## ما هي Celer Network (CELR)؟

على الرغم من أن تقنية سلسلة الكتل مُثيرة، هناك بعض الصعوبات كسرعات المعاملات والإنتاجية. إنّ شبكة Celer Network ([CELR](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/celer-network/)) عبارة عن [حل مصمم بذكاء لتوسيع نطاق](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/scaling-solution) الطبقة 2، متيحًا معالجة المعاملات خارج السلسلة. توفر منصة Celer معاملات سريعة وبسيطة وآمنة خارج السلسلة لكل من المدفوعات و[العقود الذكية](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract). كان المشروع من بين أول المشاريع التي تم تطويرها باستخدام إطار Substrate، وهو جزء من نظام [Polkadot](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/polkadot-new/) البيئي. بالنسبة للهدف العام للشبكة، تصور مؤسسوها إطلاق العنان للإمكانات الكاملة لسلسلة الكتل، وإحداث ثورة في التطبيقات اللامركزية ([Dapps](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps)) بمخرجات أكثر كفاءة وإنتاجية.

لمعرفة المزيد عن المشروع، ألقِ نظرة على تحليلنا المُفصل عن [Celer Network](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-celer).

### بنية Celer Network

تستند بنية Celer Network (cStack) على أربعة عناصر:

1. cOS: جوهر الشبكة الذي يُبقى سير العمل.

2. cRoute: آلية تسمح بزيادة سعة العمليات عن طريق تبسيط المسارات داخل الشبكة.

3. cChannel: قنوات لنقل المعاملات داخل الشبكة.

4. cApps: طبقة تطبيق نظام بيئي مستخدمة للسعة وخصوصية المستخدم.

تستخدم المنصة إجماع إثبات الحصة ([PoS](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/delegated-proof-of-stake-dpos)) المُختلف والمُسمى إثبات الحصة المُفوض ([DPoS](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/delegated-proof-of-stake-dpos)). باستخدام هذه الخوارزمية، يمكن للمشاركين تحصيص عملاتهم مقابل مكافأة أثناء نقل مسؤولية التحقق من المعاملات إلى "المُوفضين".

سيوفر حاملو رمز CELR رموزًا للسيولة، مقابل مكافأة. إنّ النقطة الجوهرية في Celer أن النظام الأساسي يسمح بتوسيع الطبقة 2 لأي سلسلة كتل. وبالتالي، يغطي المشروع مجموعة واسعة من السوق، ويضاعف السيولة المحتملة، ويزيد من موثوقية المنتج وتغطيته وتكييفه.

### من هم مُنشئو Celer Network؟

تأسست Celer Network في عام 2018 من قبل فريق متين من المهندسين ذوي الخبرة الفنية والمتخصصة المُدهشة. جميع مؤسسي Celer الأربعة حاصلين على درجة الدكتوراه في علوم الكمبيوتر من جامعات مثل MIT و UC Berkely، وجميعهم لديهم تاريخ في العمل مع شركات التكنولوجيا رفيعة المستوى.

* إنّ الدكتور مو دونغ خبير متمرس في تطبيق نظرية اللعبة الخوارزمية وتطوير البروتوكول. كما يقوم بتدريس دورات شاملة حول العقود الذكية. عمل سابقًا كمهندس تطوير ومدير منتج في Veriflow.
* تخرج الدكتور جوندا ليو من جامعة كاليفورنيا في بيركلي وعمل مع Google في عام 2011 لإنشاء البنية التحتية لمركز البيانات الخاص بهم. في عام 2014، أصبح جوندا أحد مؤسسي خدمة Project Fi للجوال. تولى فيما بعد منصب المدير الفني في Android Tech.
* تلقى الدكتور شياوتشو لي تعليمه في جامعة برينستون. تدرب لي في Microsoft قبل العمل في Barefoot Networks كمهندس برمجيات. تشمل أعماله الأكاديمية المنشورة والشهيرة على نطاق واسع اليوم الأنظمة والشبكات والتخزين وإدارة البيانات الموزعة.
* حصل الدكتور تشينغكاي ليانغ على شهادة جامعية من معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا. عمل في مختبر MIT لأنظمة المعلومات واتخاذ القرار (LIDS) و Bell Labs و Google كمتدرب في هندسة البرمجيات. يركز بحثه على التعلم والتحكم في مشكلات الأنظمة الشبكية، وهي خوارزميات التعلم عبر الإنترنت في شبكات الخصومة.

