designed to enable scalability and confidential compute. Oasis is home to Sapphire, the first confidential EVM that empowers Web3 and Decentralized AI developers to build dApps with Smart Privacy natively on Oasis or other EVM-based chains.

ROSE is the native token of the Oasis Network used for gas fees, staking, delegation and governance. With a unique layered architecture, Oasis presents the optimal building and execution environment for DeFi, AI, GameFi, NFTs, the metaverse, data tokenization and DAO governance. Oasis also has native support for rollups at the consensus layer.

Oasis

Nakamoto Games

MultiversX is a blockchain protocol that offers true horizontal scalability by using all aspects of sharding (Network, Transaction & State). The project describes itself as a technology ecosystem for the new internet, which includes decentralized finance, real world assets and the Metaverse. Its smart contracts execution platform is reportedly capable of up to 100,000 transactions per second, 6-second latency and a $0.002 transaction cost.

MultiversX is governed and secured through the EGLD token. EGLD, or Electronic Gold, is MultiversX's native token. It acts as a store of value currency to pay for network usage. The coin also serves as a medium of exchange between platform users and validators. Users pay transaction fees in EGLD and validators participate in the consensus process.

EGLD allows developers to deploy smart contracts, protocols, and dApps on the platform. It empowers participants to perform any network action. Through staking and validation rewards, as well as transaction fees, EGLD manages the MultiversX network. Plus, EGLD is endowed with the functionality of a governance token, so its holders can vote on network decisions.

MultiversX

Stellar (XLM) is a peer-to-peer (P2P) decentralized network created in 2014 by The Stellar Development Foundation or Stellar.org. The network officially launched in 2015 with the purpose of connecting the world's financial systems and ensuring a protocol for payment providers and financial institutions. The platform is designed to move financial resources swiftly and reliably at minimal cost. Stellar links people, banks, payment processors and allows users to create, send and trade multiple types of crypto.

The basis of the network is its native digital currency - XLM or Lumens. XLM acts as an intermediate currency for operations and is also used to pay transaction fees. How it works: the protocol converts money in a few seconds, first into XLM, and then into the requested currency.

The Stellar payment protocol is based on distributed ledger technology -- an open-source development, community-owned and distributed by community. The crypto asset of the Stellar platform helps with cross-border transactions, overcoming the problems of high fees and slow procedures. XLM is more focused on assisting individuals transfer money than they are with institutions. Thus, Stellar offers access to financial systems, and people can send money at low cost and promptly around the world.

Moreover, Stellar serves as a decentralized exchange and marketplace, with a built-in order book that tracks ownership of Stellar assets. Platform users can manage buy/sell orders, as well as select and set their preferred assets in settlements. XLM is a built-in coin that helps reduce transaction fees.

The network maintains a high level of security.  XLM holders must have at least one token in order to remain active on the network. This nuance performs a global goal - the execution of network transactions efficiently and with minimal time costs. Plus, Lumens offers protection against flood attacks by making microtransactions too expensive for hackers with no chance of profit, which keeps Stellar Network safe from serious threats.

The target audience of Stellar is the inhabitants of developing countries, ordinary users who are provided access to the global economy through fast, simple and inexpensive transactions. Stellar Network makes extensive use of Lumens to produce live convection as well as to send cash in multiple currencies; currency is sent from one peer, and the recipient can receive the amount in another currency. This feature is beneficial when a transaction is made between currencies without widely traded pairs.

Support for multi-currency transactions is another competitive advantage of Stellar, and the ability for cross-currency transactions has only enhanced processes with foreign operations. Moreover, stable speed and low transaction costs are a privilege that users receive.

This functionality is powered by a development called Anchors (a bridge between different currencies and the network), which simplifies the exchange within the network and helps speed up the whole process.

In summary, the benefits of Stellar (XLM) include:

Stellar

Syscoin was created in 2014 by Sebastian Schepis — one of the co-founders of the company that created what became the Oracle Project Manager, an enterprise management system. Following the success of Project Manager, Sebastian has gone on to consult for large corporations like Lockheed-Martin, Bank of America, General Dynamics, Verizon Wireless, and several others

Today, Syscoin as an open source project is led by the non-profit Syscoin Foundation with board members including Jagdeep Sidhu (Foundation President and Lead developer) and Michiel Näring, Syscoin Foundation Vice President.

SYS Labs, an enterprise, leads the development of flagship apps and systems built on Syscoin, including Rollux (OPStack L2), SuperDapp, Pegasys DAO (DEX), and Luxy (NFT marketplace).