### ما الذي يُميز Celer Network (CELR)؟

إنّ Celer عبارة عن نظام متصل بالشبكة وليس سلسلة كتل منفصلة. تعمل المنصة بدلاً من ذلك على قمة سلسلة الكتل الحالية والمستقبلية. ركز المطورون على قابلية التوسع من أجل تحسين إنتاجية سلاسل كتل العملات المشفرة. إنّ المؤسسين واثقون من أن الحلول الداخلية لن تحقق نتائج لسلاسل الكتل اللامركزية في المستقبل (عالميًا). بل يقترحون حل المشكلة بمنصتهم خارج السلسلة.

يتم تقسيم المستويات الأربعة لبنية cStack بالتساوي لتوفير العديد من الفوائد الفريدة. تشمل الفوائد ما يلي: تقليل التأخير في المعاملات؛ انخفاض عمولة المدفوعات الصغيرة؛ عمولة صفرية في تنفيذ العقود الذكية خارج السلسلة؛ التوسيع الأفقي في إضافة العقد الجديدة؛ توافر نموذج خارج السلسلة لاقتصادات العملات المشفرة؛ خوارزمية توجيه مثالية للمعاملات؛ ودعم العديد من سلاسل الكتل.

يعد cEconomy نموذجًا فريدًا لاقتصاد العملات المشفرة، وهو مسؤول عن الحفاظ على السيولة المستقرة وتوافر النظام البيئي أثناء إحداث تأثير للشبكة. لا تستلزم خوارزمية التعدين استخدام [إثبات العمل](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake) (PoW) يحتاج المستخدمون فقط إلى تثبيت البرنامج والاحتفاظ برمز CELR في حساباتهم لتلقي الدخل كمكافأة على توفير السيولة.

#### صفحات ذات صلة:

اقرأ المزيد عن [Binance Coin (BNB)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/binance-coin/) و [Polkadot (DOT)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/polkadot-new/).

اقرأ المزيد عن [العقود الذكية](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract).

ما هي رموز ERC-20؟ تعلّم المزيد مع [Alexandria الخاصة بموقع CMC](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-erc-20-tokens-find-out-now-as-the-decentralized-finance-industry-takes-off).

[ألقِ نظرة](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/categories/blog) على تحديثات المنتجات، والإعلانات، وأخبار العملات المشفرة من موقع CoinMarketCap.

### كم عدد رموز CELR قيد التداول؟

إنّ الحد الأقصى لإمداد CELR هو 10 مليارات رمز، ويتم توزيعها على النحو التالي: 25% كمكافأة تعدين PoLC وبناء النظام البيئي خارج السلسلة؛ 20% للفريق (18.3%) والمستشارين (1.7%)؛ و17% للمؤسسة؛ و 5% للتسويق والنظام البيئي؛ و33% للبيع.

إنّ رمز CELR عبارة عن رمز [ERC-20](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20) المعياري، والمبني على سلسلة كتل [Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/currencies/ethereum/). وُيستخدم لإدارة اقتصاد الشبكة، أو ما يُسمى cEconomy، وله العديد من الاستخدامات:

* دفع عمولة الخدمة والمعاملات لمقدمي الخدمات خارج السلسلة وتغطية التكاليف الإضافية.
* تحصيص رمز CELR في State Guardian Network (SGN) والحصول على حالة State Guardian. يتمتع أولئك State Guardians بإمكانية الوصول إلى مراقبة الحالة والاستجابة للنزاعات وتوفير الأمان وكفاءة الشبكة.
* تحافظ رموز CELR على قدر كبير من السيولة في عملية إثبات التزام السيولة (PoLC).
* يمكن أن تكون رموز CELR مفيدة في مزاد دعم السيولة (LiBA) لزيادة أولوية طلبات دعم السيولة، ونتيجة لذلك، زيادة دفع الفائدة على السيولة.

### كيف يتم تأمين Celer Network؟

إنّ SGN (State Guardian Network) عبارة عن بنية تحتية لخدمة الطبقة الثانية (L2) اللامركزية التي تحافظ على تشغيل الطبقة الثانية من منصة Celer بسلاسة. تقوم بتخزين حالة المستخدم بشكل آمن على Celer State Channel Network، وتستجيب لحسابات الطبقة الأولى عندما يكون المستخدمون غير متصلين. كما تتيح التكنولوجيا للمستخدمين حماية مدخراتهم قبل انفصال شبكة الإنترنت. وتعمل أيضًا كمنتج كتلة لامركزية لـ Celer Rollup، وبالتالي تُحافظ على مستوى عالٍ من الجدوى كما تُوفر مستوى إضافي من الأمان. يتعين على المستخدمين تحصيص رموز CELR للانضمام إلى SGN. ويسهل حاملو CELR حماية الشبكة ككل.

### أين يُمكنك شراء رمز Celer Network (CELR)؟

إنّ أهم منصات التداول التي تتداول Celer Network (CELR) تشمل: [Binance](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/binance/) و [Gate.io](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/gate-io/) و [Bithumb](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/bithumb/) و [OKEx](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/okex/) و منصة [Crypto.com](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/crypto-com-exchange/) و [WazirX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/wazirx/) و [AscendEX (Bitmax)](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/ascendex/) و [CoinDCX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/coindcx/) و [MXC.com](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/mxc/) و [Bitay](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/bitay/) و [DigiFinex](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/digifinex/) و [BKEX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/bkex/) و [AEX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/aex/) و [BiKi](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/biki/) و [Hotbit](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/hotbit/) و [HitBTC](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/hitbtc/) و [TOKOK](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/tokok/) و [Uniswap V2](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/uniswap-v2/) و [TOCENCAN](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/tokencan/) و [DragonEX](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/dragonex/) و [ZT](https://coinmarketcap.com/ar/exchanges/zt/).

يُمكنك إيجاد منصات تداول أخرى مُدرجة على [صفحة منصات التداول خاصتنا](https://coinmarketcap.com/rankings/exchanges/).

في مارس 2019، تم بيع رموز CELR على منصة IEO، [منصة إطلاق Binance](https://launchpad.binance.com/en). اعتبارًا من يونيو 2021، إنّ أزواج التداول الأكثر سيولة لـ CELR على Binance هي CELR/USDT و CELR/BTC و CELR/BUSD و CELR/BNB.

اكتشف ما تحتاج لشراء Bitcoin أو أي عملات مشفرة أخرى من [هنا](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/https:/coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/).

Celer Network

Binance

HyperPay

Trust Wallet

MetaMask

Binance Chain Wallet

Atomic wallet

Celer is a blockchain interoperability protocol enabling a one-click user experience accessing tokens, DeFi, GameFi, NFTs, governance, privacy solutions.

Ethereum

Shiba Inu

Chainlink

UNUS SED LEO

Pepe

Highstreet

Powerledger

ApeX Protocol

Omni Network

Oraichain

Bazaars

Numeraire

Kyber Network Crystal v2

Zentry

Hippo Wallet Token (HPO)

Gekko HQ

Mini Donald

Fluence

WadzPay Token

Harmony is a blockchain platform designed to facilitate the creation and use of decentralized applications (DApps). The network aims to innovate the way decentralized applications work by focusing on random state sharding, which allows creating blocks in seconds.

According to the project’s website, Harmony is expected to introduce cross-shard contracts and a cross-chain infrastructure by the end of 2021.

Harmony

SKALE, described as a modular blockchain network, is designed to bring scalability to Ethereum. SKALE is the only blockchain network capable of running an unlimited number of fast, on-demand, pooled-security Blockchains with zero gas fees to end users. These individual chains are known as SKALE chains and can be dapp-specific or shared.

The project’s website says it wants to enable people to build and run DApps in a “decentralized modular cloud built for real-world needs and configured for your requirements.” This emphasis on decentralization isn’t at the expense of security.

According to SKALE, those who build on this platform can run Solidity smart contracts “thousands of times faster at a fraction of the mainnet cost” — with games and content streaming services among the projects that already take advantage of its infrastructure.

SKALE

What Is Ankr (ANKR)?

Ankr is a decentralized blockchain infrastructure provider that operates an array of nodes globally distributed across over 50 Proof-of-Stake networks. This infrastructure helps drive the growth of the crypto economy while powering a full suite of multi-chain tools for Web3 users:

Ankr Build
Ankr provides comprehensive blockchain developer solutions, including traditional APIs, a decentralized multi-chain network of public RPC nodes used to access blockchain data and execute code, and tools like Ankr Scan to view on-chain information across blockchains.

Ankr Earn
Ankr Earn makes staking, liquid staking, and other yield-earning opportunities easy and accessible to any crypto investor. Ankr creates the most scalable and decentralized staking infrastructure solution that aims to solve the capital inefficiency of Proof-of-Stake networks and similar blockchain consensus mechanisms.

Ankr Learn
Through Ankr’s learning tools, tutorials, and docs, anyone can become a better user or developer of blockchain-based systems.

Ankr

LRC is the Ethereum-based cryptocurrency token of Loopring, an open protocol designed for the building of decentralized crypto exchanges.

In 2020, the average daily trading volume of the entire cryptocurrency market fluctuated in the approximate range of $50-$200 million. Most of that trading is conducted on centralized cryptocurrency exchanges — online platforms operated by private companies that store users’ funds and facilitate the matching of buy and sell orders.

Such platforms have a number of downsides common to all of them, so a new type of exchange — decentralized— has emerged to try to alleviate these disadvantages. However, fully decentralized exchanges are not without their own flaws.

Loopring’s purported goal is to combine centralized order matching with decentralized on-blockchain order settlement into a hybridized product that will take the best aspects of both centralized and decentralized exchanges.

LRC tokens became available to the public during an initial coin offering (ICO) in August 2017, while the Loopring protocol was first deployed on Ethereum mainnet in December 2019.

Loopring

Zilliqa is a public, permissionless blockchain that is designed to offer high throughput with the ability to complete thousands of transactions per second. It seeks to solve the issue of blockchain scalability and speed by employing sharding as a second-layer scaling solution. The platform is home to many decentralized applications, and as of October 2020, it also allows for staking and yield farming.

Development work officially started on Zilliqa in June 2017, and its testnet went live in March 2018. A little over a year later, in June 2019, the platform launched its mainnet.

The native utility token of Zilliqa, ZIL, is used to process transactions on the network and execute smart contracts.

Zilliqa

Starting as an open-source project in 2017, IoTeX has built a decentralized platform whose aim is to empower the open economics for machines — an open ecosystem where people and machines can interact with guaranteed trust, free will, and under properly designed economic incentives.

With a global team of over 40 research scientists and engineers, IoTeX has built their EVM-compatible blockchain from scratch using the innovative Roll-DPoS consensus and launched in 2019 April, which has been running by 100+ delegates worldwide and has processed more than 10 million transactions already. On top of the IoTeX blockchain, the team has built the essential blocks of infrastructures to connect with Ethereum, BSC, and Heco blockchains such as ioPay wallet (https://iopay.me/) and ioTube bridge (https://iotube.org/), which serve ten thousands of users. IoTeX helps EVM-based DApps scale without concerning expensive gas fees!

Besides, middleware such as Decentralized Identity, Confidential Computing, and Secure Hardware has been built on top of the IoTeX blockchain. This has enabled the creation of self-sovereign devices such as Ucam, and real-world data oracles like Pebble. Ucam (https://ucam.iotex.io/) has been deployed to over 3000 households (http://iott.network/). Meanwhile, Pebble has been launched to more than 300 developers initially, and enables innovative Dapps to connect the physical world with the crypto world, such as real-world NFTs, weather derivatives and machine learning-as-mining.

IoTeX

Reef is a Reliable Extensible Efficient Fast Layer-1 Blockchain for DeFi, NFT & Gaming. Built using Substrate Framework, it provides high scalability, enabling almost instant low-cost transactions, and supports Solidity and EVM, allowing developers to seamlessly migrate their DApps from Ethereum without any change in the codebase.

Reef Chain is the most advanced EVM-compatible blockchain. It's self-upgradable and has on-chain governance. Its infrastructure also allows for EVM extensions which allows for native token bridge, scheduled calls (ie. recurring payments), and smart contract in-place code upgrades. In the near future, it will support additional VMs which will allow developers to write code in multiple programming languages. The network runs on a Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) consensus mechanism, which offers scalability and low fees.

REEF is the native token that is used for:

Fees for processing transactions and storing data.

Running validator nodes by staking REEF tokens.

Nominating which validator nodes should be part of the network.

Reef is backed by multiple leading funds and venture capitalists including NGC, QCP, Bitcoin.com, Kenetic Capital, LD Capital, TRG Capital, Krypital Group, Genesis Block, Woodstock Fund and others.

Reef Chain development tools include:

Remix and EVM integrated development environments for uploading and deploying smart contracts.

Reefscan blockchain explorer to assist with deploying validators, bonding and nominating validators, debugging contracts, and understanding network performance.

Reef command line tools that allow developers deploy applications from local environments.

Reef wallet for accessing and interacting with the blockchain

Reef

Band Protocol is a cross-chain data oracle platform that is able to take real-world data and supply it to on-chain applications, while also connecting APIs to smart-contracts to facilitate the exchange of information between on-chain and off-chain data sources.

By supplying reputable, verifiable real-world data to blockchains, Band Protocol unlocks a range of new use cases for developers to explore — since they can now use any type of real-world data as part of their decentralized application (DApp) logic, including sports, weather, random numbers, price feed data and more.

Band Protocol initially launched as an ERC-20 project on the Ethereum blockchain in September 2019, but transitioned to the Cosmos network in June 2020 with the release of Band Protocol 2.0. The new protocol is built on BandChain using the Cosmos SDK. Oracle nodes on BandChain not only relay data but are also involved in block production/validation, giving them a dual role.

BAND is the native token of the Band Protocol ecosystem and is used as collateral by validators involved in fulfilling data requests, as well as the main medium of exchange on BandChain — being used to paying for private data.

Band Protocol

Audius is a decentralized music streaming protocol initially built on POA network, but now living on Solana. Audius was launched to remedy the inefficiencies of the music industry, which is plagued by intransparent music rights ownership and intermediaries standing between artists and their audience.

Audius aims to align the interests of artists, fans, and node operators through its platform powered by its native AUDIO token. Artists can upload music, stored and distributed by content and discovery nodes, that fans can listen to for free. Currently, Audius rewards content creators through rewards like featuring in the weekly trending lists. In the future, it plans to integrate stablecoins for artists to offer paid content, as well as artist tokens that give fans the ability to access exclusive content, potentially cooperating with platforms like Rally.

Audius

Oasis is the pioneering layer 1 blockchain designed to enable scalability and confidential compute. Oasis is home to Sapphire, the first confidential EVM that empowers Web3 and Decentralized AI developers to build dApps with Smart Privacy natively on Oasis or other EVM-based chains.

ROSE is the native token of the Oasis Network used for gas fees, staking, delegation and governance. With a unique layered architecture, Oasis presents the optimal building and execution environment for DeFi, AI, GameFi, NFTs, the metaverse, data tokenization and DAO governance. Oasis also has native support for rollups at the consensus layer.

Oasis

Chromia is a modular, relational blockchain platform that aims to make it easy for people to build decentralized applications (DApps). It was founded by ChromaWay, a company that has been working on blockchain solutions since 2014 for various sectors such as finance, real estate, gaming and public services. ChromaWay is also known for creating colored coins, which are user-defined assets on a blockchain that can represent anything from currencies to stocks to collectibles.

Chromia’s vision is to enable a new generation of DApps that can scale beyond what is currently possible and address real-world problems in various domains such as gaming, social media, finance, healthcare, education, governance, and more.

Some examples of DApps on Chromia include: My Neighbor Alice (ALICE), a multiplayer blockchain game; LAC PropertyChain, a land registry system; Green Assets Wallet, a platform for green bond verification; Hedget (HGET),  a decentralized options protocol; Corite (CO), a music streaming service; Chain of Alliance (COA), a strategy game; Vault12, a digital asset custody solution; Domenation, a blockchain gaming project.

Chromia

Ontology is a project designed to bring trust, privacy, and security to Web3 through decentralized identity and data solutions. It is building the infrastructure to provide trusted access to Web3, allowing individuals and enterprises to rest assured that through regulatory compliant digital identity solutions, users and their privacy come first.

The Ontology blockchain is a high speed, low cost public blockchain. It is designed to bring decentralized identity and data solutions to Web3, with the goal of increasing privacy, transparency, and trust. To achieve this, users and enterprises are provided with the flexibility to build blockchain-based solutions that suit their needs, while also ensuring regulatory compliance. Through Ontology’s Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), Ontology ensures frictionless compatibility with Ethereum, the first step in the creation of the Ontology Multi-Virtual Machine and further interoperability for the chain.

At its launch, Ontology chose to forego the popular initial coin offering (ICO) model in favor of a series of community distributions and airdrops of its ONT cryptocurrency.

This helped to quickly establish both organic price discovery and a passionate community and helped the project to avoid subsequent regulatory scrutiny.

For example, for a brief period any person who signed up for the Ontology newsletter received an airdrop of free 1,000 ONT, which reached a value of $10 per token soon after the token became listed on major exchanges like Binance.

Ontology launched its own MainNet on June 30, 2018 and has been up and running smoothly since.

Ontology

Holo is a peer-to-peer distributed platform for hosting decentralized applications built using Holochain, a framework for developing DApps that does not require the use of blockchain technology. The goal of Holo is to serve as a bridge between the broader internet and apps built using Holochain, offering an ecosystem and marketplace in which DApps are easily accessible, as they are hosted on the internet by Holo network participants.

The Holo network will be facilitated using a token called HoloFuel, which is actively being tested and will act as an accounting system to pay hosts for their services. In 2018, the project minted an ERC-20 token, HOT — also known as HoloToken — as an "IOU" that will be redeemable for HoloFuel upon launch.

Holo is still in development and is expected to launch for open alpha and beta testing by 2021.

Holo

COTI is a fast and light confidentiality layer on Ethereum. Powered by the breakthrough cryptographic protocol Garbled Circuits and secured by Ethereum, COTI introduces the most advanced and compliant solution for data protection on the public blockchain. Paving the way for the next wave of Web3 innovation and adoption, COTI unlocks a whole new world of use cases, including confidential transactions, Artificial Intelligence, DeFi, decentralized identification, and more.

COTI

Ren (REN) is an open protocol built to provide interoperability and liquidity between different blockchain platforms.

To learn more about this project, check out our deep dive of Ren.

Formerly known as Republic Protocol, Ren launched RenVM, its virtual machine mainnet, in May 2020, having completed a $34 million initial coin offering (ICO) in 2018.

The protocol’s native token, REN, functions as a bond for those running nodes which power RenVM, known as Darknodes.

Ren aims to expand the interoperability, and hence accessibility, of decentralized finance (DeFi) by removing hurdles involved in liquidity between blockchains.

IOST describes itself as an “ultra-fast,” fully fledged and decentralized blockchain network and ecosystem with its own nodes, wallets and based on the “next-generation” consensus protocol dubbed “proof-of-believability.”

IOST

Fantom is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) smart contract platform providing decentralized finance (DeFi) services to developers using its own bespoke consensus algorithm.

Together with its in-house token FTM, Fantom aims to solve problems associated with smart-contract platforms, specifically transaction speed, which developers say they have reduced to under two seconds.

The Fantom Foundation, which oversees the Fantom product offering, was originally created in 2018, with the launch of OPERA, Fantom’s mainnet, coming in December 2019.

Fantom is an open-source decentralized smart contract platform for DApps and digital assets that was created as an alternative to Ethereum. Fantom has the goal of overcoming the limitations of previous generation blockchains and balancing three components: scalability, security and decentralization. The project offers a set of tools to simplify the process of integrating existing DApps, as well as a detailed staking reward system and built-in DeFi instruments.

Fantom is a Layer-1 blockchain that uses a scratch-built consensus mechanism and independent consensus layer, Lachesis, to facilitate DeFi and related services on the basis of smart contracts. Lachesis provides security for other layers as well, including Opera, Fantom's EVM-compatible smart contract chain. The long-playing mission of the project is to “grant compatibility between all transaction bodies around the world.”

One of Fantom's key strengths is its performance and efficient transaction processing, namely thousands of transactions per second, where transactions are settled in 1-2 seconds, and the cost is fractions of a cent per transaction. As a result, Fantom provides higher scalability but at a lower cost.

The ecosystem is based on two main technologies: Lachesis protocol and Opera.

The Lachesis protocol is the core consensus layer that secures the Fantom network by providing both transaction speed and security.

Lachesis is an aBFT consensus engine that uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) algorithm. How it works: network data can be processed at different times, and the network filters the participants, allowing only one third, which are allocated due to erroneous or malicious behavior, without compromising network processes.

Fantom's Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism maintains the efficiency of the entire network, its design provides security at maximum speed. Fantom developers emphasize that the PoS mechanism is a leaderless phenomenon — there are no leaders of blocks and participants, and anyone can join (or leave) the network of nodes at a convenient moment.

The key qualities of Lachesis are: asynchronous, leaderless, Byzantine fault-tolerant, and near-instant finality.

As for Opera, it's an application development layer or Fantom's mainnet deployment platform, permissionless and open-source hosting DApps. Thanks to EVM integration and support for the Solidity programming language, Fantom has a full set of smart contract capabilities, which allows users to seamlessly interact with Ethereum platforms while maintaining the advantage of Fantom's transaction efficiency.

The Fantom Foundation concluded that removing block leaders improves network security, so Opera uses a PoS model and leaderless validators (validators do not determine which blocks are valid).

In addition to being a fast, secure and cheap payment platform that enables to make fast and secure payments at minimal cost, Fantom also features on-chain governance where users vote with FTM tokens (one token equals one vote). Of the features: users have the right to express the degree of agreement / disagreement on a scale from 0 to 4.

FTM is the native utility in-house PoS token of Fantom that powers the ecosystem and is applied for payments, network fees, staking, and governance. FTM forms the backbone of transactions, and allows fee collection and staking activities, along with the user rewards the latter represents.

Fantom

Reserve Rights (RSR) is an ERC-20 token that will serve two main purposes for the Reserve Protocol: overcollateralization of Reserve stablecoins (RTokens) through staking and governing them through proposing & voting on changes to their configuration.

The Reserve Rights (RSR) token was launched in May 2019 following a successful initial exchange offering (IEO) on the Huobi Prime platform.

Reserve Rights

Apps use ICON to operate cross-chain seamlessly, build momentum and gain reputation. ICON's Cross-Chain Framework simplifies cross-chain development with its easy-to-use xCall messaging standard and connections to secure bridging protocols.

ICON

Launched in 2017, Dent is a revolutionary digital mobile operator offering eSIM cards, mobile data plans, call minutes top-ups and a roaming-free experience. According to the company website, Dent employs blockchain technology’s powers to create a global marketplace for mobile data liberalization.

Dent has an ambitious roadmap ahead, with plans to expand its services to new markets by the end of 2021. The company has already attracted more than twenty-five million mobile device users, and Dent services are available in more than 140 countries. Enterprise partnerships for Dent include Samsung Blockchain, The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance and Telecom Infra.